World Journal of Applied Chemistry

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Assessment of Human Health Risk of Potential Toxic Metals in Herbal Concoction Teas Commonly Consumed in Nigeria

Received: 31 August 2019    Accepted: 20 September 2019    Published: 30 September 2019
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Abstract

Concentrations of potential toxic metals (Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, As, Fe and Mn) were determined in herbal concoction teas commonly consumed in Nigeria using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Results revealed that Fe had the highest concentration with a mean value of 13.136 ± 0.195 µg/g, while As had the least mean concentration (0.043 ± 0.006 µg/g). Pollution index (PI) result indicated that the teas were contaminated with Cu (PI value > 1) while it was clear of contamination by the other investigated metals. Cluster analysis showed close inter-element relationships between the investigated metals, indicating similar chemical properties and/or genetic origin. Correlation matrix showed that positive and significant correlations existed between between Zn/Cr, Ni/Cr, Co/Cr, Fe/Cu, Mn/Cu, Ni/Zn, Co/Zn, Co/Ni and Mn/Fe, indicating chemical affinity. Estimated daily intake, target hazard quotient and cancer risk showed that there was no health risk associated with the consumption of the herbal concoction teas. Relative risk indicated that the highest concern is from the levels of Co in the teas. The study concluded that consumption of the teas may not pose risk to human health at the current levels of the metals, but should be consumed moderately to prevent bioaccumulation of the metals.

DOI 10.11648/j.wjac.20190403.12
Published in World Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 4, Issue 3, September 2019)
Page(s) 35-41
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

AAS, Health Risk, Herbal Concoction Teas, Pollution, Toxic Element

References
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[3] World Health Organization (WHO), 2002. Traditional Medicine Strategy (2002–2005), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
[4] Duffus J. H. 2002. "Heavy metals" a meaningless term? (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and applied chemistry. 74 (5): 793-807.
[5] Kim, M. K., Kim, W. L., Jung, G. B., Yun, S. G. 2001. Safety assessment of heavy metals in agricultural products of Korea. Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture. 20: 169– 332 174.
[6] Duruibe, J. O., Ogwuegbu, M. O. C. and Egwurugwu, J. N. 2007. Heavy metal pollution and human biotoxic effects. International Journal of Physical Sciences. 2 (5), 112-118.
[7] Ernst, E. 2002. “Toxic heavy metals and undeclared drugs in Asian herbal medicines,” Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 136–139.
[8] Okareh, O., Oyelakin, T., and Ariyo, O. 2018. Phytochemical Properties and Heavy Metal Contents of Commonly Consumed Alcoholic Beverages Flavoured with Herbal Extract in Nigeria. Beverages. 4 (3), 60. doi: 10.3390/beverages4030060.
[9] Ogner, G., Opem, M., Remedios, G. and Sjorlie, B. 1991. The Chemical analysis program of the Norwegian Forest Research Institute, As, Norway, 224-330.
[10] Oyewole, F. G. and Adebiyi, F. M. 2017. Total and speciation analyses of heavy metals in the sand fraction of Nigerian oil sands for human and ecological risk assessment. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. 23 (8): 2046-2068.
[11] USEPA 1989. Risk assessment guidance for superfund, Human Health Evaluation Manual Part A, Interim Final vol. I, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC.
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[14] Chien, L. C., Hung, T. C., Choang, K. Y., Yeh, C. Y., Meng, P. J., Shieh, M. J., and Han, B. C. 2002. Daily intake of TBT, Cu, Zn, Cd and As for fishermen in Taiwan. Science of the Total Environment. 285, 177–185.
[15] Peng, Q., Nunes, L. M., Greenfield, B. K., Dang, F., and Zhong, H. 2016. Are Chinese consumers at risk due to exposure to metals in crayfish? A bioaccessibility-adjusted probabilistic risk assessment. Environment International. 88, 261–268.
[16] Shaheen, N., Irfan, N. M., Khan, I. N., Islam, S., Islam, M. S., and Ahmed, M. K. 2016. Presence of heavy metals in fruits and vegetables: health risk implications in Bangladesh. Chemosphere. 152, 431–438.
[17] Saha, N., Mollah, M., Alam, M., and Rahman, M. S. 2016. Seasonal investigation of heavy metals in marine fishes captured from the bay of Bengal and the implications for human health risk assessment. Food Control. 70, 110–118.
[18] Yu, Y., Wang, X., Yang, D., Lei, B., Zhang, X., and Zhang, X. 2014. Evaluation of human health risks posed by carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic multiple contaminants associated with consumption of fish from Taihu Lake, China. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 69, 86–93.
[19] World Health Organization, WHO. 2006. Guidelines for Assessing Quality of Herbal Medicines with Reference to Contaminants and Residues, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Author Information
  • Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

  • Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

  • Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

  • Centre for Energy and Research Development, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

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    Solomon Sunday Durodola, Olawole Ayinuola, Odunayo Timothy Ore, Oladotun Wasiu Makinde. (2019). Assessment of Human Health Risk of Potential Toxic Metals in Herbal Concoction Teas Commonly Consumed in Nigeria. World Journal of Applied Chemistry, 4(3), 35-41. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20190403.12

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    ACS Style

    Solomon Sunday Durodola; Olawole Ayinuola; Odunayo Timothy Ore; Oladotun Wasiu Makinde. Assessment of Human Health Risk of Potential Toxic Metals in Herbal Concoction Teas Commonly Consumed in Nigeria. World J. Appl. Chem. 2019, 4(3), 35-41. doi: 10.11648/j.wjac.20190403.12

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    AMA Style

    Solomon Sunday Durodola, Olawole Ayinuola, Odunayo Timothy Ore, Oladotun Wasiu Makinde. Assessment of Human Health Risk of Potential Toxic Metals in Herbal Concoction Teas Commonly Consumed in Nigeria. World J Appl Chem. 2019;4(3):35-41. doi: 10.11648/j.wjac.20190403.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.wjac.20190403.12,
      author = {Solomon Sunday Durodola and Olawole Ayinuola and Odunayo Timothy Ore and Oladotun Wasiu Makinde},
      title = {Assessment of Human Health Risk of Potential Toxic Metals in Herbal Concoction Teas Commonly Consumed in Nigeria},
      journal = {World Journal of Applied Chemistry},
      volume = {4},
      number = {3},
      pages = {35-41},
      doi = {10.11648/j.wjac.20190403.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20190403.12},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wjac.20190403.12},
      abstract = {Concentrations of potential toxic metals (Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, As, Fe and Mn) were determined in herbal concoction teas commonly consumed in Nigeria using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Results revealed that Fe had the highest concentration with a mean value of 13.136 ± 0.195 µg/g, while As had the least mean concentration (0.043 ± 0.006 µg/g). Pollution index (PI) result indicated that the teas were contaminated with Cu (PI value > 1) while it was clear of contamination by the other investigated metals. Cluster analysis showed close inter-element relationships between the investigated metals, indicating similar chemical properties and/or genetic origin. Correlation matrix showed that positive and significant correlations existed between between Zn/Cr, Ni/Cr, Co/Cr, Fe/Cu, Mn/Cu, Ni/Zn, Co/Zn, Co/Ni and Mn/Fe, indicating chemical affinity. Estimated daily intake, target hazard quotient and cancer risk showed that there was no health risk associated with the consumption of the herbal concoction teas. Relative risk indicated that the highest concern is from the levels of Co in the teas. The study concluded that consumption of the teas may not pose risk to human health at the current levels of the metals, but should be consumed moderately to prevent bioaccumulation of the metals.},
     year = {2019}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Assessment of Human Health Risk of Potential Toxic Metals in Herbal Concoction Teas Commonly Consumed in Nigeria
    AU  - Solomon Sunday Durodola
    AU  - Olawole Ayinuola
    AU  - Odunayo Timothy Ore
    AU  - Oladotun Wasiu Makinde
    Y1  - 2019/09/30
    PY  - 2019
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20190403.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.wjac.20190403.12
    T2  - World Journal of Applied Chemistry
    JF  - World Journal of Applied Chemistry
    JO  - World Journal of Applied Chemistry
    SP  - 35
    EP  - 41
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2637-5982
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20190403.12
    AB  - Concentrations of potential toxic metals (Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, As, Fe and Mn) were determined in herbal concoction teas commonly consumed in Nigeria using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Results revealed that Fe had the highest concentration with a mean value of 13.136 ± 0.195 µg/g, while As had the least mean concentration (0.043 ± 0.006 µg/g). Pollution index (PI) result indicated that the teas were contaminated with Cu (PI value > 1) while it was clear of contamination by the other investigated metals. Cluster analysis showed close inter-element relationships between the investigated metals, indicating similar chemical properties and/or genetic origin. Correlation matrix showed that positive and significant correlations existed between between Zn/Cr, Ni/Cr, Co/Cr, Fe/Cu, Mn/Cu, Ni/Zn, Co/Zn, Co/Ni and Mn/Fe, indicating chemical affinity. Estimated daily intake, target hazard quotient and cancer risk showed that there was no health risk associated with the consumption of the herbal concoction teas. Relative risk indicated that the highest concern is from the levels of Co in the teas. The study concluded that consumption of the teas may not pose risk to human health at the current levels of the metals, but should be consumed moderately to prevent bioaccumulation of the metals.
    VL  - 4
    IS  - 3
    ER  - 

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