| Peer-Reviewed

Differences in Intelligence and Creativity between Tattooed and Non-Tattooed Students

Received: 31 May 2015    Accepted: 10 June 2015    Published: 30 June 2015
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Background: In everyday life stereotypes, i.e. simplified imaginations about others are often built. One of innumerable stereotypes is that tattooed people drink too much alcohol, take always drugs, don’t avoid risks and, maybe, they are even more stupid than the rest of humanity. On the other hand tattoos can be very artful. Therefore it is conceivable that tattooed people are more creative than others. Objective: This work is focusing on the question if there is a difference (a) in creativity and (b) in the crystallized intelligence between tattooed and non-tattooed persons. Methodology: To capture these characteristics an intelligence questionnaire (MWT-A) and five of eleven sub-tests of a creativity questionnaire (TDK) were used. To achieve a sufficient homogeneity between the samples, the survey was conducted only among students. A total of 104 persons were interviewed of which 50 people were tattooed and 54 non-tattooed, aged between 20 and 54 years. The survey took place at several universities and colleges in Hamburg and took about ten minutes per person. Results: There were no significant group differences regarding crystallized intelligence; moreover there was no correlation between having tattoos and creativity. Conclusion: Tattooed students seem to be neither less intelligent nor more creative than other students.

Published in Psychology and Behavioral Sciences (Volume 4, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.pbs.20150404.14
Page(s) 165-169
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Tattoo, Intelligence, Creativity, Body Modification

References
[1] Arafat. (02. 05 2012). Focus. Abgerufen am 06. 06 2015 von http://www.focus.de/panorama/videos/tattoo-kuenstler-arafat-mein-erstes-tattoo-stach-ich-mir-mit-acht-jahren_vid_31081.html
[2] Asendorpf (2007). Psychologie der Persönlichkeit. Springer.
[3] Bammann & Stöver (2006). Tätowierungen im Strafvollzug. Oldenburg: BIS-Verlag der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg.
[4] Boytchev (2013). Risiken von Tätowierungen. Berlin: Spiegel.
[5] Catalano (17. 03 2000). When the body is the canvas, safety counts. Abgerufen am 08. 08 2014 von APB News: www.apbnews.com
[6] Cattell (1973). Personality and mood by questionnaire. Jossey-Bass Publishers.
[7] Dean (2010). Consumer perceptions of visible tattoos on service personnel. Managing Service Quality, p. 300-308.
[8] Dominguez, Alegre, García-Melgares, Laguna, Martín, Sanchéz, et al. (2008). Tattoo pigment in two lymph nodes in a patient with melanoma. Journal Compilation. European Acadamy of Dermatology and Venereology, p. 101-136.
[9] Getzels & Jackson.(1962). Creativity and intelligence. New York: Wiley.
[10] Goldstein (1967). Mercery-Cadmium Sensitivity in Tattoos. Annals of Internal Medicine.
[11] Guéguen (12. Juli 2012). Tattoos, Piercings, and Alcohol Consumption. ISBRA, p. 1253-1256.
[12] Guilford (1967). The nature of human intelligence. University of Wisconsin- Madison: Mc Graw Hill series in psychology.
[13] Jäger, Süß, & Beauducel (1997). Berliner Intelligenzstruktur- Test (Bd. Form 4). (W. Sarges, & H. Wottawa, Hrsg.) Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers.
[14] Kächelen (2004). Tatau und Tattoo: Eine Epigraphik der Identitätskonstruktion. Aachen: Shaker .
[15] Kalfar (2012). Tätowieren: Spezielle Techniken. In H. Kalfar, & H. Kalfar (Hrsg.), Tätowieren: Spezielle Techniken (Bd. 4.1., p. 3).
[16] Kasten (2006). Body Modification. München, Basel: Reinhardt Klimke, 2008
[17] Long & Rickman. (1994). Infectious complications of tattoos. Clinical infectious diseases. Oxford Journals, p. 610-619.
[18] Meier (2010). Inked: 0,3 mm unter der Haut der Gesellschaft: Empirische Analyse gesellschaftlicher Diskriminierungs- und Exklusionsprozesse in der Moderne - untersucht am Phänomen der Tätowierung. Berlin: RabenStück Verlag.
[19] Mrasek (2013). Tätowierfarben- Gift im Arschgeweih. Berlin: Spiegel.
[20] Postel (2009). Fürs Leben gezeichnet. Frankfurter Allgemeine.
[21] Feige (2003). Ein Tattoo ist für immer: Die Geschichte der Tätowierung in Deutschland. Mit Fotografien aus einhundert Jahren Tattoo-Kuns, p. 412, Berlin: Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf.
[22] Sternberg (1984). Toward a triarchic theory of human intelligence. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7, p. 269–287.
[23] Thurstone (1931). Multiple factor analysis, p. 406-427. Chicago: Psychological Review.
[24] Wessel & Kasten (2014). Body-piercing and self-mulitation: A multifaceted relationship. American Journal of Applied Psychology. 3(4): p. 104-109
[25] Wohlrab, Stahl & Kappeler (2007). Body Image. Modifying the body: Motivations for getting tattoed and pierced, 87-95. Göttingen: Science Direct.
[26] Worp, Boomstra, Coutinho, & Hoek (01. 01 2006). Surveillance report. http://www. eurosurveillance. org/ ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=591
[27] Wüstendörfer. (04 2011). Familie und Armut. Familie und Armut-Eine Sonderauswertung des AWO-ISS-Datensatzes 1999 und 2003/04 über familiäre Bedingungen und ihre Auswirkungen auf Armut und Lebenslage der Kinder. Nürnberg, Frankfurt am Main: Institut für Sozialarbeit und Sozialpädagogik e.V.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Anette Sandra Cebula, Erich Kasten. (2015). Differences in Intelligence and Creativity between Tattooed and Non-Tattooed Students. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 4(4), 165-169. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20150404.14

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Anette Sandra Cebula; Erich Kasten. Differences in Intelligence and Creativity between Tattooed and Non-Tattooed Students. Psychol. Behav. Sci. 2015, 4(4), 165-169. doi: 10.11648/j.pbs.20150404.14

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Anette Sandra Cebula, Erich Kasten. Differences in Intelligence and Creativity between Tattooed and Non-Tattooed Students. Psychol Behav Sci. 2015;4(4):165-169. doi: 10.11648/j.pbs.20150404.14

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.pbs.20150404.14,
      author = {Anette Sandra Cebula and Erich Kasten},
      title = {Differences in Intelligence and Creativity between Tattooed and Non-Tattooed Students},
      journal = {Psychology and Behavioral Sciences},
      volume = {4},
      number = {4},
      pages = {165-169},
      doi = {10.11648/j.pbs.20150404.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20150404.14},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.pbs.20150404.14},
      abstract = {Background: In everyday life stereotypes, i.e. simplified imaginations about others are often built. One of innumerable stereotypes is that tattooed people drink too much alcohol, take always drugs, don’t avoid risks and, maybe, they are even more stupid than the rest of humanity. On the other hand tattoos can be very artful. Therefore it is conceivable that tattooed people are more creative than others. Objective: This work is focusing on the question if there is a difference (a) in creativity and (b) in the crystallized intelligence between tattooed and non-tattooed persons. Methodology: To capture these characteristics an intelligence questionnaire (MWT-A) and five of eleven sub-tests of a creativity questionnaire (TDK) were used. To achieve a sufficient homogeneity between the samples, the survey was conducted only among students. A total of 104 persons were interviewed of which 50 people were tattooed and 54 non-tattooed, aged between 20 and 54 years. The survey took place at several universities and colleges in Hamburg and took about ten minutes per person. Results: There were no significant group differences regarding crystallized intelligence; moreover there was no correlation between having tattoos and creativity. Conclusion: Tattooed students seem to be neither less intelligent nor more creative than other students.},
     year = {2015}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Differences in Intelligence and Creativity between Tattooed and Non-Tattooed Students
    AU  - Anette Sandra Cebula
    AU  - Erich Kasten
    Y1  - 2015/06/30
    PY  - 2015
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20150404.14
    DO  - 10.11648/j.pbs.20150404.14
    T2  - Psychology and Behavioral Sciences
    JF  - Psychology and Behavioral Sciences
    JO  - Psychology and Behavioral Sciences
    SP  - 165
    EP  - 169
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-7845
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20150404.14
    AB  - Background: In everyday life stereotypes, i.e. simplified imaginations about others are often built. One of innumerable stereotypes is that tattooed people drink too much alcohol, take always drugs, don’t avoid risks and, maybe, they are even more stupid than the rest of humanity. On the other hand tattoos can be very artful. Therefore it is conceivable that tattooed people are more creative than others. Objective: This work is focusing on the question if there is a difference (a) in creativity and (b) in the crystallized intelligence between tattooed and non-tattooed persons. Methodology: To capture these characteristics an intelligence questionnaire (MWT-A) and five of eleven sub-tests of a creativity questionnaire (TDK) were used. To achieve a sufficient homogeneity between the samples, the survey was conducted only among students. A total of 104 persons were interviewed of which 50 people were tattooed and 54 non-tattooed, aged between 20 and 54 years. The survey took place at several universities and colleges in Hamburg and took about ten minutes per person. Results: There were no significant group differences regarding crystallized intelligence; moreover there was no correlation between having tattoos and creativity. Conclusion: Tattooed students seem to be neither less intelligent nor more creative than other students.
    VL  - 4
    IS  - 4
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg, Germany

  • Dept. of Neuropsychology, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

  • Sections