International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education

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Determine the Center of Mass Position in Human Undulatory Swimming: A Static Approach

Received: 24 August 2016    Accepted: 05 September 2016    Published: 22 September 2016
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Abstract

The knowledge of the actual center of mass (CoM) position enables an estimation of human motion concerning cause-and-effect relations, e.g. using the principles of linear momentum. Although previous analytical methods are able to calculate the CoM, but its precision strongly depends on the quality of the used models and body segments inertial characteristics. Experimental methods provide a more precise location of body’s CoM, but often only in one dimension or with inadequate measurement errors. The aim of this study is primary (i) to show an experimental setup to determine swimmer’s CoM in 2D (sagittal plane) with small errors of the setup and secondary (ii) to show the location as well as (iii) the variation of swimmer’s CoM for different characteristic positions during an undulatory kick cycle. Five female and five male sport students imitated five different positions of an undulatory swimming kick cycle laying sagittal on a triangular platform. The presented method allows to determine the CoM of swimmer’s actual position with measurement errors of maximum 4 cm. Horizontal and vertical position of the CoM as well as the Euclidean distance significantly differs from the hip for all participants and during all investigated phases of a kick cycle.

DOI 10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12
Published in International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education (Volume 1, Issue 2, October 2016)
Page(s) 21-27
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Center of Mass Location and Variation, Dolphin Kick, Experimental Determination, Setup Error Analysis and Error Propagation

References
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[4] Enoka, R. M., 2008. Neuromechanics of human movement. Human kinetics.
[5] Fernandes, R., Ribeiro, J., Figueiredo, P., Seifert, L., Vilas-Boas, J., 2012. Kinematics of the hip and body center of mass in front crawl. Journal of Human Kinetics, 33, 15–23.
[6] Figueiredo, P., Vilas-Boas, J. P., Mala, J., Gonalves, P., Fernandes, R. J., 2009. Does the hip reflect the center of mass swimming kinematics? International Journal of Sports Medicine, 30, 779–781.
[7] Gard, S. A., Miff, S. C., Kuo, A. D., 2004. Comparison of kinematic and kinetic methods for computing the vertical motion of the body center of mass during walking. Human movement science 22 (6), 597–610.
[8] Gavilan, A., Arellano, R., Sanders, R., 2006. Underwater undulatory swimming: study of frequency, amplitude and phase characteristics of the body wave. In: Vilas-Boas, J., Alves, F., Marques, A. (Eds.), Xth International Symposium for Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming. Portuguese Journal of Sport Sciences, Porto, pp. 35–37.
[9] Hanavan, E. P., 1964. A mathematical model of the human body. Tech. rep., DTIC Document.
[10] Hochmuth, G., 1981. Biomechanik sportlicher Bewegungen, 4th Edition. Sportverlag, Berlin.
[11] Hochstein, S., 2013. Widerstands- und Strömungsbeeinflussung der menschlichen undulatorischen Schwimmbewegung. Ph.D. thesis, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany.
[12] Hochstein, S., Blickhan, R., 2011. Vortex re-capturing and kinematics in human underwater undulatory swimming. Human Movement Science, 30 (5), 998–1007.
[13] Hochstein, S., Blickhan, R., 2014. Body movement distribution with respect to swimmer’s glide position in human underwater undulatory swimming. Human Movement Science, 38, 305–318.
[14] Maglischo, C., Maglischo, E., Santos, T., 1987. The relationship between the forward velocity of the center of gravity and the forward velocity of the hip in the four competitive strokes. Journal of Swimming Research, 3, 11–17.
[15] McLean, S., Hinrichs, R., 2000. Buoyancy, gender, and swimming performance. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 16 (3), 248–263.
[16] NASA, 1978. Reference publication – anthropometric source book, technical report 1024. Tech. Rep. I-III, NASA Scientific and Technical Information Office, Springfield.
[17] Psycharakis, S. G., Sanders, R. H., 2009. Validity of the use of a fixed point for intracycle velocity calculations in swimming. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 12 (2), 262–265.
[18] Salow, E., 2011. Schwerpunktskoordinaten in der Dreiecksgeometrie. Retrieved from http://www.vivat-geo.de/schwerpunkts-koordinaten.html.
[19] Zatsiorsky, V., Seluyanov, V., 1985. Estimation of the mass and inertia characteristics of the human body by means of the best predictive regression equations. Biomechanics IX-B, 233–239.
Author Information
  • Motion Science, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany;Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, Germany

  • Motion Science, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany

  • Motion Science, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany

  • Motion Science, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany

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    Stefan Hochstein, Maria Baumgart, Roy Müller, Reinhard Blickhan. (2016). Determine the Center of Mass Position in Human Undulatory Swimming: A Static Approach. International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education, 1(2), 21-27. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12

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    ACS Style

    Stefan Hochstein; Maria Baumgart; Roy Müller; Reinhard Blickhan. Determine the Center of Mass Position in Human Undulatory Swimming: A Static Approach. Int. J. Sports Sci. Phys. Educ. 2016, 1(2), 21-27. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12

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    AMA Style

    Stefan Hochstein, Maria Baumgart, Roy Müller, Reinhard Blickhan. Determine the Center of Mass Position in Human Undulatory Swimming: A Static Approach. Int J Sports Sci Phys Educ. 2016;1(2):21-27. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12,
      author = {Stefan Hochstein and Maria Baumgart and Roy Müller and Reinhard Blickhan},
      title = {Determine the Center of Mass Position in Human Undulatory Swimming: A Static Approach},
      journal = {International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education},
      volume = {1},
      number = {2},
      pages = {21-27},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijsspe.20160102.12},
      abstract = {The knowledge of the actual center of mass (CoM) position enables an estimation of human motion concerning cause-and-effect relations, e.g. using the principles of linear momentum. Although previous analytical methods are able to calculate the CoM, but its precision strongly depends on the quality of the used models and body segments inertial characteristics. Experimental methods provide a more precise location of body’s CoM, but often only in one dimension or with inadequate measurement errors. The aim of this study is primary (i) to show an experimental setup to determine swimmer’s CoM in 2D (sagittal plane) with small errors of the setup and secondary (ii) to show the location as well as (iii) the variation of swimmer’s CoM for different characteristic positions during an undulatory kick cycle. Five female and five male sport students imitated five different positions of an undulatory swimming kick cycle laying sagittal on a triangular platform. The presented method allows to determine the CoM of swimmer’s actual position with measurement errors of maximum 4 cm. Horizontal and vertical position of the CoM as well as the Euclidean distance significantly differs from the hip for all participants and during all investigated phases of a kick cycle.},
     year = {2016}
    }
    

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    AU  - Stefan Hochstein
    AU  - Maria Baumgart
    AU  - Roy Müller
    AU  - Reinhard Blickhan
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    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12
    T2  - International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education
    JF  - International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education
    JO  - International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education
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    AB  - The knowledge of the actual center of mass (CoM) position enables an estimation of human motion concerning cause-and-effect relations, e.g. using the principles of linear momentum. Although previous analytical methods are able to calculate the CoM, but its precision strongly depends on the quality of the used models and body segments inertial characteristics. Experimental methods provide a more precise location of body’s CoM, but often only in one dimension or with inadequate measurement errors. The aim of this study is primary (i) to show an experimental setup to determine swimmer’s CoM in 2D (sagittal plane) with small errors of the setup and secondary (ii) to show the location as well as (iii) the variation of swimmer’s CoM for different characteristic positions during an undulatory kick cycle. Five female and five male sport students imitated five different positions of an undulatory swimming kick cycle laying sagittal on a triangular platform. The presented method allows to determine the CoM of swimmer’s actual position with measurement errors of maximum 4 cm. Horizontal and vertical position of the CoM as well as the Euclidean distance significantly differs from the hip for all participants and during all investigated phases of a kick cycle.
    VL  - 1
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