Development and Validation of Method for Determination of Chloride in Surfactant Sample Using Auto-Titrator

Mahani Mamat; Salwani Abdullah; Sara Shahruddin; Noor Haida Sebran

doi:doi:10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.17

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Development and Validation of Method for Determination of Chloride in Surfactant Sample Using Auto-Titrator

Mahani Mamat, Salwani Abdullah, Sara Shahruddin, Noor Haida Sebran

Published in Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry (Volume 8, Issue 2)

Received: 18 May 2020 Accepted: 3 June 2020 Published: 17 June 2020

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Abstract

The chloride content for the newly developed surfactant is critical to ensure reaction completion and to minimize irritation issues that may be associated with having high chloride content. There are several methods used to determine the chloride content such as UV-visible and ion chromatography; however, both are known to have low accuracy and are less precise. Considering other factors such as skill, expertise, cost and time required, titration is the most suitable method for chloride determination because it is a simple, fast and relatively cheap method as compared to other methods. However, the precision achieved by manual titration is very much dependent on the operator’s skill and ability to detect the color change accurately. To increase the precision and accuracy of the results generated, an auto-titrator that employs potentiometric sensors to determine the endpoint has been used to determine the chloride content. An improved method to determine the presence of chloride in surfactant solution is hereby illustrated, in which a commercial surfactant has been analyzed using the auto-titrator. A commercial surfactant known as Cola Teric CBS with a sodium chloride content of 5.7% as stated in the Certificate of Assurance (COA) was analyzed using this method. Fifteen replicate titrations of the sample giving the average chloride content of 3.5%. The precision for both method and system was found to be 0.28% and 2.22% respectively, which is within the acceptable limit. The good precision achieved by this method concludes the intention of the work to develop a method that ensures the endpoint can be determined accurately with better reproducibility, reduced titrant, sample and not operator dependent.

Published in	Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry (Volume 8, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.17
Page(s)	78-85
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Surfactant, Personal Care, Chloride Analysis, Autotitrator

References

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[2]	Popadyuk, A., Samanta, S., Alam, S., Kalita, H., Chisholm, B. J., and A. Voronov (2016) Soy-based Polymeric Surfactants for Personal Care Applications: A Review. Surfactants Hair Care.
[3]	Tadros, T. F. (2005) Applied Surfactants: Principles and Applications. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
[4]	Staszak, K., Wieczorek, D. and K. Michocka (2015) Effect of Sodium Chloride on the Surface and Wetting Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Cocamidopropyl betaine. J. Surfactants Deterg. 18: 321–328.
[5]	Madunic-Cacic, D., Sak-Bosnar, M., Matesic-Puac, R., and M. Samardzic (2012) Potentiometric Determination of Anionic Surfactants in Formulations Containing Cocoamidopropyl Betaine. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 7 (1): 875-885.
[6]	S. Herrwerth, H. Leidreiter, H. H. Wenk, M. Farwick, I. Ulrich-Brehm and B. Gruning (2008) Highly Concentrated Cocamidopropyl Betaine – The Latest Developments for Improved Sustainability and Enhanced Skin Care. Tenside Surfactants Deterg. 45 (6): 304–308.
[7]	Klein K, and I. Palefsky (2007) Shampoo Formulation. Handb Cleaning/Decontamination Surfaces. 1: 277–304.
[8]	Cornwell, P. A. (2018) A review of Shampoo Surfactant Technology: Consumer Benefits, Raw Materials and Recent Developments. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 40 (1): 16–30.
[9]	Sakamoto, K., Lochhead, R., Maibach, H. and Y. Yamashita (2017) Cosmetic Science and Technology: Theoretical Principles and Applications. 1st ed. Sakamoto, K., editor. Elsevier.
[10]	Poucher’s Perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps. 10^th Edition. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
[11]	Car, T. R., Pham, Q. T. and D. Blankschtein (1994) Salt Effects on Intramicellar Interactions and Micellization of Nonionic Surfactants in Aqueous Solutions. Langmuir. 10 (1): 109–121
[12]	Gupta, V. K., Goyal, R. N. and R. A. Sharma (2009) Chloride Selective Potentiometric Sensor based on a Newly Synthesised Hydrogen Bonding Anion Receptor. Electrochimica Acta. 54: 4216-4222.
[13]	Bennight, C. (2011) Chloride by Autotitrator: Quick Start Guide”, International Ocean Discovery Program.
[14]	Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater (2012) 22^nd Edition. - Method 4500-Cl-B-Argentometric Method, pp 4-72 - 4-73.
[15]	Eurachem/CITAC Guide CG4 Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement. - 2^nd Edition (2000).

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APA Style

Mahani Mamat, Salwani Abdullah, Sara Shahruddin, Noor Haida Sebran. (2020). Development and Validation of Method for Determination of Chloride in Surfactant Sample Using Auto-Titrator. Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 8(2), 78-85. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.17

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ACS Style

Mahani Mamat; Salwani Abdullah; Sara Shahruddin; Noor Haida Sebran. Development and Validation of Method for Determination of Chloride in Surfactant Sample Using Auto-Titrator. Sci. J. Anal. Chem. 2020, 8(2), 78-85. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.17

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AMA Style

Mahani Mamat, Salwani Abdullah, Sara Shahruddin, Noor Haida Sebran. Development and Validation of Method for Determination of Chloride in Surfactant Sample Using Auto-Titrator. Sci J Anal Chem. 2020;8(2):78-85. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.17

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@article{10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.17,
  author = {Mahani Mamat and Salwani Abdullah and Sara Shahruddin and Noor Haida Sebran},
  title = {Development and Validation of Method for Determination of Chloride in Surfactant Sample Using Auto-Titrator},
  journal = {Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry},
  volume = {8},
  number = {2},
  pages = {78-85},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.17},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.17},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjac.20200802.17},
  abstract = {The chloride content for the newly developed surfactant is critical to ensure reaction completion and to minimize irritation issues that may be associated with having high chloride content. There are several methods used to determine the chloride content such as UV-visible and ion chromatography; however, both are known to have low accuracy and are less precise. Considering other factors such as skill, expertise, cost and time required, titration is the most suitable method for chloride determination because it is a simple, fast and relatively cheap method as compared to other methods. However, the precision achieved by manual titration is very much dependent on the operator’s skill and ability to detect the color change accurately. To increase the precision and accuracy of the results generated, an auto-titrator that employs potentiometric sensors to determine the endpoint has been used to determine the chloride content. An improved method to determine the presence of chloride in surfactant solution is hereby illustrated, in which a commercial surfactant has been analyzed using the auto-titrator. A commercial surfactant known as Cola Teric CBS with a sodium chloride content of 5.7% as stated in the Certificate of Assurance (COA) was analyzed using this method. Fifteen replicate titrations of the sample giving the average chloride content of 3.5%. The precision for both method and system was found to be 0.28% and 2.22% respectively, which is within the acceptable limit. The good precision achieved by this method concludes the intention of the work to develop a method that ensures the endpoint can be determined accurately with better reproducibility, reduced titrant, sample and not operator dependent.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Development and Validation of Method for Determination of Chloride in Surfactant Sample Using Auto-Titrator
AU  - Mahani Mamat
AU  - Salwani Abdullah
AU  - Sara Shahruddin
AU  - Noor Haida Sebran
Y1  - 2020/06/17
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.17
DO  - 10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.17
T2  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
JF  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
JO  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
SP  - 78
EP  - 85
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-8053
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.17
AB  - The chloride content for the newly developed surfactant is critical to ensure reaction completion and to minimize irritation issues that may be associated with having high chloride content. There are several methods used to determine the chloride content such as UV-visible and ion chromatography; however, both are known to have low accuracy and are less precise. Considering other factors such as skill, expertise, cost and time required, titration is the most suitable method for chloride determination because it is a simple, fast and relatively cheap method as compared to other methods. However, the precision achieved by manual titration is very much dependent on the operator’s skill and ability to detect the color change accurately. To increase the precision and accuracy of the results generated, an auto-titrator that employs potentiometric sensors to determine the endpoint has been used to determine the chloride content. An improved method to determine the presence of chloride in surfactant solution is hereby illustrated, in which a commercial surfactant has been analyzed using the auto-titrator. A commercial surfactant known as Cola Teric CBS with a sodium chloride content of 5.7% as stated in the Certificate of Assurance (COA) was analyzed using this method. Fifteen replicate titrations of the sample giving the average chloride content of 3.5%. The precision for both method and system was found to be 0.28% and 2.22% respectively, which is within the acceptable limit. The good precision achieved by this method concludes the intention of the work to develop a method that ensures the endpoint can be determined accurately with better reproducibility, reduced titrant, sample and not operator dependent.
VL  - 8
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Mahani Mamat

Petronas Research Sdn. Bhd., Kajang, Malaysia
Salwani Abdullah

Petronas Research Sdn. Bhd., Kajang, Malaysia
Sara Shahruddin

Petronas Research Sdn. Bhd., Kajang, Malaysia
Noor Haida Sebran

Petronas Research Sdn. Bhd., Kajang, Malaysia

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APA Style

Mahani Mamat, Salwani Abdullah, Sara Shahruddin, Noor Haida Sebran. (2020). Development and Validation of Method for Determination of Chloride in Surfactant Sample Using Auto-Titrator. Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 8(2), 78-85. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.17

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ACS Style

Mahani Mamat; Salwani Abdullah; Sara Shahruddin; Noor Haida Sebran. Development and Validation of Method for Determination of Chloride in Surfactant Sample Using Auto-Titrator. Sci. J. Anal. Chem. 2020, 8(2), 78-85. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.17

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AMA Style

Mahani Mamat, Salwani Abdullah, Sara Shahruddin, Noor Haida Sebran. Development and Validation of Method for Determination of Chloride in Surfactant Sample Using Auto-Titrator. Sci J Anal Chem. 2020;8(2):78-85. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.17

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@article{10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.17,
  author = {Mahani Mamat and Salwani Abdullah and Sara Shahruddin and Noor Haida Sebran},
  title = {Development and Validation of Method for Determination of Chloride in Surfactant Sample Using Auto-Titrator},
  journal = {Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry},
  volume = {8},
  number = {2},
  pages = {78-85},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.17},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.17},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjac.20200802.17},
  abstract = {The chloride content for the newly developed surfactant is critical to ensure reaction completion and to minimize irritation issues that may be associated with having high chloride content. There are several methods used to determine the chloride content such as UV-visible and ion chromatography; however, both are known to have low accuracy and are less precise. Considering other factors such as skill, expertise, cost and time required, titration is the most suitable method for chloride determination because it is a simple, fast and relatively cheap method as compared to other methods. However, the precision achieved by manual titration is very much dependent on the operator’s skill and ability to detect the color change accurately. To increase the precision and accuracy of the results generated, an auto-titrator that employs potentiometric sensors to determine the endpoint has been used to determine the chloride content. An improved method to determine the presence of chloride in surfactant solution is hereby illustrated, in which a commercial surfactant has been analyzed using the auto-titrator. A commercial surfactant known as Cola Teric CBS with a sodium chloride content of 5.7% as stated in the Certificate of Assurance (COA) was analyzed using this method. Fifteen replicate titrations of the sample giving the average chloride content of 3.5%. The precision for both method and system was found to be 0.28% and 2.22% respectively, which is within the acceptable limit. The good precision achieved by this method concludes the intention of the work to develop a method that ensures the endpoint can be determined accurately with better reproducibility, reduced titrant, sample and not operator dependent.},
 year = {2020}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Development and Validation of Method for Determination of Chloride in Surfactant Sample Using Auto-Titrator
AU  - Mahani Mamat
AU  - Salwani Abdullah
AU  - Sara Shahruddin
AU  - Noor Haida Sebran
Y1  - 2020/06/17
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.17
DO  - 10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.17
T2  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
JF  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
JO  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
SP  - 78
EP  - 85
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-8053
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.17
AB  - The chloride content for the newly developed surfactant is critical to ensure reaction completion and to minimize irritation issues that may be associated with having high chloride content. There are several methods used to determine the chloride content such as UV-visible and ion chromatography; however, both are known to have low accuracy and are less precise. Considering other factors such as skill, expertise, cost and time required, titration is the most suitable method for chloride determination because it is a simple, fast and relatively cheap method as compared to other methods. However, the precision achieved by manual titration is very much dependent on the operator’s skill and ability to detect the color change accurately. To increase the precision and accuracy of the results generated, an auto-titrator that employs potentiometric sensors to determine the endpoint has been used to determine the chloride content. An improved method to determine the presence of chloride in surfactant solution is hereby illustrated, in which a commercial surfactant has been analyzed using the auto-titrator. A commercial surfactant known as Cola Teric CBS with a sodium chloride content of 5.7% as stated in the Certificate of Assurance (COA) was analyzed using this method. Fifteen replicate titrations of the sample giving the average chloride content of 3.5%. The precision for both method and system was found to be 0.28% and 2.22% respectively, which is within the acceptable limit. The good precision achieved by this method concludes the intention of the work to develop a method that ensures the endpoint can be determined accurately with better reproducibility, reduced titrant, sample and not operator dependent.
VL  - 8
IS  - 2
ER  -

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