Effect of Short-Term Oral Vitamin D<sub>3</sub> Supplementation on Tear Film in Dry Eye Subjects

Saud Ahmed Alanazi; Ali Suleeman Alfaifi; Ali Abusharha; Raied Fagehi; Ali Mazyed Alsaqr; Gamal Abdel-Rahman El-Hiti; Ali Mohammed Masmali

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijovs.20190403.13

Effect of Short-Term Oral Vitamin D₃ Supplementation on Tear Film in Dry Eye Subjects

Saud Ahmed Alanazi, Ali Suleeman Alfaifi, Ali Abusharha, Raied Fagehi, Ali Mazyed Alsaqr, Gamal Abdel-Rahman El-Hiti, Ali Mohammed Masmali

Published in International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science (Volume 4, Issue 3)

Received: 31 July 2019 Accepted: 15 August 2019 Published: 28 August 2019

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Abstract

Vitamin D deficiency is common worldwide, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/L) is very high in Saudi Arabia and is associated with several chronic illnesses. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of short-term oral vitamin D₃ supplementation on tear film stability in dry eye subjects. Thirty male dry eye subjects aged 19–37 years (mean ± standard deviation (SD) = 26.2±5.0 years) completed the study. An age-matched control group of 30 normal eye male subjects (25.6±4.3 years) was also recruited. Each subject received an oral vitamin D₃ supplement (400 IU daily) for 3 consecutive days. The tear ferning (TF), phenol red thread (PRT), and tear break-up time (TBUT) tests were performed before and 24 hours after the third dose of vitamin D₃ supplement. TF grades were significantly (Wilcoxon test, p<0.001) decreased (median (IQR) = 1.8 (0.8) in dry eye subjects after vitamin D₃ supplementation compared to those obtained before supplementation (2.3 (0.6)). TF grades were improved in 86.7% of dry eye subjects (n=26). Although PRT and TBUT tests scores were higher post-vitamin D₃ supplementation, the differences were not significant (Wilcoxon test, p>0.05). No significant differences in TF grades and PRT and TBUT scores were observed between pre- and post-vitamin D₃ supplementation in healthy controls. For the study group, there were strong correlations between measurements of PRT (OD) and PRT (OS) and between TBUT (OD) and TBUT (OS) pre- and post-vitamin D₃ supplementation. No correlation was found between TF (OD) and TF (OS) grades pre- and post-vitamin D₃ supplementation. The TF test suggests that short-term oral vitamin D₃ supplementation can improve the quality of tears in dry eye subjects. Oral vitamin D₃ supplementation can be potentially used as an effective treatment for subjects with dry eye symptoms. Our study offers important insights into how vitamin D₃ supplementation can improve tear film in dry eye patients and in turn improving patients’ quality of life. Future studies are needed to investigate the long-term effect of vitamin D₃ supplementation on the stability of the tear film.

Published in	International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science (Volume 4, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijovs.20190403.13
Page(s)	51-57
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Vitamin D₃ Supplement, Dry Eye, Tear Film, Tear Ferning Test, Phenol Red Thread Test, Correlation

References

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Saud Ahmed Alanazi, Ali Suleeman Alfaifi, Ali Abusharha, Raied Fagehi, Ali Mazyed Alsaqr, et al. (2019). Effect of Short-Term Oral Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Tear Film in Dry Eye Subjects. International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 4(3), 51-57. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20190403.13

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ACS Style

Saud Ahmed Alanazi; Ali Suleeman Alfaifi; Ali Abusharha; Raied Fagehi; Ali Mazyed Alsaqr, et al. Effect of Short-Term Oral Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Tear Film in Dry Eye Subjects. Int. J. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2019, 4(3), 51-57. doi: 10.11648/j.ijovs.20190403.13

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AMA Style

Saud Ahmed Alanazi, Ali Suleeman Alfaifi, Ali Abusharha, Raied Fagehi, Ali Mazyed Alsaqr, et al. Effect of Short-Term Oral Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Tear Film in Dry Eye Subjects. Int J Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;4(3):51-57. doi: 10.11648/j.ijovs.20190403.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ijovs.20190403.13,
  author = {Saud Ahmed Alanazi and Ali Suleeman Alfaifi and Ali Abusharha and Raied Fagehi and Ali Mazyed Alsaqr and Gamal Abdel-Rahman El-Hiti and Ali Mohammed Masmali},
  title = {Effect of Short-Term Oral Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Tear Film in Dry Eye Subjects},
  journal = {International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
  volume = {4},
  number = {3},
  pages = {51-57},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijovs.20190403.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20190403.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijovs.20190403.13},
  abstract = {Vitamin D deficiency is common worldwide, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (3 supplementation on tear film stability in dry eye subjects. Thirty male dry eye subjects aged 19–37 years (mean ± standard deviation (SD) = 26.2±5.0 years) completed the study. An age-matched control group of 30 normal eye male subjects (25.6±4.3 years) was also recruited. Each subject received an oral vitamin D3 supplement (400 IU daily) for 3 consecutive days. The tear ferning (TF), phenol red thread (PRT), and tear break-up time (TBUT) tests were performed before and 24 hours after the third dose of vitamin D3 supplement. TF grades were significantly (Wilcoxon test, p3 supplementation compared to those obtained before supplementation (2.3 (0.6)). TF grades were improved in 86.7% of dry eye subjects (n=26). Although PRT and TBUT tests scores were higher post-vitamin D3 supplementation, the differences were not significant (Wilcoxon test, p>0.05). No significant differences in TF grades and PRT and TBUT scores were observed between pre- and post-vitamin D3 supplementation in healthy controls. For the study group, there were strong correlations between measurements of PRT (OD) and PRT (OS) and between TBUT (OD) and TBUT (OS) pre- and post-vitamin D3 supplementation. No correlation was found between TF (OD) and TF (OS) grades pre- and post-vitamin D3 supplementation. The TF test suggests that short-term oral vitamin D3 supplementation can improve the quality of tears in dry eye subjects. Oral vitamin D3 supplementation can be potentially used as an effective treatment for subjects with dry eye symptoms. Our study offers important insights into how vitamin D3 supplementation can improve tear film in dry eye patients and in turn improving patients’ quality of life. Future studies are needed to investigate the long-term effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on the stability of the tear film.},
 year = {2019}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effect of Short-Term Oral Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Tear Film in Dry Eye Subjects
AU  - Saud Ahmed Alanazi
AU  - Ali Suleeman Alfaifi
AU  - Ali Abusharha
AU  - Raied Fagehi
AU  - Ali Mazyed Alsaqr
AU  - Gamal Abdel-Rahman El-Hiti
AU  - Ali Mohammed Masmali
Y1  - 2019/08/28
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20190403.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijovs.20190403.13
T2  - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
JF  - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
JO  - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
SP  - 51
EP  - 57
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-3858
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20190403.13
AB  - Vitamin D deficiency is common worldwide, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (3 supplementation on tear film stability in dry eye subjects. Thirty male dry eye subjects aged 19–37 years (mean ± standard deviation (SD) = 26.2±5.0 years) completed the study. An age-matched control group of 30 normal eye male subjects (25.6±4.3 years) was also recruited. Each subject received an oral vitamin D3 supplement (400 IU daily) for 3 consecutive days. The tear ferning (TF), phenol red thread (PRT), and tear break-up time (TBUT) tests were performed before and 24 hours after the third dose of vitamin D3 supplement. TF grades were significantly (Wilcoxon test, p3 supplementation compared to those obtained before supplementation (2.3 (0.6)). TF grades were improved in 86.7% of dry eye subjects (n=26). Although PRT and TBUT tests scores were higher post-vitamin D3 supplementation, the differences were not significant (Wilcoxon test, p>0.05). No significant differences in TF grades and PRT and TBUT scores were observed between pre- and post-vitamin D3 supplementation in healthy controls. For the study group, there were strong correlations between measurements of PRT (OD) and PRT (OS) and between TBUT (OD) and TBUT (OS) pre- and post-vitamin D3 supplementation. No correlation was found between TF (OD) and TF (OS) grades pre- and post-vitamin D3 supplementation. The TF test suggests that short-term oral vitamin D3 supplementation can improve the quality of tears in dry eye subjects. Oral vitamin D3 supplementation can be potentially used as an effective treatment for subjects with dry eye symptoms. Our study offers important insights into how vitamin D3 supplementation can improve tear film in dry eye patients and in turn improving patients’ quality of life. Future studies are needed to investigate the long-term effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on the stability of the tear film.
VL  - 4
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Saud Ahmed Alanazi

Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Ali Suleeman Alfaifi

Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Ali Abusharha

Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Raied Fagehi

Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Ali Mazyed Alsaqr

Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Gamal Abdel-Rahman El-Hiti

Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Ali Mohammed Masmali

Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Saud Ahmed Alanazi, Ali Suleeman Alfaifi, Ali Abusharha, Raied Fagehi, Ali Mazyed Alsaqr, et al. (2019). Effect of Short-Term Oral Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Tear Film in Dry Eye Subjects. International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 4(3), 51-57. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20190403.13

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ACS Style

Saud Ahmed Alanazi; Ali Suleeman Alfaifi; Ali Abusharha; Raied Fagehi; Ali Mazyed Alsaqr, et al. Effect of Short-Term Oral Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Tear Film in Dry Eye Subjects. Int. J. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2019, 4(3), 51-57. doi: 10.11648/j.ijovs.20190403.13

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AMA Style

Saud Ahmed Alanazi, Ali Suleeman Alfaifi, Ali Abusharha, Raied Fagehi, Ali Mazyed Alsaqr, et al. Effect of Short-Term Oral Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Tear Film in Dry Eye Subjects. Int J Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;4(3):51-57. doi: 10.11648/j.ijovs.20190403.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijovs.20190403.13,
  author = {Saud Ahmed Alanazi and Ali Suleeman Alfaifi and Ali Abusharha and Raied Fagehi and Ali Mazyed Alsaqr and Gamal Abdel-Rahman El-Hiti and Ali Mohammed Masmali},
  title = {Effect of Short-Term Oral Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Tear Film in Dry Eye Subjects},
  journal = {International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
  volume = {4},
  number = {3},
  pages = {51-57},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijovs.20190403.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20190403.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijovs.20190403.13},
  abstract = {Vitamin D deficiency is common worldwide, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (3 supplementation on tear film stability in dry eye subjects. Thirty male dry eye subjects aged 19–37 years (mean ± standard deviation (SD) = 26.2±5.0 years) completed the study. An age-matched control group of 30 normal eye male subjects (25.6±4.3 years) was also recruited. Each subject received an oral vitamin D3 supplement (400 IU daily) for 3 consecutive days. The tear ferning (TF), phenol red thread (PRT), and tear break-up time (TBUT) tests were performed before and 24 hours after the third dose of vitamin D3 supplement. TF grades were significantly (Wilcoxon test, p3 supplementation compared to those obtained before supplementation (2.3 (0.6)). TF grades were improved in 86.7% of dry eye subjects (n=26). Although PRT and TBUT tests scores were higher post-vitamin D3 supplementation, the differences were not significant (Wilcoxon test, p>0.05). No significant differences in TF grades and PRT and TBUT scores were observed between pre- and post-vitamin D3 supplementation in healthy controls. For the study group, there were strong correlations between measurements of PRT (OD) and PRT (OS) and between TBUT (OD) and TBUT (OS) pre- and post-vitamin D3 supplementation. No correlation was found between TF (OD) and TF (OS) grades pre- and post-vitamin D3 supplementation. The TF test suggests that short-term oral vitamin D3 supplementation can improve the quality of tears in dry eye subjects. Oral vitamin D3 supplementation can be potentially used as an effective treatment for subjects with dry eye symptoms. Our study offers important insights into how vitamin D3 supplementation can improve tear film in dry eye patients and in turn improving patients’ quality of life. Future studies are needed to investigate the long-term effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on the stability of the tear film.},
 year = {2019}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effect of Short-Term Oral Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Tear Film in Dry Eye Subjects
AU  - Saud Ahmed Alanazi
AU  - Ali Suleeman Alfaifi
AU  - Ali Abusharha
AU  - Raied Fagehi
AU  - Ali Mazyed Alsaqr
AU  - Gamal Abdel-Rahman El-Hiti
AU  - Ali Mohammed Masmali
Y1  - 2019/08/28
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20190403.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijovs.20190403.13
T2  - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
JF  - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
JO  - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
SP  - 51
EP  - 57
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-3858
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20190403.13
AB  - Vitamin D deficiency is common worldwide, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (3 supplementation on tear film stability in dry eye subjects. Thirty male dry eye subjects aged 19–37 years (mean ± standard deviation (SD) = 26.2±5.0 years) completed the study. An age-matched control group of 30 normal eye male subjects (25.6±4.3 years) was also recruited. Each subject received an oral vitamin D3 supplement (400 IU daily) for 3 consecutive days. The tear ferning (TF), phenol red thread (PRT), and tear break-up time (TBUT) tests were performed before and 24 hours after the third dose of vitamin D3 supplement. TF grades were significantly (Wilcoxon test, p3 supplementation compared to those obtained before supplementation (2.3 (0.6)). TF grades were improved in 86.7% of dry eye subjects (n=26). Although PRT and TBUT tests scores were higher post-vitamin D3 supplementation, the differences were not significant (Wilcoxon test, p>0.05). No significant differences in TF grades and PRT and TBUT scores were observed between pre- and post-vitamin D3 supplementation in healthy controls. For the study group, there were strong correlations between measurements of PRT (OD) and PRT (OS) and between TBUT (OD) and TBUT (OS) pre- and post-vitamin D3 supplementation. No correlation was found between TF (OD) and TF (OS) grades pre- and post-vitamin D3 supplementation. The TF test suggests that short-term oral vitamin D3 supplementation can improve the quality of tears in dry eye subjects. Oral vitamin D3 supplementation can be potentially used as an effective treatment for subjects with dry eye symptoms. Our study offers important insights into how vitamin D3 supplementation can improve tear film in dry eye patients and in turn improving patients’ quality of life. Future studies are needed to investigate the long-term effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on the stability of the tear film.
VL  - 4
IS  - 3
ER  -

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