Journal of Plant Sciences

| Peer-Reviewed |

Molecular Mechanisms and Mediators of the Immune Response in Plants

Received: 11 January 2014    Accepted:     Published: 20 February 2014
Views:       Downloads:

Share This Article

Abstract

The purpose of this review article is to analyze, sum up and discuss the existing knowledge and recent concepts on the plant immune system based on the available literature. The main attention is focused on the major molecular players, mediators and regulators of this system, as well as on mechanisms of generation and progression of the different types of the immune response playing an important role in plant physiology, regeneration, resistance, and defense against a broad number of pathogens.

DOI 10.11648/j.jps.20140201.15
Published in Journal of Plant Sciences (Volume 2, Issue 1, February 2014)
Page(s) 23-30
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Plant Immune System, Gene-for-Gene Resistance, Basal Immune Response, Hypersensitive Response, Systemic Acquired Resistance, Jasmonic Acid/Ethylene Pathway, Non-Host Resistance

References
[1] Dangl, J.L. and Jones, J.D.G. Plant pathogens and integrated defense responses to infection. Nature 411: 826-833, 2001
[2] Jones, J.D.G. and Dangl, J.L. The plant immune system. Nature 444: 323-329, 2006.
[3] Zipfel, C. Pattern-recognition receptors in plant innate immunity. Current Opinion in Immunology 2008, 20: 10-16.
[4] Yamada, T. Perception of pathogen signals and gene-for-gene hypothesis. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 44(15 Suppl): 2305-2307, 1999.
[5] Cai, X.Z., Xu, Y.P. and Zheng, Z. Avirulence genes of plant pathogens. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 18(1): 5-9, 2002.
[6] Gururani, M.A., Venkatesh, J., Upadhyaya, C.P., Nookaraju, A., Pandey, S.K. and Park, S.W. Plant disease resistance genes: current status and future directions. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 78: 51-65, 2012.
[7] Ausubel, F.M. Are innate immune signaling pathways in plants and animals conserved? Nature Immunology 6: 973-979, 2005.
[8] Zipfel, C. and Felix, G. Plants and animals: a different taste for microbes? Current Opinion in Plant Biology 8: 353-360, 2005.
[9] Chisholm, S.T., Coaker, G., Day, B. and Staskawicz, B.J. Host–microbe interactions: shaping the evolution of the plant immune response. Cell 124: 803-814, 2006.
[10] Lu, D., Lin, W., Gao, X., Wu, S., Cheng, C., Avila, J., Heese, A., Devarenne, T.P., He, P. and Shan L. Direct ubiquitination of pattern recognition receptor FLS2 attenuates plant innate immunity. Science 332(6038): 1439-1442, 2011.
[11] Danna, C. H., Millet, Y. A., Koller, T., Han, S.-W., Bent, A. F., Ronald, P. C. and Ausubel, F. M. The Arabidopsis flagellin receptor FLS2 mediates the perception of Xanthomonas Ax21 secreted peptides. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 108 (22): 9286-9291, 2011.
[12] Sun, Y., Li L, Macho, A.P., Han, Z., Hu, Z., Zipfel, C., Zhou, J.M. and Chai J. Structural basis for flg22-induced activation of the Arabidopsis FLS2-BAK1 immune complex. Science 342(6158): 624-628, 2013.
[13] Garcia, A.V., Charrier, A., Schikora, A., Bigeard, J., Pateyron, S., de Tauzia-Moreau, M.L., Evrard, A., Mithöfer, A., Martin-Magniette, M.L., Virlogeux-Payant I. and Hirt H. Salmonella enterica flagellin is recognized via FLS2 and activates PAMP-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Molecular Plant [Epub ahead of print], 2013.
[14] Wu, K.L., Guo, Z.J., Wang, H.H. and Li J. The WRKY family of transcription factors in rice and Arabidopsis and their origins. DNA Research 12(1): 9-26, 2005.
[15] Pandey, S.P. and Somssich, I.E. The role of WRKY transcription factors in plant immunity. Plant Physiology 150 (4): 1648-1655, 2009.
[16] Stuiver, M.H. and Custers, J.H. Engineering disease resistance in plants. Nature 411: 865-868, 2001.
[17] He, S.Y. Elicitation of plant hypersensitive response by bacteria. Plant Physiology 11(2): 865-869, 1996.
[18] Dixon, R.A., Harrison, M.J. and Lamb, C.J. Early events in the activation of plant defense responses. Annual Reveiw of Phytopathology 32: 479-501, 1994.
[19] Goodman, R.N. and Novacky A. The hypersensitive reaction in plants to pathogens. A resistance phenomenon. American Phytopathological Society Press, USA, 1994.
[20] Ryals, J., Uknes, S. and Ward, E. Systemic acquired resistance. Plant Physiology 104: 1109-1112, 1994.
[21] Conrath, U. Systemic acquired resistance. Plant Signaling and Behavior 1(4):179-184, 2006.
[22] Maldonado, A.M., Doerner, P., Dixon, R.A., Lamb C.J. and Cameron R.K. A putative lipid transfer protein involved in systemic acquired resistance signalling in Arabidopsis. Nature 419: 399-403, 2002.
[23] Park, S.-W., Kaimoyo, E., Kumar, D., Mosher, S. and Klessig, D.F. Methyl salicylate is a critical mobile signal for plant systemic acquired resistance. Science 318: 113-116, 2007.
[24] Jung, H.W., Tschaplinski, T. J., Wang, L., Glazebrook, J. and Greenberg J.T. Priming in systemic plant immunity. Science 24: 89-91, 2003.
[25] Chanda, B., Xia, Y., Mandal, M. K., Yu, K., Sekine, K.-T., Gao, Q.-M., Selote, D., Hu, Y., Stromberg, A., Navarre, D., Kachroo, A. and Kachroo, P. Glycerol-3-phosphate is a critical mobile inducer of systemic immunity in plants. Nature Genetics 43: 421-427, 2011.
[26] Chaturvedi, R., Krothapalli, K., Makandar, R., Nandi, A., Sparks, A., Roth, M.R., Welti, R. and Shah J. Plastid ω-3 desaturase-dependent accumulation of a systemic acquired resistance inducing activity in petiole exudates of Arabidopsis thaliana is independent of jasmonic acid. Plant Journal 54: 106-117, 2008.
[27] Shah, J. Plants under attack: systemic signals in defense. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 12: 459-464, 2009.
[28] Návarová, H., Bernsdorff, F., Döring, A.-C. and Zeier, J. Pipecolic acid, an endogenous mediator of defense amplification and priming, is a critical regulator of inducible plant immunity. Plant Cell 24: 5123-5141, 2012.
[29] Dempsey, D.A. and Klessig, D.F. SOS – too many signals for systemic acquired resistance? Trends in Plant Science 17: 538-545, 2012.
[30] De Vos, M., Van Oosten, V.R., Van Poecke, R.M., Van Pelt, J.A., Pozo, M.J., Mueller, M.J., Buchala, A.J., Métraux, J.P., Van Loon, L.C., Dicke, M. and Pieterse, C.M. Signal signature and transcriptome changes of Arabidopsis during pathogen and insect attack. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 18(9): 923-937, 2005.
[31] Shah, J. and Zeier, J. Long-distance communication and signal amplification in systemic acquired resistance.Frontiers in Plant Science 4: 30, 2013.
[32] Gruner, K., Griebel, T., Návarová, H., Attaran, E. and Zeier, J. Reprogramming of plants during systemic acquired resistance. Frontiers in Plant Science 4: 252, 2013.
[33] Mishina, T.E. and Zeier, J. The arabidopsis flavin-dependent monooxygenase fmo1 is an essential component of biologically induced systemic acquired resistance. Plant Physiology 141(4): 1666-1675, 2006.
[34] Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. Plant Physiology. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, 5th ed. USA, 2010.
[35] Grunwald, N.J., Navarre, D.A. and Coffman, V.A. Evaluation of plant activators for management of Fusarium root rot on green pea. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests, 58: V001, 2003.
[36] Santner, A. The JAZ proteins link jasmonate perception with transcriptional changes. Plant Cell 19 (12): 3839-3842, 2007.
[37] Pauwels, L. Goossens, A. The JAZ proteins: a crucial interface in the jasmonate signaling cascade. Plant Cell 23(9): 3089-3100, 2011.
[38] Zander, M., La Camera, S., Lamotte, O., Métraux, J.P. and Gatz, C. Arabidopsis thaliana class-II TGA transcription factors are essential activators of jasmonic acid/ethylene-induced defense responses. Plant Journal 61(2): 200-2010, 2010.
[39] Stotz, H.U., Mueller, S., Zoeller, M., Mueller, M.J. and Berger, S. TGA transcription factors and jasmonate- independent COI1 signalling regulate specific plant responses to reactive oxylipins. Journal of Experimental Botany 64(4): 963-975, 2013.
[40] Lipka, U., Fuchs, R., Kuhns, C., Petutschnig, E. and Lipka, V. Live and let die-Arabidopsis nonhost resistance to powdery mildews. European Journal of Cell Biology 89: 194-199, 2010.
[41] Heath, M.C. Nonhost resistance and nonspecific plant defenses. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 3(4): 315-319, 2000.
[42] Mysore, K.S. and Ryu, C.M. Nonhost resistance: how much do we know? Trends in Plant Science 9(2): 97-104, 2004.
[43] Senthil-Kumar, M. and Mysore, K.S. Nonhost resistance against bacterial pathogens: retrospectives and prospects. Annual Review of Phytopathology 51: 407-427, 2013.
[44] Ayliffe, M., Jin, Y., Kang, Z., Persson, M., Steffenson, B., Wang, S. and Leung, H. Determining the basis of nonhost resistance in rice to cereal rusts. Euphytica 179: 33-40, 2011.
[45] Thordal-Christensen, H. Fresh insights into processes of nonhost resistance. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 6: 351-357, 2003.
[46] Niks, R.E. and Marcel, T.C. Nonhost and basal resistance: how to explain specificity? New Phytology 182: 817-828, 2009.
[47] Schulze-Lefert, P. and Panstruga, R.A. Molecular evolutionary concept connecting nonhost resistance, pathogen host range, and pathogen speciation. Trends in Plant Science 16: 117-125, 2011.
[48] Mellersh, D.G. and Heath, M.C. An investigation into the involvement of defense signaling pathways in components of the nonhost resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to rust fungi also reveals a model system for studying rust fungal compatibility. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 16: 398-404, 2003.
[49] Collins, N.C., Thordal-Christensen, H., Lipka, V., Bau, S., Kombrink, E., Qiu, J.L., Hückelhoven, R., Stein, M., Freialdenhoven, A. and Somerville C. SNARE-protein -mediated disease resistance at the plant cell wall. Nature 425: 973-977, 2003.
[50] Lipka, V., Dittgen, J., Bednarek, P., Bhat, R., Wiermer, M., Stein, M., Landtag, J., Brandt, W., Rosahl, S. and Scheel D. Pre- and postinvasion defenses both contribute to nonhost resistance in Arabidopsis. Science 310: 1180-1183, 2005.
[51] Stein, M., Dittgen, J., Sánchez-Rodríguez, C., Hou, B.H., Molina, A., Schulze-Lefert, P., Lipka, V. and Somerville, S. Arabidopsis PEN3/PDR8, an ATP binding cassette transporter, contributes to nonhost resistance to inappropriate pathogens that enter by direct penetration. Plant Cell 18: 731-746, 2006.
[52] Voegele, R.T. Uromyces fabae: development, metabolism, and interactions with its host Vicia faba. FEMS Microbiology Letters 259: 165-173, 2006.
[53] Ayliffe, M., Singh, R. and Lagudah, E. Durable resistance to wheat stem rust needed. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 2008, 11, 187-192.
[54] Stokstad, E. Plant pathology. Deadly wheat fungus threatens world’s breadbaskets. Science 315: 1786-1787, 2007.
[55] Heath, M.C. Light and electron microscope studies of the interactions of host and non-host plants with cowpea rust-Uromyces phaseoli var. vignae. Physiology and Plant Pathology 4: 403-408, 1974.
[56] Heath, M.C. Partial characterization of the electron-opaque deposits formed in the non-host plant, French bean, after cowpea rust infection. Physiology and Plant Pathology 15: 141-144, 1979.
[57] Heath, M.C. Resistance of plants to rust infection. Phytopathology 71: 971-974, 1981.
[58] Niks, R. Comparative histology of partial resistance and the nonhost reaction to leaf rust pathogens in barley and wheat seedlings. Phytopathology 73: 60-64, 1983 .
[59] Niks, R. Haustorium formation by Puccinia hordei in leaves of hypersensitive, partially resistant, and nonhost plant genotypes. Phytopathology 73: 64-66, 1983.
[60] Hoogkamp, T., Chen, W.Q. and Niks, R. Specificity of prehaustorial resistance to Puccinia hordei and to two inappropriate rust fungi in barley. Phytopathology 88: 856-861, 1998.
[61] Shafiei, R., Hang, C., Kang, J.G.U. and Loake, G.J. Identification of loci controlling non-host disease resistance in Arabidopsis against the leaf rust pathogen Puccinia triticina. Molecular Plant Pathology 8: 773-784, 2007.
[62] Azinheira, H.G., Silva, M.C., Talhinhas, P., Medeira, C., Maia, I., Petitot, A.-S. and Fernandez D. Non-host resistance responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to the coffee leaf rust fungus (Hemileia vastatrix). Botany 88: 621-629, 2010.
[63] Zhang, H., Wang, C., Cheng, Y., Wang, X., Li, F., Han, Q., Xu, J., Chen, X., Huang, L. and Wei G. Histological and molecular studies of the non-host interaction between wheat and Uromyces fabae. Planta 234: 979-991, 2011.
[64] Prats, E., Martinez, F., Rojas-Molina, M. and Rubiales D. Differential effects of phenylalanine ammonia lyase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, and energetic metabolism inhibition on resistance of appropriate host and nonhost cereal-rust interactions. Phytopathology 97: 1578-1583, 2007.
[65] Jafary, H., Albertazzi, G., Marcel, T.C. and Niks R.E. High diversity of genes for nonhost resistance of barley to heterologous rust fungi. Genetics 178: 2327-2339, 2008.
[66] Ayliffe, M., Devilla, R., Mago, R., White, R., Talbot, M., Pryor, A. and Leung, H. Nonhost resistance of rice to rust pathogens. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 24: 1143-1155, 2011.
Author Information
  • Institute of Molecular Biology NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia

  • Institute of Molecular Biology NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia

  • Republican Agriculture Support Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture RA, Yerevan, Armenia

  • Institute of Molecular Biology NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia

  • Institute of Molecular Biology NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia

Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Anna Boyajyan, Hakob Devejyan, Vardan Haykazyan, Gevorg Avetisyan, Donara Khanoyan. (2014). Molecular Mechanisms and Mediators of the Immune Response in Plants. Journal of Plant Sciences, 2(1), 23-30. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20140201.15

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Anna Boyajyan; Hakob Devejyan; Vardan Haykazyan; Gevorg Avetisyan; Donara Khanoyan. Molecular Mechanisms and Mediators of the Immune Response in Plants. J. Plant Sci. 2014, 2(1), 23-30. doi: 10.11648/j.jps.20140201.15

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Anna Boyajyan, Hakob Devejyan, Vardan Haykazyan, Gevorg Avetisyan, Donara Khanoyan. Molecular Mechanisms and Mediators of the Immune Response in Plants. J Plant Sci. 2014;2(1):23-30. doi: 10.11648/j.jps.20140201.15

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.jps.20140201.15,
      author = {Anna Boyajyan and Hakob Devejyan and Vardan Haykazyan and Gevorg Avetisyan and Donara Khanoyan},
      title = {Molecular Mechanisms and Mediators of the Immune Response in Plants},
      journal = {Journal of Plant Sciences},
      volume = {2},
      number = {1},
      pages = {23-30},
      doi = {10.11648/j.jps.20140201.15},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20140201.15},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jps.20140201.15},
      abstract = {The purpose of this review article is to analyze, sum up and discuss the existing knowledge and recent concepts on the plant immune system based on the available literature. The main attention is focused on the major molecular players, mediators and regulators of this system, as well as on mechanisms of generation and progression of the different types of the immune response playing an important role in plant physiology, regeneration, resistance, and defense against a broad number of pathogens.},
     year = {2014}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Molecular Mechanisms and Mediators of the Immune Response in Plants
    AU  - Anna Boyajyan
    AU  - Hakob Devejyan
    AU  - Vardan Haykazyan
    AU  - Gevorg Avetisyan
    AU  - Donara Khanoyan
    Y1  - 2014/02/20
    PY  - 2014
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20140201.15
    DO  - 10.11648/j.jps.20140201.15
    T2  - Journal of Plant Sciences
    JF  - Journal of Plant Sciences
    JO  - Journal of Plant Sciences
    SP  - 23
    EP  - 30
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2331-0731
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20140201.15
    AB  - The purpose of this review article is to analyze, sum up and discuss the existing knowledge and recent concepts on the plant immune system based on the available literature. The main attention is focused on the major molecular players, mediators and regulators of this system, as well as on mechanisms of generation and progression of the different types of the immune response playing an important role in plant physiology, regeneration, resistance, and defense against a broad number of pathogens.
    VL  - 2
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

  • Sections