American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

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Economics of Rural Livelihoods: A Case Study of Bitter Kola Marketing in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Received: 08 November 2015    Accepted: 18 November 2015    Published: 07 December 2015
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Abstract

The study examined the economics of bitter kola marketing in rural areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A sample size of 120 bitter kola marketers was selected for the study using a two-stage sampling procedure. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics and budgeting technique. Findings reveal that 61.7% of the respondents were females with an average age of 37 years; 58.3% were married and 85% had formal education. The average household size of the respondents comprised of six persons and their average years of bitter kola marketing experience was also six years. Budgetary analysis indicated the bitter kola marketing in the study area is profitable with a marketing efficiency of 135.2%. Transportation costs, poor marketing channels, price fluctuation, perishability and seasonality of the product were the most severe constraints to bitter kola marketing faced by the respondents. -Findings recommend, among others, that the Government (State and Local Government) endeavour to provide basic infrastructure such as good road networks in the rural areas of the state since high cost of transportation was the most severe constraint to bitter kola marketing in the study area.

DOI 10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13
Published in American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry (Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2015)
Page(s) 260-263
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Bitter Kola, Marketing, Rural Areas, Akwa Ibom State

References
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[2] Unaeze, H. C., Oladele A. T. and Agu, L. O. (2013) Collection and marketing of bitter cola (Garcinia kola) in Nkwerre local Government Area, Imo state, Nigeria, Egyptian Journal of Biology, (1) 5: 37-43.
[3] Okigbo, B. N. (1977) Neglected plants of importance in traditional faming system of Tropical Africa, Acta. Horticulture, 5(3): 131-150.
[4] Ayensu, E. S. (1978) Medicinal Plants of West Africa, Reference Publ.Inc. Algonac, ML., U.S.A, pp 162-163.
[5] Adebayo, S. A. and Oladele, O. I. (2012) Medicinal values of kolanut in Nigeria: implications for extension service delivery, Life Science Journal, 9 (2): 887-891.
[6] Adebesi A. A. (2004). A case study of Garcinia kolanut production to consumption system in J4 area ofomo forest reserve south west Nigeria. In: sunder land T. and Ndoye O. (eds) forest products livelihoods and conservation case studies of non-timber forest products systems. Vol. 2. Africa. CIFOR ISBN 979-3361-25-5. pp 115-132.
[7] Okoli, U. J., (1991). An Investigation into the Hypoglycemic Activity of GBI Biflavonoids of Garcinia kola, B. Pharm. Project, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
[8] Adaramonye, O. A., Nwaneri, V. O. Anyanwu, K. C., Farombi, E. O. and Emerole, G. O. (2009) Possible anti-antherogenic effect of kolaviron (a Garcinia kola seed extract) in hypercholesterolaemicrats, African Journal of Biotechnology, 32(1-2): 40-46.
[9] Yakubu, F. B., Adejoh, O. P.,Ogunade, J. O. and Igboanugo, A B. I. (2014) Vegetative propagation of Garcinia kola (Hcckel), World Journal of Agricultural Science, 10 (3): 85-90.
[10] Adepoju, A. A. and Salau, A. S. (2007) Economic valuation of Non-Timber forest products MPRA. Paper No. 2689.Available online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2689/. Accessed on August 08, 2007.
[11] Akpan, V. U. (2015) Economics of the bitter kola marketing in Uyo Metropolis of Akwa Ibom State, B. Agric, Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Uyo, Uyo. 65pp.
[12] National Population Commission (2006) Population and Housing Census of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Analytical Report at the National Population Commission, Abuja, Nigeria.
[13] Omofonwam, E. I., Ashaolu O. F., Ayinde I. A. and Fakoya E. O. (2013) Assessment of palm wine market in Edo State, Journal of Science and Multidisciplinary Research, 5(2): 141 – 151.
[14] Agbelade, A. D. and Onyekwelu, J. C. (2013) Poverty alleviation through optimizing the marketing of Garcinia kola and Irvingia Gabonensis in Ondo State, Nigeria, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Nigeria, pp 1-5.
[15] Ekong, E. E (2003) An Introduction to Rural Sociology (2nd Edition), Dove Educational Publishers, Uyo, Nigeria. pp 341-395.
[16] Ekerete, B. A. and Asa, U. A. (2014) Constraints to watermelon marketing in Uyo Metropolis of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 3 (4): 63-69.
[17] Asa, U. A. and Eyo, E. J. (2015) Constraints to palm wine marketing in rural areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, British Journal of Science, 13 (1): 45-52.
[18] Yusuff, A. O., Adams, B. A., Adewole, A. T. and Olatoke, T. I. (2014) NTFPs collection as an alternative source of income for poverty alleviation among rural farmers in Egbeda Local Government Oyo State, Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 3(6): 467-474.
[19] Famuyide, O. O., Adebayo, O. Arabomen, O. and Jasper, A. A. (2012) Economic assessment of marketing of non-wood forest products in Ibadan Metropolis, Elixir International Journal, 52 (2012): 11645-11649.
Author Information
  • Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

  • Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

  • Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

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  • APA Style

    Asa Ubong Andem, Daniel Enwongo Aniedi, Ebong Effiong Okon. (2015). Economics of Rural Livelihoods: A Case Study of Bitter Kola Marketing in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 3(6), 260-263. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13

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    ACS Style

    Asa Ubong Andem; Daniel Enwongo Aniedi; Ebong Effiong Okon. Economics of Rural Livelihoods: A Case Study of Bitter Kola Marketing in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Am. J. Agric. For. 2015, 3(6), 260-263. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13

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    AMA Style

    Asa Ubong Andem, Daniel Enwongo Aniedi, Ebong Effiong Okon. Economics of Rural Livelihoods: A Case Study of Bitter Kola Marketing in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Am J Agric For. 2015;3(6):260-263. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13,
      author = {Asa Ubong Andem and Daniel Enwongo Aniedi and Ebong Effiong Okon},
      title = {Economics of Rural Livelihoods: A Case Study of Bitter Kola Marketing in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria},
      journal = {American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry},
      volume = {3},
      number = {6},
      pages = {260-263},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajaf.20150306.13},
      abstract = {The study examined the economics of bitter kola marketing in rural areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A sample size of 120 bitter kola marketers was selected for the study using a two-stage sampling procedure. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics and budgeting technique. Findings reveal that 61.7% of the respondents were females with an average age of 37 years; 58.3% were married and 85% had formal education. The average household size of the respondents comprised of six persons and their average years of bitter kola marketing experience was also six years. Budgetary analysis indicated the bitter kola marketing in the study area is profitable with a marketing efficiency of 135.2%. Transportation costs, poor marketing channels, price fluctuation, perishability and seasonality of the product were the most severe constraints to bitter kola marketing faced by the respondents. -Findings recommend, among others, that the Government (State and Local Government) endeavour to provide basic infrastructure such as good road networks in the rural areas of the state since high cost of transportation was the most severe constraint to bitter kola marketing in the study area.},
     year = {2015}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Economics of Rural Livelihoods: A Case Study of Bitter Kola Marketing in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
    AU  - Asa Ubong Andem
    AU  - Daniel Enwongo Aniedi
    AU  - Ebong Effiong Okon
    Y1  - 2015/12/07
    PY  - 2015
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13
    T2  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
    JF  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
    JO  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
    SP  - 260
    EP  - 263
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-8591
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20150306.13
    AB  - The study examined the economics of bitter kola marketing in rural areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A sample size of 120 bitter kola marketers was selected for the study using a two-stage sampling procedure. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics and budgeting technique. Findings reveal that 61.7% of the respondents were females with an average age of 37 years; 58.3% were married and 85% had formal education. The average household size of the respondents comprised of six persons and their average years of bitter kola marketing experience was also six years. Budgetary analysis indicated the bitter kola marketing in the study area is profitable with a marketing efficiency of 135.2%. Transportation costs, poor marketing channels, price fluctuation, perishability and seasonality of the product were the most severe constraints to bitter kola marketing faced by the respondents. -Findings recommend, among others, that the Government (State and Local Government) endeavour to provide basic infrastructure such as good road networks in the rural areas of the state since high cost of transportation was the most severe constraint to bitter kola marketing in the study area.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 6
    ER  - 

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