Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis Infection in North Gondar Zone, Amhara Region, North West Ethiopia, Case Control Study

Kindie Bantie; Fasil Tessema; Desalegn Massa; Yilkal Tafere

doi:doi:10.11648/j.sjph.20140206.20

| Peer-Reviewed |

Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis Infection in North Gondar Zone, Amhara Region, North West Ethiopia, Case Control Study

Kindie Bantie, Fasil Tessema, Desalegn Massa, Yilkal Tafere

Received: 22 October 2014 Accepted: 4 November 2014 Published: 10 November 2014

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Background: Leishmaniasis is becoming a major public health problem both in terms of geographical spread and incidence. Visceral leishmaniasis, the worst form among its clinical forms, is the second largest cause of parasite related death responsible for 500,000 new cases each year. No or few risk factor data is available in North Gondar zone on this deadly disease. Objective: To assess determinants of visceral leishmaniasis in North Gondar Zone, North West Ethiopia. Methods: Facility based unmatched case-control study was employed from September 1-30, 2013. Samples of 545 case control pairs were included using consecutive sampling technique. Data was collected using pretested structured questionnaire; entered into EpiData version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 16.0 for analysis. Crude and adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI was calculated to determine the strength of association between response and predictor variables. P-value less than 0.05 were considered as a level of significance. Result: Male sex (OR=4.64; 95%CI=2.29, 9.39) and age below 15 years (OR=3.26; 95%CI=1.54, 6.92) were positively associated with visceral leishmaniasis infection. Mud wall (OR= 2.49; 95%CI=1.12, 5.58), presences of dog (OR=4.41; 95%CI= 2.25, 8.62), termite hills (OR=3.04; 95%CI=1.59, 5.81) and acacia trees (OR=3.19; 95%CI=1.70, 5.99) increased the risk of infection. Outdoor sleeping (OR=6.28; 95%CI= 3.41, 11.55) was also associated with higher risk of infection. HIV infection (OR=3.28; 95%CI=1.45, 7.39) and malnutrition (OR=2.92; 95%CI=1.55, 5.51) were associated with higher risk of infection. Conclusion: Male gender and being below 15 years of age were positive socio-demographic determinants of visceral leishmaniasis. House made with mud wall was among the associated factors. Presence of dog, termite hills and acacia trees were also important risk factors. Outdoor sleeping was positively associated with visceral leishmaniasis. HIV and malnutrition were also important predictors of the disease. Therefore, the risk of infection can be reduced by improving housing condition, sleeping indoor above ground, making residential area free and far from termite hills and acacia tree. The role of peridomestic animals should also be investigated.

DOI	10.11648/j.sjph.20140206.20
Published in	Science Journal of Public Health (Volume 2, Issue 6, November 2014)
Page(s)	560-568
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Visceral Leishmaniasis, Infection, Ethiopia

References

[1]	World Health Organization. Report of fifth consultative meeting on Leishmania/HIV coinfection, Adddis Ababa, Ethiopia, 20-22 March 2007; WHO/CDS/NTD/IDM/2007.5.
[2]	Joseph. A. Lotukoi. Factors Predisposing the Community to Visceral Leishmaniasis in Kacheliba Division of West Pokot District, Kenya. March 19, 2013. Available at: URL: http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/graduate/images/stories/docs/abstracts/2009/factors_predisposing.pdf
[3]	World health organization. The leishmaniasis. Geneva, World Health Organization technical report series 1984;701
[4]	Oliveira CDL, Diez-Roux A, Cesar CC, Proietti FA. A case control study of microenvironmental risk factors for urban visceral leishmaniasis in a large city in Brazil, 1999-2000. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2006;20(6):369-79
[5]	Belo VS, Werneck GL, Barbosa DS, Simo˜ es TC, Nascimento BWL, et al. Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis in the Americas: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(4):e2182. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002182).
[6]	S. Akter, M. Z. Alam, M. T. Islam1 and M. M. H. Mondal. Seroepidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis and cattle as a possible reservoir host at Trishal Upazila in Bangladesh. J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 2012; 10(1):79–86.
[7]	Karl Schenkel, Suman Rijal, Siddhartha Koirala, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis in southeastern Nepal: A cross sectional survey on Leishmania donovani infection and its risk factors. Tropical Medicine and International Health. December 2006; 11(12):1792–1799.
[8]	Seife Bashaye, et al. Risk Factors for Visceral Leishmaniasis in a New Epidemic Site in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2009; 81(1):34–39.
[9]	S. P. Singh, E. Hasker, A. Picado, K. Gidwani, et al. Risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis in India: further evidence on the role of domestic animals. Tropical Medicine and International Health. July 2010; 15 (2):29–35.
[10]	Epco Hasker, Shri Prakash Singh, Paritosh Malaviya, et al. Visceral Leishmaniasis in Rural Bihar, India. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012 October; 18(10).
[11]	Adhikari SR1, Supakankunti S1, Khan MM2. Kala azar in Nepal: Estimating the effects of socioeconomic factors on disease incidence. Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 2010; 8(1), Issue 29: 73-79
[12]	Kesari et al. Study of house-level risk factors associated in the transmission of Indian Kala-azar. Parasites & Vectors. 2010; 3:94.
[13]	Ali A. Visceral leishmaniasis in southern Ethiopia: I. Environmental and behavioral risk factors. Ethiop J Health Dev. 1997;11(2):131–137
[14]	Ali A. Visceral leishmaniasis in Southern Ethiopia: II. Nutritional risk factors. Ethiop J Health Dev. 1997; 11(2):139–144.
[15]	World health organization. Control of the leishmaniases. WHO, Geneva, March 2010; WHO Technical Report Series 949
[16]	Surendra Uranw, Epco Hasker, Lalita Roy, Murari Lal Das, Narayan Raj Bhattarai. Risk Factors for Visceral Leishmaniasis in Urban Residents in Dharan Town of Eastern Nepal. 13th ASCON. 2011; 114 (064).
[17]	Jan H Kolaczinski, Richard Reithinger, Dagemlidet T Worku, et al. Risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis in East Africa: a case-control study in Pokot territory of Kenya and Uganda. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2008;37:344–352 doi:10.1093/ije/dym275
[18]	John Lagu Nyunguraa, Venny C.S Nyambatib, Mugo Muitac and Eric Muchirid. Risk factors for the transmission of kala-azar in Fangak, South Sudan. SSMJ. May; 2011; 4 (2).
[19]	Ter Horst et al. Concordant HIV Infection and Visceral Leishmaniasis in Ethiopia: The Influence of Antiretroviral Treatment and Other Factors on Outcome. 1 June (August 27, 2013); CID 2008:46. Available at: URL: http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/.
[20]	Suzi Lyons, Hans Veeken and Jean Long. Visceral leishmaniasis and HIV in Tigray, Ethiopia. Tropical Medicine and International Health. August 2003; 8(8):733–739.
[21]	Médecins Sans Frontières. Campaign for access to essential medicines. Leishmaniasis Fact sheet. April 2004.
[22]	World Health Organization. Global plan to combat neglected tropical diseases. 2008-2015; WHO/CDS/NTD/2007.3.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Kindie Bantie, Fasil Tessema, Desalegn Massa, Yilkal Tafere. (2014). Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis Infection in North Gondar Zone, Amhara Region, North West Ethiopia, Case Control Study. Science Journal of Public Health, 2(6), 560-568. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20140206.20

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Kindie Bantie; Fasil Tessema; Desalegn Massa; Yilkal Tafere. Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis Infection in North Gondar Zone, Amhara Region, North West Ethiopia, Case Control Study. Sci. J. Public Health 2014, 2(6), 560-568. doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.20140206.20

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Kindie Bantie, Fasil Tessema, Desalegn Massa, Yilkal Tafere. Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis Infection in North Gondar Zone, Amhara Region, North West Ethiopia, Case Control Study. Sci J Public Health. 2014;2(6):560-568. doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.20140206.20

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.sjph.20140206.20,
  author = {Kindie Bantie and Fasil Tessema and Desalegn Massa and Yilkal Tafere},
  title = {Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis Infection in North Gondar Zone, Amhara Region, North West Ethiopia, Case Control Study},
  journal = {Science Journal of Public Health},
  volume = {2},
  number = {6},
  pages = {560-568},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjph.20140206.20},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20140206.20},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjph.20140206.20},
  abstract = {Background: Leishmaniasis is becoming a major public health problem both in terms of geographical spread and incidence. Visceral leishmaniasis, the worst form among its clinical forms, is the second largest cause of parasite related death responsible for 500,000 new cases each year. No or few risk factor data is available in North Gondar zone on this deadly disease. Objective: To assess determinants of visceral leishmaniasis in North Gondar Zone, North West Ethiopia. Methods: Facility based unmatched case-control study was employed from September 1-30, 2013. Samples of 545 case control pairs were included using consecutive sampling technique. Data was collected using pretested structured questionnaire; entered into EpiData version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 16.0 for analysis. Crude and adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI was calculated to determine the strength of association between response and predictor variables. P-value less than 0.05 were considered as a level of significance. Result: Male sex (OR=4.64; 95%CI=2.29, 9.39) and age below 15 years (OR=3.26; 95%CI=1.54, 6.92) were positively associated with visceral leishmaniasis infection. Mud wall (OR= 2.49; 95%CI=1.12, 5.58), presences of dog (OR=4.41; 95%CI= 2.25, 8.62), termite hills (OR=3.04; 95%CI=1.59, 5.81) and acacia trees (OR=3.19; 95%CI=1.70, 5.99) increased the risk of infection. Outdoor sleeping (OR=6.28; 95%CI= 3.41, 11.55) was also associated with higher risk of infection. HIV infection (OR=3.28; 95%CI=1.45, 7.39) and malnutrition (OR=2.92; 95%CI=1.55, 5.51) were associated with higher risk of infection. Conclusion: Male gender and being below 15 years of age were positive socio-demographic determinants of visceral leishmaniasis. House made with mud wall was among the associated factors. Presence of dog, termite hills and acacia trees were also important risk factors. Outdoor sleeping was positively associated with visceral leishmaniasis. HIV and malnutrition were also important predictors of the disease. Therefore, the risk of infection can be reduced by improving housing condition, sleeping indoor above ground, making residential area free and far from termite hills and acacia tree. The role of peridomestic animals should also be investigated.},
 year = {2014}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis Infection in North Gondar Zone, Amhara Region, North West Ethiopia, Case Control Study
AU  - Kindie Bantie
AU  - Fasil Tessema
AU  - Desalegn Massa
AU  - Yilkal Tafere
Y1  - 2014/11/10
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20140206.20
DO  - 10.11648/j.sjph.20140206.20
T2  - Science Journal of Public Health
JF  - Science Journal of Public Health
JO  - Science Journal of Public Health
SP  - 560
EP  - 568
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-7950
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20140206.20
AB  - Background: Leishmaniasis is becoming a major public health problem both in terms of geographical spread and incidence. Visceral leishmaniasis, the worst form among its clinical forms, is the second largest cause of parasite related death responsible for 500,000 new cases each year. No or few risk factor data is available in North Gondar zone on this deadly disease. Objective: To assess determinants of visceral leishmaniasis in North Gondar Zone, North West Ethiopia. Methods: Facility based unmatched case-control study was employed from September 1-30, 2013. Samples of 545 case control pairs were included using consecutive sampling technique. Data was collected using pretested structured questionnaire; entered into EpiData version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 16.0 for analysis. Crude and adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI was calculated to determine the strength of association between response and predictor variables. P-value less than 0.05 were considered as a level of significance. Result: Male sex (OR=4.64; 95%CI=2.29, 9.39) and age below 15 years (OR=3.26; 95%CI=1.54, 6.92) were positively associated with visceral leishmaniasis infection. Mud wall (OR= 2.49; 95%CI=1.12, 5.58), presences of dog (OR=4.41; 95%CI= 2.25, 8.62), termite hills (OR=3.04; 95%CI=1.59, 5.81) and acacia trees (OR=3.19; 95%CI=1.70, 5.99) increased the risk of infection. Outdoor sleeping (OR=6.28; 95%CI= 3.41, 11.55) was also associated with higher risk of infection. HIV infection (OR=3.28; 95%CI=1.45, 7.39) and malnutrition (OR=2.92; 95%CI=1.55, 5.51) were associated with higher risk of infection. Conclusion: Male gender and being below 15 years of age were positive socio-demographic determinants of visceral leishmaniasis. House made with mud wall was among the associated factors. Presence of dog, termite hills and acacia trees were also important risk factors. Outdoor sleeping was positively associated with visceral leishmaniasis. HIV and malnutrition were also important predictors of the disease. Therefore, the risk of infection can be reduced by improving housing condition, sleeping indoor above ground, making residential area free and far from termite hills and acacia tree. The role of peridomestic animals should also be investigated.
VL  - 2
IS  - 6
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Kindie Bantie

Desta Medium Clinic, North Gondar, Ethiopia
Fasil Tessema

Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Desalegn Massa

Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Yilkal Tafere

Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor Health Science College, DebreTabor, Ethiopia

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Kindie Bantie, Fasil Tessema, Desalegn Massa, Yilkal Tafere. (2014). Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis Infection in North Gondar Zone, Amhara Region, North West Ethiopia, Case Control Study. Science Journal of Public Health, 2(6), 560-568. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20140206.20

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Kindie Bantie; Fasil Tessema; Desalegn Massa; Yilkal Tafere. Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis Infection in North Gondar Zone, Amhara Region, North West Ethiopia, Case Control Study. Sci. J. Public Health 2014, 2(6), 560-568. doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.20140206.20

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Kindie Bantie, Fasil Tessema, Desalegn Massa, Yilkal Tafere. Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis Infection in North Gondar Zone, Amhara Region, North West Ethiopia, Case Control Study. Sci J Public Health. 2014;2(6):560-568. doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.20140206.20

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.sjph.20140206.20,
  author = {Kindie Bantie and Fasil Tessema and Desalegn Massa and Yilkal Tafere},
  title = {Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis Infection in North Gondar Zone, Amhara Region, North West Ethiopia, Case Control Study},
  journal = {Science Journal of Public Health},
  volume = {2},
  number = {6},
  pages = {560-568},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjph.20140206.20},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20140206.20},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjph.20140206.20},
  abstract = {Background: Leishmaniasis is becoming a major public health problem both in terms of geographical spread and incidence. Visceral leishmaniasis, the worst form among its clinical forms, is the second largest cause of parasite related death responsible for 500,000 new cases each year. No or few risk factor data is available in North Gondar zone on this deadly disease. Objective: To assess determinants of visceral leishmaniasis in North Gondar Zone, North West Ethiopia. Methods: Facility based unmatched case-control study was employed from September 1-30, 2013. Samples of 545 case control pairs were included using consecutive sampling technique. Data was collected using pretested structured questionnaire; entered into EpiData version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 16.0 for analysis. Crude and adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI was calculated to determine the strength of association between response and predictor variables. P-value less than 0.05 were considered as a level of significance. Result: Male sex (OR=4.64; 95%CI=2.29, 9.39) and age below 15 years (OR=3.26; 95%CI=1.54, 6.92) were positively associated with visceral leishmaniasis infection. Mud wall (OR= 2.49; 95%CI=1.12, 5.58), presences of dog (OR=4.41; 95%CI= 2.25, 8.62), termite hills (OR=3.04; 95%CI=1.59, 5.81) and acacia trees (OR=3.19; 95%CI=1.70, 5.99) increased the risk of infection. Outdoor sleeping (OR=6.28; 95%CI= 3.41, 11.55) was also associated with higher risk of infection. HIV infection (OR=3.28; 95%CI=1.45, 7.39) and malnutrition (OR=2.92; 95%CI=1.55, 5.51) were associated with higher risk of infection. Conclusion: Male gender and being below 15 years of age were positive socio-demographic determinants of visceral leishmaniasis. House made with mud wall was among the associated factors. Presence of dog, termite hills and acacia trees were also important risk factors. Outdoor sleeping was positively associated with visceral leishmaniasis. HIV and malnutrition were also important predictors of the disease. Therefore, the risk of infection can be reduced by improving housing condition, sleeping indoor above ground, making residential area free and far from termite hills and acacia tree. The role of peridomestic animals should also be investigated.},
 year = {2014}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Factors Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis Infection in North Gondar Zone, Amhara Region, North West Ethiopia, Case Control Study
AU  - Kindie Bantie
AU  - Fasil Tessema
AU  - Desalegn Massa
AU  - Yilkal Tafere
Y1  - 2014/11/10
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20140206.20
DO  - 10.11648/j.sjph.20140206.20
T2  - Science Journal of Public Health
JF  - Science Journal of Public Health
JO  - Science Journal of Public Health
SP  - 560
EP  - 568
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-7950
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20140206.20
AB  - Background: Leishmaniasis is becoming a major public health problem both in terms of geographical spread and incidence. Visceral leishmaniasis, the worst form among its clinical forms, is the second largest cause of parasite related death responsible for 500,000 new cases each year. No or few risk factor data is available in North Gondar zone on this deadly disease. Objective: To assess determinants of visceral leishmaniasis in North Gondar Zone, North West Ethiopia. Methods: Facility based unmatched case-control study was employed from September 1-30, 2013. Samples of 545 case control pairs were included using consecutive sampling technique. Data was collected using pretested structured questionnaire; entered into EpiData version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 16.0 for analysis. Crude and adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI was calculated to determine the strength of association between response and predictor variables. P-value less than 0.05 were considered as a level of significance. Result: Male sex (OR=4.64; 95%CI=2.29, 9.39) and age below 15 years (OR=3.26; 95%CI=1.54, 6.92) were positively associated with visceral leishmaniasis infection. Mud wall (OR= 2.49; 95%CI=1.12, 5.58), presences of dog (OR=4.41; 95%CI= 2.25, 8.62), termite hills (OR=3.04; 95%CI=1.59, 5.81) and acacia trees (OR=3.19; 95%CI=1.70, 5.99) increased the risk of infection. Outdoor sleeping (OR=6.28; 95%CI= 3.41, 11.55) was also associated with higher risk of infection. HIV infection (OR=3.28; 95%CI=1.45, 7.39) and malnutrition (OR=2.92; 95%CI=1.55, 5.51) were associated with higher risk of infection. Conclusion: Male gender and being below 15 years of age were positive socio-demographic determinants of visceral leishmaniasis. House made with mud wall was among the associated factors. Presence of dog, termite hills and acacia trees were also important risk factors. Outdoor sleeping was positively associated with visceral leishmaniasis. HIV and malnutrition were also important predictors of the disease. Therefore, the risk of infection can be reduced by improving housing condition, sleeping indoor above ground, making residential area free and far from termite hills and acacia tree. The role of peridomestic animals should also be investigated.
VL  - 2
IS  - 6
ER  -

Copy | Download