Religion and Income as Determinant of Well-being Among Employees in Faith-Based and Secular Educational Institutions in Southern Nigeria

Ngozi Caroline Uwannah; Promise Nkwachi Starris-Onyema; Helen Ihuoma Agharanya; Onyinyechi Gift Mark

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajap.20190802.13

| Peer-Reviewed

Religion and Income as Determinant of Well-being Among Employees in Faith-Based and Secular Educational Institutions in Southern Nigeria

Ngozi Caroline Uwannah, Promise Nkwachi Starris-Onyema, Helen Ihuoma Agharanya, Onyinyechi Gift Mark

Published in American Journal of Applied Psychology (Volume 8, Issue 2)

Received: 7 May 2019 Accepted: 12 June 2019 Published: 26 June 2019

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

This study investigated the influence of religion and income on well-being among employees in faith-based and secular educational institutions in Southern Nigeria. Three hypotheses were formulated and a total of 500 employees from the study area served as participants. The instruments used for data collection included the Demographic Data Inventory (DDI), Well-Being Scale (WBS), and Religion Scale (RS). Data collected were analyzed by means of multiple regression analysis and independent samples t-test. Results revealed significant combined contributions of religion and income to the well-being of employees in faith-based and secular educational institutions in Southern Nigeria (F_{(2, 497)} = 56.467, p < .05), accounting for 25.3% of the variance in their well-being and relative contributions of religion and income to their well-being with income (β = .346; t = 20.491; p < .05) being a stronger predictor of employee well-being than religion (β = .318; t = 18.773; p < .05). There was also a significant difference between employees in faith-based and secular educational institutions in the contribution of religion and income to well-being (t = 9.372, p < .05). It was recommended, among other things, that religious involvement among employees should be encouraged and a steady flow of income in the forms of salaries, allowances, and bonuses should be maintained.

Published in	American Journal of Applied Psychology (Volume 8, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajap.20190802.13
Page(s)	43-49
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Religion, Income, Well-Being, Employees, Faith-Based Educational Institutions, Secular Educational Institutions

References

[1]	Onunkun, O. (2017). Development and validation of life well-being scale: A multi-method approach. PhD Thesis. Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye.
[2]	Jones, L. K. & Jones, J. W. (2016). Career well-being: defined and strengthened. Retrieved from: https://www.ncda.org/aws/NCDA/pt/sd/news_article/118635/_PARENT/CC_layout_details/false
[3]	Rath, T. & Harter, J. (2010). Well-being: The five essential elements. New York: Gallup Press.
[4]	National Economic Foundation (2014). Well-being at work: A review of the literature. Retrieved on 21st April 2019 from http://www.nef-consulting.co.uk/well-being-at-work.
[5]	Pajevic, I., Sinanovic, O. & Hasanovic, M. (2015). Religiosity and mental health. Psychiatria Danubina, 17 (1-2), 84-89.
[6]	Mattis, J. S. & Jagers, R. J. (2011). A relational framework for the study of religiosity and spirituality in the lives of African-Americans. Journal of Community Psychology, 29 (5), 519-539.
[7]	Helminiak, D. A. (2001). Treating spiritual issues in secular psychotherapy. Counseling and Values, 45 (3), 163-189.
[8]	Faiver, C., Ingersoll, R. E., O’Brien, E., & McNally, C. (2013). Explorations in counseling and spirituality: Philosophical, practical, and personal reflections. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomas Learning.
[9]	Ellison, C. G. (2014). Race, ethnicity, religious involvement and domestic violence. Violence against Women, 13 (11), 1094-1112.
[10]	Glass, Y. N. (2014). African-American women, psychological well-being, religiosity, and stress. A PhD Thesis. Kent State University College of Education, Health, and Human Services.
[11]	Reomberg. S. (2015). Depression hits 90% of Adults, worst in South. CDC Reports. USA Today online magazine.
[12]	VanderWeele, T. J. (2017). Religious commitments and human flourishing. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26 (5), 476–487.
[13]	Elliot, M. (2009). Religion, health and psychological well-being. Journal of Religion and Health, 49 (2), 149 – 163.
[14]	Koenig, H. G. (2014). Religion and well-being in later life. The Gerontologist, 28, 18-28.
[15]	Newman, D. B., & Graham, J. (2018). Religion and well-being. In E. Diener, S. Oishi, & L. Tay (Eds.), Handbook of well-being. Salt Lake City, UT: DEF Publishers. DOI: nobascholar.com
[16]	Dolan, E. W. (2018). Religion can provide a sense of increased purpose in life for people who are socially disconnected. Retrieved from: https://www.psypost.org/2018/08/people-who-are-socially-disconnected-turn-to-religion-to-restore-a-sense-of-purpose-to-their-lives-52082.
[17]	Freud, S. (1961). The future of illusion. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
[18]	Ismail, S. & Desmukh, Z. (2012) religiosity and psychological well-being. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3, 2025.
[19]	Lim, C. (2016). Religion, time use, and affective well-being. Sociological Science, 3, 685 – 709.
[20]	Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2011). Subjective wellbeing and religiosity in Egyptian college students. Psychological Reports, 108 (1), 54-58. https://doi.org/10.2466/07.17.PR0.108.1.54-58
[21]	Adam, Z. (2016). Stress, religious coping and wellbeing in acculturating Muslims. Journal of Muslims Mental Health, 10 (2). Retrieved from: https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jmmh/10381607.0010.201/--stress-religious-coping-and-wellbeing-in-acculturating?rgn=main;view=fulltext
[22]	Ward, C. (2011). The ABCs of acculturation. In D. Matsumoto (ed.), Handbook of culture and psychology (pp. 411-446). New York: Oxford University Press.
[23]	Diener, E., Tay, L., & Myers, D. (2011). The religion paradox: If religion makes people happy, why are so many dropping out? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10 (1/6), 1278–1290.
[24]	Tosje, T. K., Willem, K. & Waal, J. (2017). The effect of religiosity on life satisfaction in a secularized context: assessing the relevance of believing and belonging. Review of Religious Research, 59 (2), 135 – 155.
[25]	Jackson, B. R. & Bergeman, C. S. (2011). How does religion enhance well-being? The role of perceived control. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 3 (2), 149 – 161.
[26]	Achor, M., Grine, F., MoudNor, M. R. & MohdYusoff, M. Y. (2014). Measuring religiosity and its effects on personal well-being: A case study of Muslim female academicians in Malaysia. Journal of Religion and Health. Retrieved June 6, 2019 from https://www.academia.edu.o_Measurin...
[27]	Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2010). Religiosity, happiness, health and psychopathology in a probability sample of Muslim adolescents. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 10, 571 – 583.
[28]	Spencer, N., Madden, G., Purfill, C. & Ewing, J. (2016). Religion and well-being: assessing the evidence. Retrieved from: https://www.theosthinktank.co.uk/research/2016/06/26/religion-and-well-being-assessing-the-evidence
[29]	Klocker, N., Trenerry, B., & Webster, K. (2011). How does freedom of religion and belief affect health and wellbeing? Carlton, Australia: Victorian Health Promotion Foundation.
[30]	Ngamaba, K. H. (2018). Are religious people happier than the non-religious? The Conversation. Retrieved from: http://theconversation.com/are-religious-people-happier-than-non-religious-people-87394
[31]	Nnodim, U. & Albert, C. (2012). The effect of widowhood on the income generation and well- being of rural women in Rivers State, Nigeria. Developing Country Studies, 2 (11), 12–25.
[32]	Easterlin, R. A., McVey, L. A., Switek, M., Sawangfa, O., & Zweig, J. S. (2010). The happiness- income paradox revisited. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107 (52), 224–263.
[33]	Olugbemi, O. (2018). Belief system, peer pressure, and self-monitoring as determinants of well- being and social adjustment in pastoral and secular schools in Ogun State, Nigeria. PhD Thesis. Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Ngozi Caroline Uwannah, Promise Nkwachi Starris-Onyema, Helen Ihuoma Agharanya, Onyinyechi Gift Mark. (2019). Religion and Income as Determinant of Well-being Among Employees in Faith-Based and Secular Educational Institutions in Southern Nigeria. American Journal of Applied Psychology, 8(2), 43-49. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20190802.13

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Ngozi Caroline Uwannah; Promise Nkwachi Starris-Onyema; Helen Ihuoma Agharanya; Onyinyechi Gift Mark. Religion and Income as Determinant of Well-being Among Employees in Faith-Based and Secular Educational Institutions in Southern Nigeria. Am. J. Appl. Psychol. 2019, 8(2), 43-49. doi: 10.11648/j.ajap.20190802.13

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Ngozi Caroline Uwannah, Promise Nkwachi Starris-Onyema, Helen Ihuoma Agharanya, Onyinyechi Gift Mark. Religion and Income as Determinant of Well-being Among Employees in Faith-Based and Secular Educational Institutions in Southern Nigeria. Am J Appl Psychol. 2019;8(2):43-49. doi: 10.11648/j.ajap.20190802.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajap.20190802.13,
  author = {Ngozi Caroline Uwannah and Promise Nkwachi Starris-Onyema and Helen Ihuoma Agharanya and Onyinyechi Gift Mark},
  title = {Religion and Income as Determinant of Well-being Among Employees in Faith-Based and Secular Educational Institutions in Southern Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Psychology},
  volume = {8},
  number = {2},
  pages = {43-49},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajap.20190802.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20190802.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajap.20190802.13},
  abstract = {This study investigated the influence of religion and income on well-being among employees in faith-based and secular educational institutions in Southern Nigeria. Three hypotheses were formulated and a total of 500 employees from the study area served as participants. The instruments used for data collection included the Demographic Data Inventory (DDI), Well-Being Scale (WBS), and Religion Scale (RS). Data collected were analyzed by means of multiple regression analysis and independent samples t-test. Results revealed significant combined contributions of religion and income to the well-being of employees in faith-based and secular educational institutions in Southern Nigeria (F (2, 497)  = 56.467, p < .05), accounting for 25.3% of the variance in their well-being and relative contributions of religion and income to their well-being with income (β = .346; t = 20.491; p < .05) being a stronger predictor of employee well-being than religion (β = .318; t = 18.773; p < .05). There was also a significant difference between employees in faith-based and secular educational institutions in the contribution of religion and income to well-being (t = 9.372, p < .05). It was recommended, among other things, that religious involvement among employees should be encouraged and a steady flow of income in the forms of salaries, allowances, and bonuses should be maintained.},
 year = {2019}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Religion and Income as Determinant of Well-being Among Employees in Faith-Based and Secular Educational Institutions in Southern Nigeria
AU  - Ngozi Caroline Uwannah
AU  - Promise Nkwachi Starris-Onyema
AU  - Helen Ihuoma Agharanya
AU  - Onyinyechi Gift Mark
Y1  - 2019/06/26
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20190802.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajap.20190802.13
T2  - American Journal of Applied Psychology
JF  - American Journal of Applied Psychology
JO  - American Journal of Applied Psychology
SP  - 43
EP  - 49
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5672
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20190802.13
AB  - This study investigated the influence of religion and income on well-being among employees in faith-based and secular educational institutions in Southern Nigeria. Three hypotheses were formulated and a total of 500 employees from the study area served as participants. The instruments used for data collection included the Demographic Data Inventory (DDI), Well-Being Scale (WBS), and Religion Scale (RS). Data collected were analyzed by means of multiple regression analysis and independent samples t-test. Results revealed significant combined contributions of religion and income to the well-being of employees in faith-based and secular educational institutions in Southern Nigeria (F (2, 497)  = 56.467, p < .05), accounting for 25.3% of the variance in their well-being and relative contributions of religion and income to their well-being with income (β = .346; t = 20.491; p < .05) being a stronger predictor of employee well-being than religion (β = .318; t = 18.773; p < .05). There was also a significant difference between employees in faith-based and secular educational institutions in the contribution of religion and income to well-being (t = 9.372, p < .05). It was recommended, among other things, that religious involvement among employees should be encouraged and a steady flow of income in the forms of salaries, allowances, and bonuses should be maintained.
VL  - 8
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Ngozi Caroline Uwannah

Department of Education, Babcock University, Ilishan, Nigeria
Promise Nkwachi Starris-Onyema

Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Helen Ihuoma Agharanya

Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Onyinyechi Gift Mark

Pre-Degree Unit, Babcock University, Ilishan, Nigeria

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Ngozi Caroline Uwannah, Promise Nkwachi Starris-Onyema, Helen Ihuoma Agharanya, Onyinyechi Gift Mark. (2019). Religion and Income as Determinant of Well-being Among Employees in Faith-Based and Secular Educational Institutions in Southern Nigeria. American Journal of Applied Psychology, 8(2), 43-49. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20190802.13

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Ngozi Caroline Uwannah; Promise Nkwachi Starris-Onyema; Helen Ihuoma Agharanya; Onyinyechi Gift Mark. Religion and Income as Determinant of Well-being Among Employees in Faith-Based and Secular Educational Institutions in Southern Nigeria. Am. J. Appl. Psychol. 2019, 8(2), 43-49. doi: 10.11648/j.ajap.20190802.13

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Ngozi Caroline Uwannah, Promise Nkwachi Starris-Onyema, Helen Ihuoma Agharanya, Onyinyechi Gift Mark. Religion and Income as Determinant of Well-being Among Employees in Faith-Based and Secular Educational Institutions in Southern Nigeria. Am J Appl Psychol. 2019;8(2):43-49. doi: 10.11648/j.ajap.20190802.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajap.20190802.13,
  author = {Ngozi Caroline Uwannah and Promise Nkwachi Starris-Onyema and Helen Ihuoma Agharanya and Onyinyechi Gift Mark},
  title = {Religion and Income as Determinant of Well-being Among Employees in Faith-Based and Secular Educational Institutions in Southern Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Psychology},
  volume = {8},
  number = {2},
  pages = {43-49},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajap.20190802.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20190802.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajap.20190802.13},
  abstract = {This study investigated the influence of religion and income on well-being among employees in faith-based and secular educational institutions in Southern Nigeria. Three hypotheses were formulated and a total of 500 employees from the study area served as participants. The instruments used for data collection included the Demographic Data Inventory (DDI), Well-Being Scale (WBS), and Religion Scale (RS). Data collected were analyzed by means of multiple regression analysis and independent samples t-test. Results revealed significant combined contributions of religion and income to the well-being of employees in faith-based and secular educational institutions in Southern Nigeria (F (2, 497)  = 56.467, p < .05), accounting for 25.3% of the variance in their well-being and relative contributions of religion and income to their well-being with income (β = .346; t = 20.491; p < .05) being a stronger predictor of employee well-being than religion (β = .318; t = 18.773; p < .05). There was also a significant difference between employees in faith-based and secular educational institutions in the contribution of religion and income to well-being (t = 9.372, p < .05). It was recommended, among other things, that religious involvement among employees should be encouraged and a steady flow of income in the forms of salaries, allowances, and bonuses should be maintained.},
 year = {2019}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Religion and Income as Determinant of Well-being Among Employees in Faith-Based and Secular Educational Institutions in Southern Nigeria
AU  - Ngozi Caroline Uwannah
AU  - Promise Nkwachi Starris-Onyema
AU  - Helen Ihuoma Agharanya
AU  - Onyinyechi Gift Mark
Y1  - 2019/06/26
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20190802.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajap.20190802.13
T2  - American Journal of Applied Psychology
JF  - American Journal of Applied Psychology
JO  - American Journal of Applied Psychology
SP  - 43
EP  - 49
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5672
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20190802.13
AB  - This study investigated the influence of religion and income on well-being among employees in faith-based and secular educational institutions in Southern Nigeria. Three hypotheses were formulated and a total of 500 employees from the study area served as participants. The instruments used for data collection included the Demographic Data Inventory (DDI), Well-Being Scale (WBS), and Religion Scale (RS). Data collected were analyzed by means of multiple regression analysis and independent samples t-test. Results revealed significant combined contributions of religion and income to the well-being of employees in faith-based and secular educational institutions in Southern Nigeria (F (2, 497)  = 56.467, p < .05), accounting for 25.3% of the variance in their well-being and relative contributions of religion and income to their well-being with income (β = .346; t = 20.491; p < .05) being a stronger predictor of employee well-being than religion (β = .318; t = 18.773; p < .05). There was also a significant difference between employees in faith-based and secular educational institutions in the contribution of religion and income to well-being (t = 9.372, p < .05). It was recommended, among other things, that religious involvement among employees should be encouraged and a steady flow of income in the forms of salaries, allowances, and bonuses should be maintained.
VL  - 8
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download