Journal of Plant Sciences

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Penman and Thornthwaite Equations for Estimating Reference Evapotranspiration Under Semi-Arid Environment

Received: 10 April 2020    Accepted: 22 August 2020    Published: 24 September 2020
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Abstract

The estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is required for effective development and management of agriculture water systems. In order to define the most accurate method to estimate ETo in semi-arid climatic environment of Faisalabad, Lahore and Peshawar. Penman ETo method and Thornthwaite ETo method are compared with standard Penman-Monteith (PM) ETo method. The statistical results show that the Penman ETo method overestimate ETo as compared to the PM ETo method in all the semi-arid climatic regions of Faisalabad, Lahore and Peshawar by 34.91%, 39.51% and 30.75%, respectively. The coefficient of determination (R2) were 0.98, 0.98 and 0.99 at Faisalabad, Lahore and Peshawar weather stations, respectively. The root mean square error (RMSE) are 2.47 mm/day, 2.64 mm/day and 2.19 mm/day at Faisalabad, Lahore and Peshawar weather station, respectively. The mean bias error (MBE) of-2.41 mm/day,-2.58 mm/day and-2.13 mm/day are noted at Faisalabad, Lahore and Peshawar weather stations, respectively. The statistical results of Thornthwaite (Th) ETo method with PM ETo method indicate underestimation of ETo in winter season and overestimation of ETo in summer season by 13.81%, 22.43% and 14.54% at Faisalabad, Lahore and Peshawar stations, respectively. The coefficient of determination (R2) of Thornthwait ETo method when compared with PM ETo method 0.92, 0.89 and 0.95 are noted at Faisalabad, Lahore and Peshawar weather stations, respectively. The root mean square error (RMSE) are 2.14 mm/day, 2.36 mm/day and 1.16 mm/day at Faisalabad, Lahore and Peshawar weather stations, respectively. The mean bias error (MBE) are-0.68 mm/day,-1.12 mm/day and 0.61 mm/day at Faisalabad, Lahore and Peshawar weather stations, respectively. Overall, Thornthwaite method gave better estimation of ETo than Penman ETo method at all the Weather stations.

DOI 10.11648/j.jps.20200805.16
Published in Journal of Plant Sciences (Volume 8, Issue 5, October 2020)
Page(s) 146-151
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Penman, Thornthwaite, Penman-Monteith, Reference Evapotranspiration, Semi-arid

References
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Author Information
  • Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan

  • Department of Botany, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan

  • Department of Botany, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan

  • Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

  • Department of Agricultural Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan

  • School of Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand

  • Department of Mathematics, Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan

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  • APA Style

    Muhammad Hafeez, Allah Bakhsh Gulshan, Abdul Basit, Zia Ahmad Chattha, Alamgir Akhtar Khan, et al. (2020). Penman and Thornthwaite Equations for Estimating Reference Evapotranspiration Under Semi-Arid Environment. Journal of Plant Sciences, 8(5), 146-151. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20200805.16

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    Muhammad Hafeez; Allah Bakhsh Gulshan; Abdul Basit; Zia Ahmad Chattha; Alamgir Akhtar Khan, et al. Penman and Thornthwaite Equations for Estimating Reference Evapotranspiration Under Semi-Arid Environment. J. Plant Sci. 2020, 8(5), 146-151. doi: 10.11648/j.jps.20200805.16

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    AMA Style

    Muhammad Hafeez, Allah Bakhsh Gulshan, Abdul Basit, Zia Ahmad Chattha, Alamgir Akhtar Khan, et al. Penman and Thornthwaite Equations for Estimating Reference Evapotranspiration Under Semi-Arid Environment. J Plant Sci. 2020;8(5):146-151. doi: 10.11648/j.jps.20200805.16

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  • @article{10.11648/j.jps.20200805.16,
      author = {Muhammad Hafeez and Allah Bakhsh Gulshan and Abdul Basit and Zia Ahmad Chattha and Alamgir Akhtar Khan and Muhammad Adnan Majeed and Fatima Tahira},
      title = {Penman and Thornthwaite Equations for Estimating Reference Evapotranspiration Under Semi-Arid Environment},
      journal = {Journal of Plant Sciences},
      volume = {8},
      number = {5},
      pages = {146-151},
      doi = {10.11648/j.jps.20200805.16},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20200805.16},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jps.20200805.16},
      abstract = {The estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is required for effective development and management of agriculture water systems. In order to define the most accurate method to estimate ETo in semi-arid climatic environment of Faisalabad, Lahore and Peshawar. Penman ETo method and Thornthwaite ETo method are compared with standard Penman-Monteith (PM) ETo method. The statistical results show that the Penman ETo method overestimate ETo as compared to the PM ETo method in all the semi-arid climatic regions of Faisalabad, Lahore and Peshawar by 34.91%, 39.51% and 30.75%, respectively. The coefficient of determination (R2) were 0.98, 0.98 and 0.99 at Faisalabad, Lahore and Peshawar weather stations, respectively. The root mean square error (RMSE) are 2.47 mm/day, 2.64 mm/day and 2.19 mm/day at Faisalabad, Lahore and Peshawar weather station, respectively. The mean bias error (MBE) of-2.41 mm/day,-2.58 mm/day and-2.13 mm/day are noted at Faisalabad, Lahore and Peshawar weather stations, respectively. The statistical results of Thornthwaite (Th) ETo method with PM ETo method indicate underestimation of ETo in winter season and overestimation of ETo in summer season by 13.81%, 22.43% and 14.54% at Faisalabad, Lahore and Peshawar stations, respectively. The coefficient of determination (R2) of Thornthwait ETo method when compared with PM ETo method 0.92, 0.89 and 0.95 are noted at Faisalabad, Lahore and Peshawar weather stations, respectively. The root mean square error (RMSE) are 2.14 mm/day, 2.36 mm/day and 1.16 mm/day at Faisalabad, Lahore and Peshawar weather stations, respectively. The mean bias error (MBE) are-0.68 mm/day,-1.12 mm/day and 0.61 mm/day at Faisalabad, Lahore and Peshawar weather stations, respectively. Overall, Thornthwaite method gave better estimation of ETo than Penman ETo method at all the Weather stations.},
     year = {2020}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Penman and Thornthwaite Equations for Estimating Reference Evapotranspiration Under Semi-Arid Environment
    AU  - Muhammad Hafeez
    AU  - Allah Bakhsh Gulshan
    AU  - Abdul Basit
    AU  - Zia Ahmad Chattha
    AU  - Alamgir Akhtar Khan
    AU  - Muhammad Adnan Majeed
    AU  - Fatima Tahira
    Y1  - 2020/09/24
    PY  - 2020
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20200805.16
    DO  - 10.11648/j.jps.20200805.16
    T2  - Journal of Plant Sciences
    JF  - Journal of Plant Sciences
    JO  - Journal of Plant Sciences
    SP  - 146
    EP  - 151
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2331-0731
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20200805.16
    AB  - The estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is required for effective development and management of agriculture water systems. In order to define the most accurate method to estimate ETo in semi-arid climatic environment of Faisalabad, Lahore and Peshawar. Penman ETo method and Thornthwaite ETo method are compared with standard Penman-Monteith (PM) ETo method. The statistical results show that the Penman ETo method overestimate ETo as compared to the PM ETo method in all the semi-arid climatic regions of Faisalabad, Lahore and Peshawar by 34.91%, 39.51% and 30.75%, respectively. The coefficient of determination (R2) were 0.98, 0.98 and 0.99 at Faisalabad, Lahore and Peshawar weather stations, respectively. The root mean square error (RMSE) are 2.47 mm/day, 2.64 mm/day and 2.19 mm/day at Faisalabad, Lahore and Peshawar weather station, respectively. The mean bias error (MBE) of-2.41 mm/day,-2.58 mm/day and-2.13 mm/day are noted at Faisalabad, Lahore and Peshawar weather stations, respectively. The statistical results of Thornthwaite (Th) ETo method with PM ETo method indicate underestimation of ETo in winter season and overestimation of ETo in summer season by 13.81%, 22.43% and 14.54% at Faisalabad, Lahore and Peshawar stations, respectively. The coefficient of determination (R2) of Thornthwait ETo method when compared with PM ETo method 0.92, 0.89 and 0.95 are noted at Faisalabad, Lahore and Peshawar weather stations, respectively. The root mean square error (RMSE) are 2.14 mm/day, 2.36 mm/day and 1.16 mm/day at Faisalabad, Lahore and Peshawar weather stations, respectively. The mean bias error (MBE) are-0.68 mm/day,-1.12 mm/day and 0.61 mm/day at Faisalabad, Lahore and Peshawar weather stations, respectively. Overall, Thornthwaite method gave better estimation of ETo than Penman ETo method at all the Weather stations.
    VL  - 8
    IS  - 5
    ER  - 

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