American Journal of BioScience

| Peer-Reviewed |

Pyropia Conchocelis: Potential as an Algal Source for Carotenoid Extraction

Received: 15 May 2015    Accepted: 07 June 2015    Published: 25 June 2015
Views:       Downloads:

Share This Article

Abstract

As shade adapted organisms the conchocelis of Pyropia contain high concentrations of photosynthetic pigments, making the conchocelis a potential source for the extraction of bioactive pigments such as phycoerythrin, phycocyanin and carotenoids. The pigment content of Pyropia conchocelis in response to environmental factors is poorly known. Investigations were performed on the production of carotenoid pigments as a function of environmental variables by the conchocelis phase of Alaskan Pyropia species: Pyropia abbottiae, P. hiberna,P. tortaandP. sp. Conchocelis fragments were cultured under different irradiance, and nutrient concentrations for up to 60 days. Results indicate that carotenoid pigments were significantly affected by irradiance, nutrient concentrations and culture age, with some interactions of these factors. Carotenoid pigment content varied in a similar manner for each species. Light had the most obvious influence on carotenoid content. For all four species, the highest carotenoid content (3.4-7.0mggdw-1) generally occurred at 0-10µmol photonsm-2s-1. Higher irradiances, low nutrients and longer culture age generally caused a decline of carotenoid pigment content. There were significant differences in carotenoid pigment content for different species. P. abbottiae and P. sp. produced higher pigment content than the other two species. Maximal carotenoid content for P. abbottiae was 7.0mggdw-1. P. torta contained the least carotenoid pigment under all culture conditions. Carotenoid pigments remained highest under continuous darkness for as long as 60 days for all tested species. The present study investigated the effects of environmental variables on the carotenoid content of Porphyra conchocelis and determined the optimal cultural conditions, which would helpful for obtaining algal material with higher pigment content and extraction of high value pigment.

DOI 10.11648/j.ajbio.20150304.12
Published in American Journal of BioScience (Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2015)
Page(s) 121-132
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Porphyra, Pyropia, Conchocelis, Photosynthetic Pigment, Carotenoid Content

References
[1] Amano, H.& Noda, H. 1978. Photosynthetic pigments of five kinds of laver, ‘‘nori.’’ Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 44:911–6.
[2] Beach, K. & Smith, C.1996. Ecophysiology of tropical rhodophytes. I.Microscale acclimation in pigmentation. J. Phycol., 32:701–710.
[3] Borowitzka, M.A. 2013. High value products from microalgae — their development and commercialization. J. Appl. Phycol., 25: 743–756.
[4] Chaloub, R.M., Nathania Maria S. Motta, Silvia P. de Araujo, Paula F. de Aguiar, Anita F. da Silva. 2015. Combined effects of irradiance, temperature and nitrate concentration on phycoerythrin content in the microalga Rhodomonas sp. (Cryptophyceae). Algal Research. 8: 89-94.
[5] Cian, R.E., Martìnez-Augustin, O. & Drago, S.R. 2012. Bioactive properties of peptides obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis from protein byproducts of Porphyra columbina. Food Research International 49(1): 364–372.
[6] Cornish, M., & Garbary,.2010. Antioxidants from macroalgae:Potential applications in human health and nutrition. Algae 25:155–171.
[7] Figueroa, F.L., Aguilera, J. & Niell, F.X. 1995. Red and blue light regulation of growth and photosynthetic metabolism in Porphyra umbilicalis (Bangiales,Rhodophyta). Eur. J. Phycol. 30:11–8.
[8] Figueroa, F.L., Salles, S., Aguilera, J., Jimenez, C., Mercado, J., Vinegla, B., Flores-Moya, A. & Altamirano, M. 1997. Effects of solar radiation on photoinhibition and pigmentation in the red alga Porphyra leucosticte. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 151: 81–90.
[9] Fortes, M.D. & Lüning, K. 1980. Growth rates of North Sea macroalgae in relation to temperature, irradiance and photoperiod. Helgolander Meeresunter suchungen 34: 15-29.
[10] Graham, J.E., Wilcox, L.W. & Graham, L.E. 2008. Algae (2nd edition). Benjamin Cummings. 720 pp.
[11] Grobe, C.W., Yarish, C.& Davison, I.R. 1998. Nitrogen: a critical requirement for Porphyra aquaculture. World Aquaculture 6:34-35.
[12] Guillard, R.R.L. & Ryther, J.H. 1962. Studies of marine planktonic diatoms. I. Cyclotellanana Hustedt and Detonula confervacea Cleve. Can. J. Microbiol 8:229-239.
[13] Hannach, G. 1989. Spectral light absorption by intact blades of Porphyra abbottae (Rhodophyta):effects of environmental factors in culture. J. Phycol. 25:522-529.
[14] Herrero, M., Andrea del Pilar Sánchez-Camargo, Alejandro Cifuentes, Elena Ibáñez. 2015. Plants, seaweeds, microalgae and food by-products as natural sources of functional ingredients obtained using pressurized liquid extraction and supercritical fluid extraction. Trends in Analytical Chemistry. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.trac.2015.01.018.
[15] Holdt, S.L. & Kraan, S. 2011. Bioactive compounds in seaweed: functional food applications and legislation. J. Appl. Phycol. 23(3):543-597.
[16] Imaizumi, Y., Norio Nagao, Fatimah Md. Yusoff, Satoru Taguchi, Tatsuki Toda. 2014. Estimation of optimum specific light intensity per cell on a high-cell-density continuous culture of Chlorella zofingiensis not limited by nutrients or CO2. Bioresource Technology. 62: 53-59.
[17] Indriatmoko., Heriyanto, Leenawaty Limantara, Tatas Hardo Panintingjati Brotosudarmo. 2015. Composition of Photosynthetic Pigments in a Red Alga Kappaphycus Alvarezi Cultivated in Different Depths. Procedia Chemistry. 14: 193-201.
[18] Kellogg, J., Debora Esposito, Mary H. Grace, Slavko Komarnytsky, Mary Ann Lila. 2015. Alaskan seaweeds lower inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages and decrease lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Journal of Functional Foods. 15: 396-407.
[19] Khoyi, Z.A., Jafar Seyfabadi, Z. Ramezanpour. 2009. Effects of light intensity and photoperiod on the growth rate, chlorophyll a and β-carotene of freshwater green micro alga Chlorella vulgaris. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 153(2): 215.
[20] Kim, J.K., Kraemer, G. P., Neefus, C. D., Chung, I. K.& Yarish, C.2007. The effects of temperature and ammonium on growth, production and nitrogen uptake in four species of Porphyra native to the coast of New England. J. Appl. Phycol. 19:431–440.
[21] Korbee, N., Huovinen, P., Figueroa, F.L., Aguilera, J.& Karsten, U. 2005. Availability of ammonium influences photosynthesis and the accumulation of mycosporine-like amino acids in two Porphyra species (Bangiales, Rhodophyta).Mar. Biol.146:645–654.
[22] Korbee, N., Figueroa, F.L. & Aguilera, J.2005. Effect of light quality on the accumulation of photosynthetic pigments, proteins and mycosporine-like amino acids in the red alga Porphyra leucosticte (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 80(2):71-78.
[23] Korbee, N., Figueroa, F. L. & Aguilera, J. 2010. Effect of nutrient supply on photosynthesis and pigmentation to short-term stress (UV radiation) in Gracilaria conferta (Rhodophyta). Marine Pollution Bulletin. 60(10):1768-1778.
[24] Kotake, N.E., Kushiro, M., Zhang, H., Sugawara, T.,Miyashita, K.& Nagao, A. 2001. Carotenoids affect proliferation of human prostate cancer cells. Journal of Nutrition 131(12):3303-3306.
[25] Lanfer-Marquez, U. M., Barros, R.& Sinnecker, P. 2005. Antioxidantactivity of chlorophylls and their derivatives. Food Research International 38:885–891.
[26] Lapointe, B. E. & Ryther, J. 1979. The effects of nitrogen and seawater flow rate on the growth and biochemical composition of Gracilaria foliifera var. angustissima in mass outdoor cultures. Bot. Mar.22:529-537.
[27] Lin, R., Lindstrom, S. C. & Stekoll, M. S. 2008. Photosynthesis and respiration of the conchocelis of Alaskan Porphyra (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) species in response to environmental variables. J. Phycol. 44:573-583.
[28] Lin, R., & Stekoll, M. S. 2011. Phycobilin content of the conchocelis phase of Alaskan Porphyra (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) species: Responses to environmental variables. J. Phycol.47:208–214.
[29] Maeda, H., Hosokawa, M., Sashima, T., Funayama, K. & Miyashita, K. 2005. Fucoxanthin from edible seaweed, Undaria pinnatifida, shows antiobesity effect through UCP1expression in white adipose tissues. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 332:392–397.
[30] Maeda, H., Hosokawa, M., Sashima, T. & Miyashita, K. 2008. Antiobesity effect of fucoxanthin from edible seaweeds and its multibiological functions. Functional food and health 376–388.
[31] McLachlan, J. 1973. Growth media–marine. In Stein,J. R.[Ed.] Handbook of Phycological Methods. Culture Methods and Growth Measurements. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 25–51.
[32] Meiqin, C., Baofu, Z. & Jicheng, W. 1979. The influence of different nitrogenous fertilizers on the growth and development of the conchocelis of Porphyra yezoensis. Oceanol. Limnol. Sin. 10(1):45.
[33] Nurachman, Z., Hartini H, Wiwit Ridhani Rahmaniyah, Dewi Kurnia, Rahmat Hidayat, Bambang Prijamboedi, Veinardi Suendo, Enny Ratnaningsih, Lily Maria Goretty Panggabean, Santi Nurbaiti. 2015. Tropical marine Chlorella sp. PP1 as a source of photosynthetic pigments for dye-sensitized solar cells. Algal Research, 10: 25-32.
[34] O'hEocha, C. 1971. Pigments of the Red Algae. In Barnes, H. [Ed.] Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. George Allen and Unwin Ltd., London. 9: pp. 61-82.
[35] Okai, Y., Hiqashi, O. K., Yano, Y. & Otani, S. 1996. Identification of antimutagenic substances in an extract of edible red alga. Porphyra tenera(Asadusa-nori). Cancer Letters100:235–240.
[36] Okuzumi, J., Nishino, H., Murakoshi, M., Iwashima, A., Tanaka,Y., Yamane, T., Fujita, Y. & Takahashi, T.1990. Inhibitory effects of fucoxanthin, a natural carotenoid, on N-myc expression and cell cycle progression in human malignanttum or cells. Cancer Letters 55(1):75–81.
[37] Ota, M., Motohiro Takenaka, Yoshiyuki Sato, Richard Lee Smith Jr., Hiroshi Inomata
[38] 2015. Effects of light intensity and temperature on photoautotrophic growth of a green microalga, Chlorococcum littorale. Biotechnology Reports. 7: 24-29.
[39] Pangestutia, R. & Kim,S.K. 2011. Biological activities and health benefit effects of natural pigments derived from marine algae. J. Functional Foods 3:255-266.
[40] Qu, W. J., Ma, H. L., Pan, Z. L.,Luo, L., Wang, Z. B. & He, R. H. 2010. Preparation and antihypertensive activity of peptides from Porphyra yezoensis. Food Chemistry 123(1): 14-20.
[41] Sachindra, N. M., Sato, E., Maeda, H., Hosokawa, M., Niwano, Y., Kohno, M. & Miyashita, K. 2007. Radical scavenging and singlet oxygen quenching activity of marine carotenoid fucoxanthin and its metabolites. J.Agric.Food Chem. 55:8516–8522.
[42] Sampath-Wiley, P., Neefus, C. D., & Jahnke, L. S. 2008. Seasonal effects of sun exposure and emersion on intertidal seaweed physiology: fluctuations in antioxidant contents, photosynthetic pigments and photosynthetic efficiency in the red alga Porphyra umbilicalis Kützing(Rhodophyta, Bangiales). J. Exp.Mar. Biol. Ecol. 361(2): 83–91.
[43] Sangha, J. S., Di Fan, Arjun H. Banskota, Roumiana Stefanova, Wajahatullah Khan, Jeff Hafting, James Craigie, Alan T. Critchley, Balakrishnan Prithiviraj. 2013. Bioactive components of the edible strain of red alga, Chondrus crispus, enhance oxidative stress tolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans. Journal of Functional Foods. 5(3): 1180-1190.
[44] Schubert, N., Ernesto García-Mendoza1, andIsai Pacheco-Ruiz. 2006. Carotenoid composition in red algae. Journal of Phycology. 42(6): 1208–1216.
[45] Sefyabadi, J., Z. Ramezanpour, Z.A. Khoeyi. 2011. Protein, fatty acid, and pigment content of Chlorella vulgaris under different light regimes. J. Appl. Phycol. 23: 721–726.
[46] Shetty, K., Paliyath, G., Pometto, A. & Levin, R.E. 2005. Food Biotechnology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida,2008 pp.
[47] Stekoll, M. S., Lin, R. L. & Lindstrom, S. C. 1999. Porphyra cultivation in Alaska: conchocelis growth of three indigenous species. Hydrobiologia398/399:291-297.
[48] Waaland, J. R., Waaland, S. D. & Bates, G. 1974. Chloroplast structure and pigment composition in the red alga Griffithsia pacifica: regulation by light intensity. J. Phycol. 10:193-199.
[49] Wahidin, S., Ani Idris, Sitti Raehanah Muhamad Shaleh. 2013. The influence of light intensity and photoperiod on the growth and lipid content of microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. Bioresource Technology. 129: 7-11.
[50] Wang, H.M. D ., Ching-Chun Chen, Pauline Huynh, Jo-Shu Chang.2015. Exploring the potential of using algae in cosmetics. Bioresource Technology. 184: 355-362.
[51] Wheeler, P. A. & North, W. J. 1980. Effect of nitrogen supply on nitrogen content and growth rate of juvenile Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyta) sporophytes. J.Phycol.16: 577-582.
[52] Wondraczek, L., Batentschuk M, Schmidt MA, Borchardt R, Scheiner S, Seemann B, Schweizer P, Brabec C. J. 2013. Solar spectral conversion for improving the photosynthetic activity in algae reactors. Nat Commun. 4: 2047. doi: 10.1038/ncomms3047.
[53] Xie, Y.P., Shih-Hsin Ho, Ching-Nen Nathan Chen, Chun-Yen Chen, I-Son Ng, Ke-Ju Jing, Jo-Shu Chang, Yinghua Lu. 2013. Phototrophic cultivation of a thermo-tolerant Desmodesmus sp. for lutein production: Effects of nitrate concentration, light intensity and fed-batch operation. Bioresource Technology. 114: 435-444.
[54] Yabuta, Y., Fujimura, H., Kwak, C. S., Enomoto, T. & Watanabe, F. 2010. Antioxidant activity of the phycoerythrobilin compound formed from a dried Korean purple laver (Porphyra pseudolinearis) during in vitro digestion. Food Science and Technology Research 16: 347–352.
[55] Yen, Hong-Wei., Sheng-Chung Yang, Chi-Hui Chen, Jesisca, Jo-Shu Chang. 2015. Supercritical fluid extraction of valuable compounds from microalgal biomass. Bioresource Technology. 184: 291-296.
[56] Zar, J. H. 2010. Biostatistical analysis, the fifth edition, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, N J, USA. 960pp.
Author Information
  • Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry, State Oceanic Administration, and Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China

Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Lin Rulong. (2015). Pyropia Conchocelis: Potential as an Algal Source for Carotenoid Extraction. American Journal of BioScience, 3(4), 121-132. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20150304.12

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Lin Rulong. Pyropia Conchocelis: Potential as an Algal Source for Carotenoid Extraction. Am. J. BioScience 2015, 3(4), 121-132. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbio.20150304.12

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Lin Rulong. Pyropia Conchocelis: Potential as an Algal Source for Carotenoid Extraction. Am J BioScience. 2015;3(4):121-132. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbio.20150304.12

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ajbio.20150304.12,
      author = {Lin Rulong},
      title = {Pyropia Conchocelis: Potential as an Algal Source for Carotenoid Extraction},
      journal = {American Journal of BioScience},
      volume = {3},
      number = {4},
      pages = {121-132},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajbio.20150304.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20150304.12},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajbio.20150304.12},
      abstract = {As shade adapted organisms the conchocelis of Pyropia contain high concentrations of photosynthetic pigments, making the conchocelis a potential source for the extraction of bioactive pigments such as phycoerythrin, phycocyanin and carotenoids. The pigment content of Pyropia conchocelis in response to environmental factors is poorly known. Investigations were performed on the production of carotenoid pigments as a function of environmental variables by the conchocelis phase of Alaskan Pyropia species: Pyropia abbottiae, P. hiberna,P. tortaandP. sp. Conchocelis fragments were cultured under different irradiance, and nutrient concentrations for up to 60 days. Results indicate that carotenoid pigments were significantly affected by irradiance, nutrient concentrations and culture age, with some interactions of these factors. Carotenoid pigment content varied in a similar manner for each species. Light had the most obvious influence on carotenoid content. For all four species, the highest carotenoid content (3.4-7.0mggdw-1) generally occurred at 0-10µmol photonsm-2s-1. Higher irradiances, low nutrients and longer culture age generally caused a decline of carotenoid pigment content. There were significant differences in carotenoid pigment content for different species. P. abbottiae and P. sp. produced higher pigment content than the other two species. Maximal carotenoid content for P. abbottiae was 7.0mggdw-1. P. torta contained the least carotenoid pigment under all culture conditions. Carotenoid pigments remained highest under continuous darkness for as long as 60 days for all tested species. The present study investigated the effects of environmental variables on the carotenoid content of Porphyra conchocelis and determined the optimal cultural conditions, which would helpful for obtaining algal material with higher pigment content and extraction of high value pigment.},
     year = {2015}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Pyropia Conchocelis: Potential as an Algal Source for Carotenoid Extraction
    AU  - Lin Rulong
    Y1  - 2015/06/25
    PY  - 2015
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20150304.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajbio.20150304.12
    T2  - American Journal of BioScience
    JF  - American Journal of BioScience
    JO  - American Journal of BioScience
    SP  - 121
    EP  - 132
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-0167
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20150304.12
    AB  - As shade adapted organisms the conchocelis of Pyropia contain high concentrations of photosynthetic pigments, making the conchocelis a potential source for the extraction of bioactive pigments such as phycoerythrin, phycocyanin and carotenoids. The pigment content of Pyropia conchocelis in response to environmental factors is poorly known. Investigations were performed on the production of carotenoid pigments as a function of environmental variables by the conchocelis phase of Alaskan Pyropia species: Pyropia abbottiae, P. hiberna,P. tortaandP. sp. Conchocelis fragments were cultured under different irradiance, and nutrient concentrations for up to 60 days. Results indicate that carotenoid pigments were significantly affected by irradiance, nutrient concentrations and culture age, with some interactions of these factors. Carotenoid pigment content varied in a similar manner for each species. Light had the most obvious influence on carotenoid content. For all four species, the highest carotenoid content (3.4-7.0mggdw-1) generally occurred at 0-10µmol photonsm-2s-1. Higher irradiances, low nutrients and longer culture age generally caused a decline of carotenoid pigment content. There were significant differences in carotenoid pigment content for different species. P. abbottiae and P. sp. produced higher pigment content than the other two species. Maximal carotenoid content for P. abbottiae was 7.0mggdw-1. P. torta contained the least carotenoid pigment under all culture conditions. Carotenoid pigments remained highest under continuous darkness for as long as 60 days for all tested species. The present study investigated the effects of environmental variables on the carotenoid content of Porphyra conchocelis and determined the optimal cultural conditions, which would helpful for obtaining algal material with higher pigment content and extraction of high value pigment.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 4
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

  • Sections