This study assessed water factors that impact sustainable rural livelihoods in Elementaita Division, Nakuru County. Problem of water access remains a multi-million challenge for families in rural areas and this had to be explained in scientific research through assessing water issues that affect the livelihoods. Households remain far from water projects despite interventions that governments, NGOs and other agencies have put in place. The study had the following objectives; assess water access factors and its impact on sustainable rural livelihoods, evaluate management of water projects and determine how it impacts on sustainable livelihoods and to determine how socio-economic factors of water impact rural livelihoods in Elementaita Division. The study used sustainable livelihood framework in its analysis and establishing what areas of interventions would be considered for the study. This includes looking at assets, capital, livelihood strategies, institutional processes and vulnerability context. This was a descriptive survey and questionnaires were generated on related areas of study. Sampling for household was carried out through systematic sampling. The study targeted a sample 195 household heads, 1 water users association also a Key Informant Interview (KII) was carried out with District Water Officer (DWO) and District Public Health Officer (DPHO). Data was carried collected using questionnaires, interviews and supplemented through secondary data. Data was analysed using inferential statistics by use of descriptive statistics. The findings were presented in tables using tables. From the findings water availability, quality and affordability determine the level of households assets in the community thereby impact negatively or positively. Over 98% of the respondents reported that children walk long distances or do not attend school in order to fetch water for the households, this impact negatively on their mental and physical development as well as their education. There is need to carry out awareness on the implication of using water of poor quality in the community as it may have adverse health effects on the lives of the community. Increasing awareness levels on rain water harvesting by the community need to be enhanced to improve on quality of water. Parents should also ensure that their children access education and not engage in child labour. The findings and recommendations of the study are important to Ministry of Water, researchers, all stakeholders and the community of Elementaita Division and Nakuru County in enhancing water access and addressing some of the challenges identified.
| Published in | International Journal of Science, Technology and Society (Volume 3, Issue 1) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ijsts.20150301.12 |
| Page(s) | 9-23 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Water Access, Sustainable Rural Livelihoods, Elementaita Division
| [1] | Anderson, J. and Poole, M. (2001) Assignment and thesis writing . 4th Ed. John Wiley and Sons. Brisbane |
| [2] | Ashley, Caroline and Diana Carney. (1999). Sustainabl Livelihoods: Lessons from Early Ex perience. DFID, London. |
| [3] | Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2010) Impact of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation. Independ ent Eval tion Department, Pakistan. |
| [4] | Babbie, E. (1992). The Practice of Social Research (6 ed).: Wadsworth Publishing Company. Belmont |
| [5] | Bartram, J. K. Lewis, R. Lenton and A. Wright (2005).The Millennium Project: Focusing on Im proved water and sanitation for health. Lancet |
| [6] | Bauman, E. (2005) Community Manager water supplies in Africa. |
| [7] | Bennett, N. (2010). Sustainable Livelihoods from Theory to Conservation Practice: An Extended Annotate Bibliography for Prospective Application of Livel hoods. Victoria, Canada. |
| [8] | Best, J. W., and Khan, V. (2009) Research in Education. 7th Edition, Prentice Hall, New Delhi: India. |
| [9] | Carlevaro F, and Gonzalez C .(2011). Costing improved water supply systems for low-income commun ties: a practical manual. CDROM. World Health O ganiztion, Geneva. |
| [10] | Carney, D. (1998). Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: What Contribution can we make?. DFID. London. |
| [11] | Carney, Diana. (1999). Approaches to Sustainable Livel hoods for the Rural Poor. ODI Poverty. Briefing No. 2, ODI, London. |
| [12] | Castillo, J.J. (2009). Simple Random Sampling. http://www.experiment-resources.com/simple- r dom-sampling.html Retrieved 18 Apr. 2012 from E periment Resources: |
| [13] | Chambers, R. and Gordon C. (1992). Sustainable Livel hoods: Practical concepts for the 21st Century. IDS Discussion Paper 296, IDS, Brighton, UK. |
| [14] | Chambers, R. (2007). Poverty and Livelihoods: Whose R ality Counts? IDS discussion Pa per 347, |
| [15] | Cochran, W. G. (1963). Sampling Techniques, 2nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York: |
| [16] | Cooper, D. R. and Schindler, P. S. 2001. Business Research Methods (7th ed.). McGraw- Hill Irwin. Boston |
| [17] | Deepesh, M. (2004). Planning and design of cost–effective water harvesting structures |
| [18] | Dercon, S., and Krishnan P. (2000). In sickness and I health: risk sharing within households in rural Ethiopia. Journal of Political Economy, 108: 688–727. |
| [19] | DFID. (1999). Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets. DFID. London, |
| [20] | DFID. (1999). Sustainable Livelihood. DFID, London, |
| [21] | DFID, (2002) Sustainable Livelihood. DFID, London |
| [22] | DFID, (2010). Sustainable Livelihood. DFID, London |
| [23] | DFID, (2011). Sustainable Livelihood. DFID, London |
| [24] | Ellis, F. (2000). The determinants of rural livelihood dive sification in developing countries. Journal of Agr cultural Economics, 51: 289–302. |
| [25] | El-Sadek, A. (2011). Virtual water: An effective mechanism for integrated water resources man a ment.doi:10.4236/as2011.23033 for efficient utiliz tion of scarce water resources in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan, India. Water Resources Management, 18: 219−235. |
| [26] | Gay,L.R.(1981) Education Research: Competencies for Analysis and Application. Charles E. Mairill Pu lishing Co. A. Bell and Howell Co, Toronto and Lo don. |
| [27] | Gowing, J.W. (2003). Food security for sub-Saharan Africa: does water scarcity limit the op tions? Land Use an Water Research. |
| [28] | Grey-Gardner, R. (2008). Remote Community Water Ma agement – Report 27. Desert |
| [29] | Grey-Gardner, R. (2008). The Water Handbook. Desert Knowledge CRC, Alice Springs, Groundwater for health: managing the quality of drinking-water sources. International Water Association Publising, 3−19. London |
| [30] | Haysom, A. (2006) A study on Factors Affecting sustain bility of rural water supply. Cranfield university. |
| [31] | Howard G. (2006). Groundwater and public health. In: Schmoll O. eds. Protecting Knowledge CRC, Alice Springs, Australia. |
| [32] | Human Development Report (HDR) (2006) Beyond Water Scarcity: Power, poverty and the global water cr sis. UNDP. New York. |
| [33] | Hunt N and Tyrell, (2001) Probability Sampling Technique. Covenrty University. |
| [34] | IDRC, (1996). Grassroots indicators for desertification. E perience and perspectives from Eastern and Sout ern Africa. Ottawa, Canada. |
| [35] | Isaac, S. and Michael W.N. (1977) Handbook in Research and Evaluation (3rd ed.).:EdITS. San Diego |
| [36] | Joppe, M. (2000). The Research Process. IDS Press, Lo don, UK. |
| [37] | Kenya National Human Development (KNHD) (2006) |
| [38] | KIHBS (2006) Basic Report on Well-being in Kenya. Ke ya Bureau Of Statistics. Nairobi. |
| [39] | Kirk, J., and Miller, M.L. (1986). Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research. Sage Publica tions. Beverly Hills. |
| [40] | KNWRMS (2006) Water: A Shared Responsibility. |
| [41] | Kratz, L. 2001. An Introduction: The Sustainable Livel hood Approach to Poverty |
| [42] | Krueger, (1988) Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for A plied Research. London: Sage |
| [43] | Lipton, M. and Moore, M. (1972). The Methodology of V ilage Studies in Less Developed coun tries. IDS, University of Sussex. Brighton |
| [44] | Millennium Community Development Initiatives, (2010): Community Guide to Water Act 2002. Nairobi Kenya. |
| [45] | Mehrens, W.A. and Lehmann, I.J. (1987). Using Standar ized tests in Education. Longman. New York. |
| [46] | Mehta, M. and Ondari, J. (2004) “Sector finance and r source flows for Water supply: A pilot application for Kenya”, Water and Sanitation program for Africa. Nairobi. |
| [47] | Montogomery, D.R. (2007). Soil Erosion and Agricultural Sustainability California press US. |
| [48] | Moriarty, P., Butterworth, J., and Koppen B.V., |
| [49] | (2004): Water, Poverty and Productive Uses of Water at the Household Level. Beyond Domestic IRC International Water and Sanitation |
| [50] | Morse, S., McNamara, N. and Acholo, M. (2009). Sustai able Livelihood Approach: A critical analysis of theory and practice. University of Reading, London, UK. |
| [51] | Mugenda, O. M. and Mugenda, A. G. (1999) Researc Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Acts Press. Nairobi. |
| [52] | Mugenda , O. M. and Mugenda, A. G. (2003) Researc Methods Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Acts Press. Nairobi. |
| [53] | Nicol, (2000) ‘Adopting a Sustainable Livelihoods A proach to Water Projects: Implications for Policy and Practice’, Working Paper, No.133, ODI. London. |
| [54] | OCHA, (2010) Water Scaricty and Humanitarian Action: Key Emerging trends and challenges. OCHA, Po icy Development and Studies Branch |
| [55] | Onjala, J.O. (2002), Managing water scarcity in Kenya: Industrial responses to tariffs and regu latory e forcement. Roskilde University (PhD thesis) |
| [56] | Pacey A, and Cullis A (1986). Rainwater harvesting: the collection of rainfall and runoff in rural areas. I termediate Technology Publications. London. |
| [57] | Petersen E., and Gould, J. (1999). Rainwater catchments systems for domestic supply: design, con struction and implementation. Intermediate Technology Develo ment Group Publishing. London. |
| [58] | Pruess-Uestuen, A., Bos, R., Gore, F. and Bartam, J. (2008). Safer Water, Better Health. WHO. Geneva: |
| [59] | Scoones, I. (2009). Livelihoods Perspectives and Rural D velopment. Journal of Peasant Studies, 36 (1)171-196. |
| [60] | Scoons, I. (1998). Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Framework for Analysis. IDS, Working paper 72, IDS, Brighton, UK. |
| [61] | Sen, A. (1987). The Standard of Living. Cambridge Unive sity Press. Cambridge. |
| [62] | SIWI,(2002). Balancing Competing Water Uses-Present status and New Prospects, Stockholm. International Water Institute (SIWI), Stockholm, Sweden. |
| [63] | Smet J (2005). WELL fact sheet: domestic rainwater ha vesting. Waterlines, 24: 13−20. |
| [64] | Solesbury, W. (2003). Sustainable Livelihoods: A Case of the Evolution of DFID Policy. Over seas Development Institute, London. |
| [65] | Swallow, B, Onyango, L., Dick, R.M., and Holl, N,. (2005) Dynamics of Poverty, livelihoods and property rights in the Lower Nyando Basin of Kenya. Joha nesburg. South Africa. |
| [66] | Swift, J. (1989). Why are rural people vulnerable to fa ine? IDS Bulletin, 20(2), 41-49. |
APA Style
Cherutich Jonah, Timothy Maitho, Quinter Omware. (2015). Water Access and Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Case of Elementaita Division in Nakuru County, Kenya. International Journal of Science, Technology and Society, 3(1), 9-23. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20150301.12
ACS Style
Cherutich Jonah; Timothy Maitho; Quinter Omware. Water Access and Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Case of Elementaita Division in Nakuru County, Kenya. Int. J. Sci. Technol. Soc. 2015, 3(1), 9-23. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsts.20150301.12
AMA Style
Cherutich Jonah, Timothy Maitho, Quinter Omware. Water Access and Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Case of Elementaita Division in Nakuru County, Kenya. Int J Sci Technol Soc. 2015;3(1):9-23. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsts.20150301.12
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ijsts.20150301.12,
author = {Cherutich Jonah and Timothy Maitho and Quinter Omware},
title = {Water Access and Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Case of Elementaita Division in Nakuru County, Kenya},
journal = {International Journal of Science, Technology and Society},
volume = {3},
number = {1},
pages = {9-23},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijsts.20150301.12},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20150301.12},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijsts.20150301.12},
abstract = {This study assessed water factors that impact sustainable rural livelihoods in Elementaita Division, Nakuru County. Problem of water access remains a multi-million challenge for families in rural areas and this had to be explained in scientific research through assessing water issues that affect the livelihoods. Households remain far from water projects despite interventions that governments, NGOs and other agencies have put in place. The study had the following objectives; assess water access factors and its impact on sustainable rural livelihoods, evaluate management of water projects and determine how it impacts on sustainable livelihoods and to determine how socio-economic factors of water impact rural livelihoods in Elementaita Division. The study used sustainable livelihood framework in its analysis and establishing what areas of interventions would be considered for the study. This includes looking at assets, capital, livelihood strategies, institutional processes and vulnerability context. This was a descriptive survey and questionnaires were generated on related areas of study. Sampling for household was carried out through systematic sampling. The study targeted a sample 195 household heads, 1 water users association also a Key Informant Interview (KII) was carried out with District Water Officer (DWO) and District Public Health Officer (DPHO). Data was carried collected using questionnaires, interviews and supplemented through secondary data. Data was analysed using inferential statistics by use of descriptive statistics. The findings were presented in tables using tables. From the findings water availability, quality and affordability determine the level of households assets in the community thereby impact negatively or positively. Over 98% of the respondents reported that children walk long distances or do not attend school in order to fetch water for the households, this impact negatively on their mental and physical development as well as their education. There is need to carry out awareness on the implication of using water of poor quality in the community as it may have adverse health effects on the lives of the community. Increasing awareness levels on rain water harvesting by the community need to be enhanced to improve on quality of water. Parents should also ensure that their children access education and not engage in child labour. The findings and recommendations of the study are important to Ministry of Water, researchers, all stakeholders and the community of Elementaita Division and Nakuru County in enhancing water access and addressing some of the challenges identified.},
year = {2015}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Water Access and Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Case of Elementaita Division in Nakuru County, Kenya AU - Cherutich Jonah AU - Timothy Maitho AU - Quinter Omware Y1 - 2015/01/12 PY - 2015 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20150301.12 DO - 10.11648/j.ijsts.20150301.12 T2 - International Journal of Science, Technology and Society JF - International Journal of Science, Technology and Society JO - International Journal of Science, Technology and Society SP - 9 EP - 23 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2330-7420 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20150301.12 AB - This study assessed water factors that impact sustainable rural livelihoods in Elementaita Division, Nakuru County. Problem of water access remains a multi-million challenge for families in rural areas and this had to be explained in scientific research through assessing water issues that affect the livelihoods. Households remain far from water projects despite interventions that governments, NGOs and other agencies have put in place. The study had the following objectives; assess water access factors and its impact on sustainable rural livelihoods, evaluate management of water projects and determine how it impacts on sustainable livelihoods and to determine how socio-economic factors of water impact rural livelihoods in Elementaita Division. The study used sustainable livelihood framework in its analysis and establishing what areas of interventions would be considered for the study. This includes looking at assets, capital, livelihood strategies, institutional processes and vulnerability context. This was a descriptive survey and questionnaires were generated on related areas of study. Sampling for household was carried out through systematic sampling. The study targeted a sample 195 household heads, 1 water users association also a Key Informant Interview (KII) was carried out with District Water Officer (DWO) and District Public Health Officer (DPHO). Data was carried collected using questionnaires, interviews and supplemented through secondary data. Data was analysed using inferential statistics by use of descriptive statistics. The findings were presented in tables using tables. From the findings water availability, quality and affordability determine the level of households assets in the community thereby impact negatively or positively. Over 98% of the respondents reported that children walk long distances or do not attend school in order to fetch water for the households, this impact negatively on their mental and physical development as well as their education. There is need to carry out awareness on the implication of using water of poor quality in the community as it may have adverse health effects on the lives of the community. Increasing awareness levels on rain water harvesting by the community need to be enhanced to improve on quality of water. Parents should also ensure that their children access education and not engage in child labour. The findings and recommendations of the study are important to Ministry of Water, researchers, all stakeholders and the community of Elementaita Division and Nakuru County in enhancing water access and addressing some of the challenges identified. VL - 3 IS - 1 ER -
Information
Email: