This study investigated the relationship between motivation orientations and anxiety levels of Bocce players, and gender differences in this relationship. A total of 88 Bocce players (47 female, 41 male) participated to this study voluntarily. All the players completed “Sport Competitive Anxiety Test (SCAT)” and “Sport Motivation Scale (SMS)” test. The data was evaluated using SPSS 19.0, through arithmetic means ( ), standard deviation (SD), t-test, and correlation analyses. For the statistical significance, p value was taken as 0.05 (p<0.05). Results revealed that female players were more intrinsically motivated, while exhibiting less external regulation and less amotivation than male players. Female players were also observed to have slightly higher competitive anxiety level than males. According to the results of t-test, there were significant differences between female and male players in external regulation and amotivation levels, but none of the intrinsic motivation subscale was statistically significant. Besides, there was no significant difference in competitive anxiety levels of female and male Bocce players. Results also showed that there was no correlation between motivation orientations sub-scales and competitive anxiety. In conclusion, female players had higher score than male players in intrinsic motivation and competitive anxiety, but lower score in external regulation and amotivation.
| Published in | Psychology and Behavioral Sciences (Volume 2, Issue 4) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.pbs.20130204.12 |
| Page(s) | 162-168 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Motivation Orientations, Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation, Amotivation, Competitive Anxiety, Bocce
| [1] | G. Rodrigo, M. Lusiardo, and G.. Pereira, "Relationship between anxiety and performance in soccer players", International Journal of Sport Psychology, 1990, 21, pp. 112-120. |
| [2] | R. Martens, Sport Competition Anxiety Test. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 1977. |
| [3] | F. E. Abrahamsen, G. C. Roberts, and A. M. Pensgaard, "Achievement goals and gender effects on multidimensional anxiety in national level elite sport", Psychology of Sport and Exercise Science, 2008, 9, pp. 449-465. |
| [4] | L. Deci and M. Ryan, Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum, 1985. |
| [5] | M. Argyle, The social psychology of leisure. London: Penguin Books, 1996. |
| [6] | K. Cockley, N. Bernard, D. Cunningham, and J. Motoike, "A psychometric investigation of the Academic Motivation Scale using a United States sample", Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development Journal, 2001, 34, pp. 109-119. |
| [7] | R. J. Vallerand, E. L. Deci, and R. M. Ryan, "Intrinsic motivation in sport", in K. B. Pandolf (ed.) Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, Vol. 15, pp. 389-425, New York: Mc Millian, 1987. |
| [8] | M. B. Andersen and J. H. Williams, "Gender role and sport competition anxiety: A re-examination", Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 1987, 58 (1), pp. 52-56. |
| [9] | R. J. Vallerand and R. Bissonnette, "Intrinsic, extrinsic, and motivational styles as predictors of behavior: A prospectus study", Journal of Personality, 1992, 60, pp. 599-620. |
| [10] | M. S. Fortier, R. J. Vallerand, N. M. Briere, and P. J. Provencher, "Competitive and recreational sport structures and gender: a test of their relationship with sport motivation", International Journal of Sport Psychology, 1995, 26, pp. 24-39. |
| [11] | J. L. Muth and T. F. Cash. "Body image attitudes: What difference does gender make?" Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1997, 27, pp. 1438-1452. |
| [12] | B. Gürbüz, A. Özkan, and F. H. Aşçı, "Genç sporcuların yarışma kaygı düzeylerinin cinsiyete ve spor deneyimine göre karşılaştırılması" (The comparison of competitive anxiety of young athletes according to gender and sport experience). Beden Eğitimi ve Sporda Sosyal Alanlar Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı. 10-11 September 2003, Ankara: pp. 453-455, (in Turkish). |
| [13] | M. T. Elferink-Gemser, C. Visscher, and K. A. P. M. Lammink, "Psychological characteristics of talented youth athletes in field hockey, basketball, volleyball, speed skating and swimming", in J. Gemser and P. Gemser (eds.), Today’s talented youth field hockey players, the star of tomorrow? A study on talent development in field hockey, Groningen Studies in Sport Sciences 1, Groningen, 2005, pp. 87-101. |
| [14] | K. Yıldız, O. Pepe, N. Sarıtaş, and E. Ö. Kaya, "An investigation on the levels of social anxiety according to gender variable in hearing-impaired adolescent athletes between 12-16 years old", Niğde Üniversitesi Physical Education and Sport Journal, 2012, 6(1), pp. 56-61. |
| [15] | M. Turkmen, M. Kul, and T. Bozkuş, "Takım sporlarıyla uğraşan sporcuların yarışma kaygı düzeylerinin cinsiyete ve spor deneyimine gore incelenmesi", (Investigation of competitive anxiety levels of team athletes according to gender and sport experience), Uluslararası Hakemli Akademik Spor, Sağlık ve Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 2013, 3(7), pp. 106-112, (in Turkish). |
| [16] | T. Bozkus, M. Turkmen, M. Kul, "The effects of age, sports experience and physical self perception on competition anxiety levels of female football players". International Journal of Academic Research Part B, 2013, 5(4), 509-513. |
| [17] | Y. L. Hanin, Emotions in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1999. |
| [18] | E. Cerin, "Anxiety versus fundamental emotions as predictors of perceived functionality of pre-competitive emotional states, threat, and challenge in individual sports", Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2003, 15, pp. 223-238. |
| [19] | C. Harwood and A. Swain, "The development and activation of achievement goals within tennis: II. A player, parent, and coach intervention", The Sport Psychologist, 2002, 16, pp. 111-137. |
| [20] | A. Papaioannou and O. Kouli, "The effect of task structure, perceived motivational climate and goal orientations on students’ ask involvement and anxiety". Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 1999, 11, pp. 51-71. |
| [21] | N. Ntoumanis and S. Biddle, "The relationship between competitive anxiety, achievement goals, and motivational climates", Research of Quarterly Exercise Sport, 1998, 69, pp. 176-187. |
| [22] | D. Burton, "Measuring competitive state anxiety". In J. L. Duda (Ed.), Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement (pp. 129-148). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology, 1998. |
| [23] | R. E. Smith, F. L. Smoll, and M. W. Passer, "Sport performance anxiety in children and youth", In F. L. Smoll and R. E. Smith (Eds.), Children and youth in sports: A biopsychosocial perspective (2nd ed., pp. 501-536). Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt, 2002. |
| [24] | R. E. Smith, F. L. Smoll, and S. P. Cumming, "Effects of a motivational climate intervention for coaches on young athletes’ sport performance anxiety", Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2007, 29, pp. 39-59. |
| [25] | H. J. Eysenck, D. K. B. Nias, and D. N. Cox, "Sport and personality", Advances in Behavior Research and Therapy, 1982, 16, pp. 1-56. |
| [26] | M. P. Schrader and D. L. Wann, "High risk recreation: The relationship between participant characteristics and degree of involvement", Journal of Sport Behavior, 1999, 22, pp. 426-441. |
| [27] | T. Yashima, K. A. Noels, T. Shizuka, O. Takeuchi, S. Yamane, and K. Yoshizawa, "The Interplay of Classroom Anxiety, Intrinsic Motivation, and Gender in the Japanese EFL Context", Journal of Foreign Language Education and Research, 2008, 17, pp. 41-64. |
| [28] | M. Turkmen, Bocce: Bowls, Petanque, Raffa and Boules -Definitions, History, and Rules-, Ankara: Neyir Yayincilik, 2011 (in Turkish). |
| [29] | L. G. Pelletier, M. S. Fortier, R. J. Vallerand, K. M. Tuson, N. M. Brière, and M. R. Blais, "Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The sport motivation scale", Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1995, 17, pp. 35-53. |
| [30] | R. E., Smith, F. L. Smoll, and R. W. Schutz, "Measurement and correlates of sport-specific cognitive and somatic trait anxiety: The Sport Anxiety Scale", Anxiety Research, 1990, 2, pp. 263-280. |
| [31] | G. Jones, "More than just a game: Research developments and issues in competitive anxiety in sport", British Journal of Psychology, 1995, 86, pp. 449-478. |
| [32] | Lynette L. Craft, T. Michelle Magyar, Betsy J. Becker, and Deborah L. Feltz, "The relationship between the competitive state anxiety inventory-2 and sport performance: A meta-analysis", Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2003, 25, pp. 44-65. |
| [33] | F. Behzadi, M. Hamzei, S. Nori, and M. H. Salehian, "The relationship between goal orientation and competitive anxiety in individual and team athletes fields", Annals of Biological Research, 2011, 2(6), pp. 261-268. |
| [34] | R.E. Smith, F. L. Smoll, S.P. Cumming, and J. R. Grossbard, "Measurement of multidimensional sport performance anxiety in children and adults: The sport anxiety scale-2", Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2006, 28, pp. 479-501. |
| [35] | S. Y. Piipari, A. Watt, T. Jaakkola, J. Liukkonen, and J. E. Nurmi, "Relationships between physical education students’ motivational profiles, enjoyment, state anxiety, and self-reported physical activity", Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 2009, 8, pp. 327-336. |
| [36] | H. Barber, H. Sukhi, and S. A. White, "The influence of parent-coaches on participant motivation and competitive anxiety in youth sport participants", Journal of Sport Behavior, June 1999, 22(2), pp. 162(1). |
| [37] | J. Eccles, B. Barber, D. Jozefowicz, O. Malenchuk, and M. Vida, "Self-evaluations of competence, task values and self-esteem", in N. G Johnson, M. C. Roberts, and J. Worell (eds), Beyond appearance: A new look at adolescent girls, APA Washington DC, 1999, pp. 53-83. |
| [38] | M. Próspero, A. C. Russell, and S. Vohra-Gupta, "Effects of motivation on educational attainment: Ethnic and developmental differences among first-generation students", Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, Feb 2012, 2(1), pp. 100-119. |
APA Style
Mutlu TURKMEN, Taner BOZKUS, Atahan ALTINTAS. (2013). The Relationship Between Motivation Orientations and Competitive Anxiety in Bocce Players: Does Gender Make a Difference. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 2(4), 162-168. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20130204.12
ACS Style
Mutlu TURKMEN; Taner BOZKUS; Atahan ALTINTAS. The Relationship Between Motivation Orientations and Competitive Anxiety in Bocce Players: Does Gender Make a Difference. Psychol. Behav. Sci. 2013, 2(4), 162-168. doi: 10.11648/j.pbs.20130204.12
AMA Style
Mutlu TURKMEN, Taner BOZKUS, Atahan ALTINTAS. The Relationship Between Motivation Orientations and Competitive Anxiety in Bocce Players: Does Gender Make a Difference. Psychol Behav Sci. 2013;2(4):162-168. doi: 10.11648/j.pbs.20130204.12
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.pbs.20130204.12,
author = {Mutlu TURKMEN and Taner BOZKUS and Atahan ALTINTAS},
title = {The Relationship Between Motivation Orientations and Competitive Anxiety in Bocce Players: Does Gender Make a Difference},
journal = {Psychology and Behavioral Sciences},
volume = {2},
number = {4},
pages = {162-168},
doi = {10.11648/j.pbs.20130204.12},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20130204.12},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.pbs.20130204.12},
abstract = {This study investigated the relationship between motivation orientations and anxiety levels of Bocce players, and gender differences in this relationship. A total of 88 Bocce players (47 female, 41 male) participated to this study voluntarily. All the players completed “Sport Competitive Anxiety Test (SCAT)” and “Sport Motivation Scale (SMS)” test. The data was evaluated using SPSS 19.0, through arithmetic means ( ), standard deviation (SD), t-test, and correlation analyses. For the statistical significance, p value was taken as 0.05 (p<0.05). Results revealed that female players were more intrinsically motivated, while exhibiting less external regulation and less amotivation than male players. Female players were also observed to have slightly higher competitive anxiety level than males. According to the results of t-test, there were significant differences between female and male players in external regulation and amotivation levels, but none of the intrinsic motivation subscale was statistically significant. Besides, there was no significant difference in competitive anxiety levels of female and male Bocce players. Results also showed that there was no correlation between motivation orientations sub-scales and competitive anxiety. In conclusion, female players had higher score than male players in intrinsic motivation and competitive anxiety, but lower score in external regulation and amotivation.},
year = {2013}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - The Relationship Between Motivation Orientations and Competitive Anxiety in Bocce Players: Does Gender Make a Difference AU - Mutlu TURKMEN AU - Taner BOZKUS AU - Atahan ALTINTAS Y1 - 2013/08/30 PY - 2013 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20130204.12 DO - 10.11648/j.pbs.20130204.12 T2 - Psychology and Behavioral Sciences JF - Psychology and Behavioral Sciences JO - Psychology and Behavioral Sciences SP - 162 EP - 168 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2328-7845 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20130204.12 AB - This study investigated the relationship between motivation orientations and anxiety levels of Bocce players, and gender differences in this relationship. A total of 88 Bocce players (47 female, 41 male) participated to this study voluntarily. All the players completed “Sport Competitive Anxiety Test (SCAT)” and “Sport Motivation Scale (SMS)” test. The data was evaluated using SPSS 19.0, through arithmetic means ( ), standard deviation (SD), t-test, and correlation analyses. For the statistical significance, p value was taken as 0.05 (p<0.05). Results revealed that female players were more intrinsically motivated, while exhibiting less external regulation and less amotivation than male players. Female players were also observed to have slightly higher competitive anxiety level than males. According to the results of t-test, there were significant differences between female and male players in external regulation and amotivation levels, but none of the intrinsic motivation subscale was statistically significant. Besides, there was no significant difference in competitive anxiety levels of female and male Bocce players. Results also showed that there was no correlation between motivation orientations sub-scales and competitive anxiety. In conclusion, female players had higher score than male players in intrinsic motivation and competitive anxiety, but lower score in external regulation and amotivation. VL - 2 IS - 4 ER -
Information
Email: