Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry

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Fatty Amides in Minutes: Direct Formation from Fatty Esters in a Green Synthetic Process

Received: 25 July 2019    Accepted: 20 August 2019    Published: 13 February 2020
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Abstract

Fatty amides are used in the manufacture of drugs, cosmetics, plastics, insecticides, etc. but the synthetic process involves fatty ester-derived fatty acid steps with economic and environmental consequences. Fatty esters (vegetable oils) are available in abundance and renewable but have not been used directly or cost effectively in the production of fatty amides. The fatty ester is usually first stripped to fatty acids resulting in a two-step instead of a single step synthesis which requires high temperatures (100 – 240°C), long reaction time (3 – 72 hours) and the use of catalyst. We had previously reported on a novel green method for the direct formation of fatty amides from a fatty ester. In the present study, the functionality and applicability of this green method is evaluated using a culinary and non-culinary oil namely peanut and castor oils. Each oil sample was hydrolyzed with NaOH in a non-aqueous medium and reacted in-situ with NH4Cl at 50°C in a reaction time of 60 minutes with no catalyst added. Conversions of 83 and 79% were recorded for the reactions of peanut and castor oils, respectively. The products of synthesis were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and various concentrations of product samples and two reference samples - erucamide and oleamide obtained from Sigma Aldrich - were subjected to Gas chromatography – Mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. The qualitative GC-MS reports revealed the presence of 9-octadecenamide (oleamide) and hexadecanamide (palmitamide) at retention times of 27.76 and 23.90 minutes, respectively for all samples, including the reference. The predominant component of the second reference sample, erucamide, was found to be 13-docosenamide (erucamide) appearing at GC retention time of 32.58 minutes. The IR spectra of the products are strongly indicative of the presence of amides. The GC-MS analysis of the product samples confirms the formation of fatty amides. The detection of oleamide and erucamide in the reference samples and the detection of methyl ricinoleate at GC retention time of 26.573 minutes in the castor oil product sample validates the GC-MS analysis and confirms the functionality and applicability of this novel method of synthesis.

DOI 10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14
Published in Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry (Volume 8, Issue 1, March 2020)
Page(s) 18-28
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Fatty Acids, Fatty Amides, Fatty Esters, Green Process, Synthetic Method, Gas Chromatogram, Mass Spectra

References
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[2] Abel-Anyebe, O. Fatty Amide Formation by Direct Vegetable Oil Stripping. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Jos 2011.
[3] Getachew, P.; Getachew, M.; Joo, J.; Choi, Y. S.; Hwang, D. S.; Hong, Y. The Slip Agents Oleamide and Erucamide Reduce Biofouling by Marine Benthic Organisms (Diatoms, Biofilms and Abalones). Tox. and Env Health Sciences 2016 8 (5) 341–348.
[4] Mathew’s Chemistry Blog Extraction of the slip-additives erucamide, behenamide and oleamide https://www.mjlphd.net/blog/extraction-of-the-slip-additives-erucamide-behenamide-and-oleamide.
[5] Jaeger, C. W.; Titterington, D. R.; Bui, L. V. US Patent 5,902,841, Google Patents, 1/jo400509n.
[6] Abel-Anyebe, O.; Ekpenyong, K. I.; Eseyin, A. Int. J. Chem, 2013, 5, 1, 80-86.
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[9] Tremblay, H.; St-Georges, C.; Legault, M. A.; Morin, C.; Fortin, S.; Marsault, E.; One-pot Synthesis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Amides with Anti-proliferative Properties, Bioorganic & Med. Chem. Letts., 2014, 24, 24, 5635-5638.
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[17] Hedlund, P. B.; Carson, M. J.; Sutcliffe, J. G.; Thomas, E. A.; Allosteric Regulation by Oleamide of the Binding Properties of 5-Hydroxytryptamine7 Receptors Biochem pharmacol, 1999, 58, 11, 1807-13.
[18] Hoong, S. S.; Ahmad, S.; Hassan, H. A. Process for the Production of Fatty Acid Amides. Grant publication number US7098351 B2Grant no US7098351 B2.
[19] Research and Markets Fatty amides: Global market report (2018-2022) forecast, April 13 2018.
[20] Orsavova, J.; Misurcova, L.; Ambrozova, J. V.; Vicha, R.; Mlcek, J. Fatty Acids Composition of Vegetable Oils and Its Contribution to Dietary Energy Intake and Dependence of Cardiovascular Mortality on Dietary Intake of Fatty Acids. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015 16 12871-12890 doi: 10.3390/ijms160612871.
[21] Mancini, A.; Imperlini, E.; Nigro, E.; Montagnese, C.; Daniele, A.; Orrù, S.; Buono, P. Biological and Nutritional Properties of Palm Oil and Palmitic Acid: Effects on Health Molecules 2015 20 (9) 17339-17361 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200917339.
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[24] Youngs, C. G.; Mallard, T. M.; Craig, B. M.; Sallans, H. R. Component Fatty Acids of Rapeseed Oil. Canadian J. Chem. 1921 29 871-876.
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Author Information
  • Science Laboratory Technology Department, Benue State Polytechnic, Ugbokolo, Nigeria; Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, The United States

  • Chemistry Department, Howard University, Washington DC, The United States

  • Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, The United States

  • Chemistry Department, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria

  • Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, The United States

Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Onyanobi Abel-Anyebe, Nabil Idris, Djene Keita, Kieran Ita Ekpenyong, Momoh Audu Yakubu. (2020). Fatty Amides in Minutes: Direct Formation from Fatty Esters in a Green Synthetic Process. Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 8(1), 18-28. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14

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    Onyanobi Abel-Anyebe; Nabil Idris; Djene Keita; Kieran Ita Ekpenyong; Momoh Audu Yakubu. Fatty Amides in Minutes: Direct Formation from Fatty Esters in a Green Synthetic Process. Sci. J. Anal. Chem. 2020, 8(1), 18-28. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14

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    AMA Style

    Onyanobi Abel-Anyebe, Nabil Idris, Djene Keita, Kieran Ita Ekpenyong, Momoh Audu Yakubu. Fatty Amides in Minutes: Direct Formation from Fatty Esters in a Green Synthetic Process. Sci J Anal Chem. 2020;8(1):18-28. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14

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  • @article{10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14,
      author = {Onyanobi Abel-Anyebe and Nabil Idris and Djene Keita and Kieran Ita Ekpenyong and Momoh Audu Yakubu},
      title = {Fatty Amides in Minutes: Direct Formation from Fatty Esters in a Green Synthetic Process},
      journal = {Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry},
      volume = {8},
      number = {1},
      pages = {18-28},
      doi = {10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjac.20200801.14},
      abstract = {Fatty amides are used in the manufacture of drugs, cosmetics, plastics, insecticides, etc. but the synthetic process involves fatty ester-derived fatty acid steps with economic and environmental consequences. Fatty esters (vegetable oils) are available in abundance and renewable but have not been used directly or cost effectively in the production of fatty amides. The fatty ester is usually first stripped to fatty acids resulting in a two-step instead of a single step synthesis which requires high temperatures (100 – 240°C), long reaction time (3 – 72 hours) and the use of catalyst. We had previously reported on a novel green method for the direct formation of fatty amides from a fatty ester. In the present study, the functionality and applicability of this green method is evaluated using a culinary and non-culinary oil namely peanut and castor oils. Each oil sample was hydrolyzed with NaOH in a non-aqueous medium and reacted in-situ with NH4Cl at 50°C in a reaction time of 60 minutes with no catalyst added. Conversions of 83 and 79% were recorded for the reactions of peanut and castor oils, respectively. The products of synthesis were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and various concentrations of product samples and two reference samples - erucamide and oleamide obtained from Sigma Aldrich - were subjected to Gas chromatography – Mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. The qualitative GC-MS reports revealed the presence of 9-octadecenamide (oleamide) and hexadecanamide (palmitamide) at retention times of 27.76 and 23.90 minutes, respectively for all samples, including the reference. The predominant component of the second reference sample, erucamide, was found to be 13-docosenamide (erucamide) appearing at GC retention time of 32.58 minutes. The IR spectra of the products are strongly indicative of the presence of amides. The GC-MS analysis of the product samples confirms the formation of fatty amides. The detection of oleamide and erucamide in the reference samples and the detection of methyl ricinoleate at GC retention time of 26.573 minutes in the castor oil product sample validates the GC-MS analysis and confirms the functionality and applicability of this novel method of synthesis.},
     year = {2020}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Fatty Amides in Minutes: Direct Formation from Fatty Esters in a Green Synthetic Process
    AU  - Onyanobi Abel-Anyebe
    AU  - Nabil Idris
    AU  - Djene Keita
    AU  - Kieran Ita Ekpenyong
    AU  - Momoh Audu Yakubu
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    DO  - 10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14
    T2  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
    JF  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
    JO  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
    SP  - 18
    EP  - 28
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2376-8053
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20200801.14
    AB  - Fatty amides are used in the manufacture of drugs, cosmetics, plastics, insecticides, etc. but the synthetic process involves fatty ester-derived fatty acid steps with economic and environmental consequences. Fatty esters (vegetable oils) are available in abundance and renewable but have not been used directly or cost effectively in the production of fatty amides. The fatty ester is usually first stripped to fatty acids resulting in a two-step instead of a single step synthesis which requires high temperatures (100 – 240°C), long reaction time (3 – 72 hours) and the use of catalyst. We had previously reported on a novel green method for the direct formation of fatty amides from a fatty ester. In the present study, the functionality and applicability of this green method is evaluated using a culinary and non-culinary oil namely peanut and castor oils. Each oil sample was hydrolyzed with NaOH in a non-aqueous medium and reacted in-situ with NH4Cl at 50°C in a reaction time of 60 minutes with no catalyst added. Conversions of 83 and 79% were recorded for the reactions of peanut and castor oils, respectively. The products of synthesis were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and various concentrations of product samples and two reference samples - erucamide and oleamide obtained from Sigma Aldrich - were subjected to Gas chromatography – Mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. The qualitative GC-MS reports revealed the presence of 9-octadecenamide (oleamide) and hexadecanamide (palmitamide) at retention times of 27.76 and 23.90 minutes, respectively for all samples, including the reference. The predominant component of the second reference sample, erucamide, was found to be 13-docosenamide (erucamide) appearing at GC retention time of 32.58 minutes. The IR spectra of the products are strongly indicative of the presence of amides. The GC-MS analysis of the product samples confirms the formation of fatty amides. The detection of oleamide and erucamide in the reference samples and the detection of methyl ricinoleate at GC retention time of 26.573 minutes in the castor oil product sample validates the GC-MS analysis and confirms the functionality and applicability of this novel method of synthesis.
    VL  - 8
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

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