Water Hardness Removal by Coconut Shell Activated Carbon

Cecilia Rolence; Revocatus Lazaro Machunda; Karoli Nicholas Njau

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.11

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Water Hardness Removal by Coconut Shell Activated Carbon

Cecilia Rolence, Revocatus Lazaro Machunda, Karoli Nicholas Njau

Published in International Journal of Science, Technology and Society (Volume 2, Issue 5)

Received: 8 August 2014 Accepted: 23 August 2014 Published: 30 August 2014

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Abstract

The present study reports the water softening by adsorption of hardness ions onto Coconut Shell Activated Carbons (CSAC). Characterization of CSAC was identified by FT-IR and SEM techniques. Batch experiments were carried out to determine the effect of various adsorbent factors such as adsorbent dose, initial pH, contact time, and temperature, on the adsorption process using synthetic and field collected water samples. Removal efficiency at nearly neutral pH of 6.3 for both synthetic and field collected water samples were 60% and 55% respectively. Temperature study (303 K-333 K) shows that the softening process in synthetic and field hard water is endothermic as removal efficiency was increasing from 40% and 29% at 303 K to 47% and 38% at 333 K respectively. Removal efficiency increases with the increase in contact time and adsorbent dose until 15 hours and 0.24g/cm3 respectively, for both field and synthetic hard water, which was considered to be maximum. Equilibrium isotherms have been analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, and both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models fit to explain the adsorption behavior of hardness ions onto CSAC.

Published in	International Journal of Science, Technology and Society (Volume 2, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.11
Page(s)	97-102
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Activated Carbon, Water Hardness, Coconut Shell, Adsorption, Removal Efficiency

References

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APA Style

Cecilia Rolence, Revocatus Lazaro Machunda, Karoli Nicholas Njau. (2014). Water Hardness Removal by Coconut Shell Activated Carbon. International Journal of Science, Technology and Society, 2(5), 97-102. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.11

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ACS Style

Cecilia Rolence; Revocatus Lazaro Machunda; Karoli Nicholas Njau. Water Hardness Removal by Coconut Shell Activated Carbon. Int. J. Sci. Technol. Soc. 2014, 2(5), 97-102. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.11

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AMA Style

Cecilia Rolence, Revocatus Lazaro Machunda, Karoli Nicholas Njau. Water Hardness Removal by Coconut Shell Activated Carbon. Int J Sci Technol Soc. 2014;2(5):97-102. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.11,
  author = {Cecilia Rolence and Revocatus Lazaro Machunda and Karoli Nicholas Njau},
  title = {Water Hardness Removal by Coconut Shell Activated Carbon},
  journal = {International Journal of Science, Technology and Society},
  volume = {2},
  number = {5},
  pages = {97-102},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijsts.20140205.11},
  abstract = {The present study reports the water softening by adsorption of hardness ions onto Coconut Shell Activated Carbons (CSAC). Characterization of CSAC was identified by FT-IR and SEM techniques. Batch experiments were carried out to determine the effect of various adsorbent factors such as adsorbent dose, initial pH, contact time, and temperature, on the adsorption process using synthetic and field collected water samples. Removal efficiency at nearly neutral pH of 6.3 for both synthetic and field collected water samples were 60% and 55% respectively. Temperature study (303 K-333 K) shows that the softening process in synthetic and field hard water is endothermic as removal efficiency was increasing from 40% and 29% at 303 K to 47% and 38% at 333 K respectively. Removal efficiency increases with the increase in contact time and adsorbent dose until 15 hours and 0.24g/cm3 respectively, for both field and synthetic hard water, which was considered to be maximum. Equilibrium isotherms have been analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, and both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models fit to explain the adsorption behavior of hardness ions onto CSAC.},
 year = {2014}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Water Hardness Removal by Coconut Shell Activated Carbon
AU  - Cecilia Rolence
AU  - Revocatus Lazaro Machunda
AU  - Karoli Nicholas Njau
Y1  - 2014/08/30
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.11
T2  - International Journal of Science, Technology and Society
JF  - International Journal of Science, Technology and Society
JO  - International Journal of Science, Technology and Society
SP  - 97
EP  - 102
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-7420
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.11
AB  - The present study reports the water softening by adsorption of hardness ions onto Coconut Shell Activated Carbons (CSAC). Characterization of CSAC was identified by FT-IR and SEM techniques. Batch experiments were carried out to determine the effect of various adsorbent factors such as adsorbent dose, initial pH, contact time, and temperature, on the adsorption process using synthetic and field collected water samples. Removal efficiency at nearly neutral pH of 6.3 for both synthetic and field collected water samples were 60% and 55% respectively. Temperature study (303 K-333 K) shows that the softening process in synthetic and field hard water is endothermic as removal efficiency was increasing from 40% and 29% at 303 K to 47% and 38% at 333 K respectively. Removal efficiency increases with the increase in contact time and adsorbent dose until 15 hours and 0.24g/cm3 respectively, for both field and synthetic hard water, which was considered to be maximum. Equilibrium isotherms have been analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, and both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models fit to explain the adsorption behavior of hardness ions onto CSAC.
VL  - 2
IS  - 5
ER  -

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Author Information

Cecilia Rolence

Department of Water and Environmental Science and Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha, Tanzania
Revocatus Lazaro Machunda

Department of Water and Environmental Science and Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha, Tanzania
Karoli Nicholas Njau

Department of Water and Environmental Science and Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha, Tanzania

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Cecilia Rolence, Revocatus Lazaro Machunda, Karoli Nicholas Njau. (2014). Water Hardness Removal by Coconut Shell Activated Carbon. International Journal of Science, Technology and Society, 2(5), 97-102. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.11

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ACS Style

Cecilia Rolence; Revocatus Lazaro Machunda; Karoli Nicholas Njau. Water Hardness Removal by Coconut Shell Activated Carbon. Int. J. Sci. Technol. Soc. 2014, 2(5), 97-102. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.11

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AMA Style

Cecilia Rolence, Revocatus Lazaro Machunda, Karoli Nicholas Njau. Water Hardness Removal by Coconut Shell Activated Carbon. Int J Sci Technol Soc. 2014;2(5):97-102. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.11,
  author = {Cecilia Rolence and Revocatus Lazaro Machunda and Karoli Nicholas Njau},
  title = {Water Hardness Removal by Coconut Shell Activated Carbon},
  journal = {International Journal of Science, Technology and Society},
  volume = {2},
  number = {5},
  pages = {97-102},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijsts.20140205.11},
  abstract = {The present study reports the water softening by adsorption of hardness ions onto Coconut Shell Activated Carbons (CSAC). Characterization of CSAC was identified by FT-IR and SEM techniques. Batch experiments were carried out to determine the effect of various adsorbent factors such as adsorbent dose, initial pH, contact time, and temperature, on the adsorption process using synthetic and field collected water samples. Removal efficiency at nearly neutral pH of 6.3 for both synthetic and field collected water samples were 60% and 55% respectively. Temperature study (303 K-333 K) shows that the softening process in synthetic and field hard water is endothermic as removal efficiency was increasing from 40% and 29% at 303 K to 47% and 38% at 333 K respectively. Removal efficiency increases with the increase in contact time and adsorbent dose until 15 hours and 0.24g/cm3 respectively, for both field and synthetic hard water, which was considered to be maximum. Equilibrium isotherms have been analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, and both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models fit to explain the adsorption behavior of hardness ions onto CSAC.},
 year = {2014}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Water Hardness Removal by Coconut Shell Activated Carbon
AU  - Cecilia Rolence
AU  - Revocatus Lazaro Machunda
AU  - Karoli Nicholas Njau
Y1  - 2014/08/30
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.11
T2  - International Journal of Science, Technology and Society
JF  - International Journal of Science, Technology and Society
JO  - International Journal of Science, Technology and Society
SP  - 97
EP  - 102
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-7420
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20140205.11
AB  - The present study reports the water softening by adsorption of hardness ions onto Coconut Shell Activated Carbons (CSAC). Characterization of CSAC was identified by FT-IR and SEM techniques. Batch experiments were carried out to determine the effect of various adsorbent factors such as adsorbent dose, initial pH, contact time, and temperature, on the adsorption process using synthetic and field collected water samples. Removal efficiency at nearly neutral pH of 6.3 for both synthetic and field collected water samples were 60% and 55% respectively. Temperature study (303 K-333 K) shows that the softening process in synthetic and field hard water is endothermic as removal efficiency was increasing from 40% and 29% at 303 K to 47% and 38% at 333 K respectively. Removal efficiency increases with the increase in contact time and adsorbent dose until 15 hours and 0.24g/cm3 respectively, for both field and synthetic hard water, which was considered to be maximum. Equilibrium isotherms have been analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, and both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models fit to explain the adsorption behavior of hardness ions onto CSAC.
VL  - 2
IS  - 5
ER  -

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