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Assessment on the Performance of a Rainwater Harvesting System

Received: 07 August 2017    Accepted:     Published: 07 August 2017
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Abstract

The rainwater harvesting system is an alternative way to meet domestic water demand. At the same time, it can also help in reducing run-off, especially in urban areas. In this study, a rainwater harvesting system, which located at the Faculty of Engineering, was taken as a case study. Indicators that measure the performance of the rainwater harvesting system have been developed. One such indicators are reliability, which is dependent on the rainfall and water consumption patterns, tank size and effective roof area. Flow meter and rain gauge used to measure the volume of harvested rainwater and collect the rainfall depth data respectively. In this study also, a model is developed to predict the volume of rainwater harvesting with respect to the rainfall depth with a particular roof catchment. It demonstrates good fits with R2 = 0.952. The reliability of rainwater harvesting using existing tank 4.08 m3 is 60.8%, 66.5%, 67.7% and 98.2% for Consumption 1 (flushing toilets, gardening and washing vehicle), Consumption 2 (flushing toilets and gardening), Consumption 3 (gardening and washing vehicle) and Consumption 4 (flushing toilets and washing vehicle) respectively. The run-off coefficient for the selected roof is found to be 0.92.

DOI 10.11648/j.sr.20170503.13
Published in Science Research (Volume 5, Issue 3, June 2017)
Page(s) 36-43
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Rainwater Harvesting System, Reliability, Rainfall Depth, Run-off Coefficient

References
[1] Aaron, L., Kirsten, S., & Dave, R. A guidebook of resources and considerations for rainwater catchment, roof gardens and solar power, compiled and written by ingrid severson with excerpts from tapping the potential of urban rooftops.
[2] Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia. (2009) Rainwater harvesting, guidebook planning and design.
[3] Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia. (2012) urban stormwater management manual for Malaysia, MSMA 2nd Edition. Kuala Lumpur: DID Malaysia.
[4] Dixon A., Butler D., Fewkes A. (1999). Water saving potential of domestic water reuse systems using greywater and rainwater in combination, Water Science and Technology, 39 (5), 25-32.
[5] Fewkes, A. (1999). The use of rainwater for WC flushing: The field-testing of a collection system. Building and Environment, 34, 765-772.
[6] Hwa, N. W. (2009). Reliability and assessment of rainwater harvesting system at the Faculty of Engineering, PhD Thesis, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
[7] Manoj, K. J., & Nishant, S. (2015). Evaluating Rainwater Harvesting System for School Buildings. American Journal of Envoronment Sciences, Vol. 11 (4), p. p. 256-261.
[8] Micheal, V., & Stuart, P. (2004). Water accounting in Australia, London Group Meeting, Denmark, Australian Bureau of Statistic.
[9] Noorayuzlina, M. Y. (2011). Study on reliability of rainwater harvesting system. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
[10] Numerical Weather Prediction Development Section, Technical Development Division, Malaysian Meteorological Department, & Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation. (2009). Climate change scenarios for Malaysia 2001-2099, Scientific Report. Unit Percetakan, Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia.
[11] Pawar, C. B., Patil, S. S., & Pawar, R. P. (2014). A Case Study of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting of Renavi Village in Sangli District of Western Maharashtra: New Approach of Watershed Development in India. African Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 9 (25), p. p. 1941-1947.
[12] Raj Kamal, B. (2016). Domestic Rainwater Harvesting- A Review. International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research, Vol. 3 (5), p. p. 193-199.
[13] Shittu, O. I., Okareh, O. T., & Coker, A. O. (2015). Development of Rainwater Harvesting Technology for Securing Domestic Water Supply in Ibadan, Nigeria. International Research Journal of Engineering Science, Technology and Innovation, Vol. 4 (1), p. p. 32-37.
[14] Syafiqa, A., & Siti Nazahiyah, R. (2017), Rainwater Harvesting and Groundwater Potential as Alternatives Water Resources in Malaysia: A Review, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. MATEC Web of Conference 103, 04020.
[15] Tulinave, B. M., Han, M. Y., & Zacharia, K. (2016). Strategy to Overcome Barriers of Rainwater Harvesting, Case Study Tanzania. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, Vol. 4, p. p. 13-23.
Author Information
  • Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia

  • Corporate Planning Division, National Hydraulic Institute of Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia

  • Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

  • Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia

  • Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia

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  • APA Style

    Azzlia Mohd Unaini, Muhammad Rizal Razali, Thamer Ahmed Mohammed Ali, Aidi Hizami Alias, Ernaleza Mahsum. (2017). Assessment on the Performance of a Rainwater Harvesting System. Science Research, 5(3), 36-43. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20170503.13

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    ACS Style

    Azzlia Mohd Unaini; Muhammad Rizal Razali; Thamer Ahmed Mohammed Ali; Aidi Hizami Alias; Ernaleza Mahsum. Assessment on the Performance of a Rainwater Harvesting System. Sci. Res. 2017, 5(3), 36-43. doi: 10.11648/j.sr.20170503.13

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    AMA Style

    Azzlia Mohd Unaini, Muhammad Rizal Razali, Thamer Ahmed Mohammed Ali, Aidi Hizami Alias, Ernaleza Mahsum. Assessment on the Performance of a Rainwater Harvesting System. Sci Res. 2017;5(3):36-43. doi: 10.11648/j.sr.20170503.13

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  • @article{10.11648/j.sr.20170503.13,
      author = {Azzlia Mohd Unaini and Muhammad Rizal Razali and Thamer Ahmed Mohammed Ali and Aidi Hizami Alias and Ernaleza Mahsum},
      title = {Assessment on the Performance of a Rainwater Harvesting System},
      journal = {Science Research},
      volume = {5},
      number = {3},
      pages = {36-43},
      doi = {10.11648/j.sr.20170503.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20170503.13},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sr.20170503.13},
      abstract = {The rainwater harvesting system is an alternative way to meet domestic water demand. At the same time, it can also help in reducing run-off, especially in urban areas. In this study, a rainwater harvesting system, which located at the Faculty of Engineering, was taken as a case study. Indicators that measure the performance of the rainwater harvesting system have been developed. One such indicators are reliability, which is dependent on the rainfall and water consumption patterns, tank size and effective roof area. Flow meter and rain gauge used to measure the volume of harvested rainwater and collect the rainfall depth data respectively. In this study also, a model is developed to predict the volume of rainwater harvesting with respect to the rainfall depth with a particular roof catchment. It demonstrates good fits with R2 = 0.952. The reliability of rainwater harvesting using existing tank 4.08 m3 is 60.8%, 66.5%, 67.7% and 98.2% for Consumption 1 (flushing toilets, gardening and washing vehicle), Consumption 2 (flushing toilets and gardening), Consumption 3 (gardening and washing vehicle) and Consumption 4 (flushing toilets and washing vehicle) respectively. The run-off coefficient for the selected roof is found to be 0.92.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Assessment on the Performance of a Rainwater Harvesting System
    AU  - Azzlia Mohd Unaini
    AU  - Muhammad Rizal Razali
    AU  - Thamer Ahmed Mohammed Ali
    AU  - Aidi Hizami Alias
    AU  - Ernaleza Mahsum
    Y1  - 2017/08/07
    PY  - 2017
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20170503.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.sr.20170503.13
    T2  - Science Research
    JF  - Science Research
    JO  - Science Research
    SP  - 36
    EP  - 43
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2329-0927
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20170503.13
    AB  - The rainwater harvesting system is an alternative way to meet domestic water demand. At the same time, it can also help in reducing run-off, especially in urban areas. In this study, a rainwater harvesting system, which located at the Faculty of Engineering, was taken as a case study. Indicators that measure the performance of the rainwater harvesting system have been developed. One such indicators are reliability, which is dependent on the rainfall and water consumption patterns, tank size and effective roof area. Flow meter and rain gauge used to measure the volume of harvested rainwater and collect the rainfall depth data respectively. In this study also, a model is developed to predict the volume of rainwater harvesting with respect to the rainfall depth with a particular roof catchment. It demonstrates good fits with R2 = 0.952. The reliability of rainwater harvesting using existing tank 4.08 m3 is 60.8%, 66.5%, 67.7% and 98.2% for Consumption 1 (flushing toilets, gardening and washing vehicle), Consumption 2 (flushing toilets and gardening), Consumption 3 (gardening and washing vehicle) and Consumption 4 (flushing toilets and washing vehicle) respectively. The run-off coefficient for the selected roof is found to be 0.92.
    VL  - 5
    IS  - 3
    ER  - 

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