Critical Segments in the Dissemination and Transmission of Salmonella Species from Poultry Production in Calabar, Nigeria

Nchawa Yangkam Yhiler; Bassey Enya Bassey

doi:doi:10.11648/j.sjph.20150302.13

| Peer-Reviewed

Critical Segments in the Dissemination and Transmission of Salmonella Species from Poultry Production in Calabar, Nigeria

Nchawa Yangkam Yhiler, Bassey Enya Bassey

Published in Science Journal of Public Health (Volume 3, Issue 2)

Received: 9 January 2015 Accepted: 18 January 2015 Published: 11 February 2015

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Salmonella species are ubiquitous enteric bacteria, its ability to survive at different stages of the poultry production and food processing chain has been frequently reported in recent years. The present study was undertaken to investigate the points in the segments involved in the production of poultry in Calabar as vital sources of dissemination and transmission of Salmonella species to humans. A total of 374 samples were collected from three study segments involved in the production of poultry in Calabar, within the period of August 2013 and May 2014. 170 samples were collected from different points in poultry environment which includes (feed from feeders, water from drinkers, litter/faeces from floor, abattoir reins and drag swab from wall); 136 samples were taken from the live birds (cloacal swab, gut, carcass and egg); and 68 samples were derived from poultry handlers (stool specimens and hand wash). The samples were collected aseptically and analysed for the presence of Salmonella species based on the ISO 6579:2002 involving standard bacteriological, biochemical and serologic techniques. The Chi-square, student t-test and simple descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data obtained in this study at 95% confidence level. Salmonella species were recovered from 221 (59.1%) of the examined samples involved in the production of poultry in Calabar. There was no significant statistical difference in the rate of recovery of Salmonella species from the poultry environmental segment (58.8%), bird segment (55.1%) and poultry handlers segment (67.6%) (P = 0.230), implying that these three segments are equally important in the maintenance, dissemination and transmission of Salmonella species. Salmonella species were recovered from all the study sample points implying that all the study poultry sample points are sources of Salmonella species. However, the highest recovery rate of Salmonella species was observed in the stool sample points of poultry handlers (91.2%) and poultry gut sample points (79.4%) which were significantly different from the rest of the poultry sample points (P = 0.021), implying that these two sample points are the major sources of Salmonella species and are critical in the dissemination and transmission of Salmonella species.

Published in	Science Journal of Public Health (Volume 3, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.sjph.20150302.13
Page(s)	168-174
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Salmonella Spp, Poultry, Production Segment, Dissemination/Transmission

References

[1]	Mbuko, I. J., Raji, M. A., Ameh, J., Saidu, L., Musa, W. I. & Abdul, P. A.. Prevalence and seasonality of fowl typhoid disease in Zaria-Kaduna State, Nigeria. Journal of Bacteriology Research, 2009; 1(1): 001-005
[2]	Kanashiro A. M. I., Stoppa, G. F. Z., Cardoso, A. L. S. P., Tessari, E. N. C. & Castro, A. G. M. Serovars of Salmonella spp. isolated from broiler chickens and commercial breeders in diverse regions in Brazil from July 1997 to December 2004. Rev. Bras. Cienc.Avic. 2005; 7:195-198.
[3]	Garba, A., Bolajoko, B. M.,.Barde, A. Ahmed, I., Sa’adatu, I. Agang, A. S., Abdullahi, H. A., Bakari, U. I. J., Uraki, A. T., Abdurrahman, A.& Goji, J. N.. The threat of Salmonellasis to commercial poultry production in Adamawa state, Nigeria.Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2010; 8(1): 50-52
[4]	Musa, I. W., Mansur, M. S., Sa’idu, L., Mohammed, B., Kaltungo, B. Y., Lawan, M. K., Talba, A. M.. Isolation and Antibiogram of Salmonella Species from Water and Poultry Feed In Selected Commercial Farms In Zaria, Nigeria. Time Journals of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, 2014; 2(2): 75-80.
[5]	Cox, J. M. & Pavic, A. (2010). Advances in enteropathogen control in poultry production. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 108: 745-755.
[6]	Bersot, L. S. Salmonella Brasil: Sua importância no abatede aves. In: V Simpósio de sanidadeavícola da UFSM. Anais, Santa Maria, UFSM, 2006; 90-94.
[7]	Tessari, E. N. C., Cardoso, A. L. S. P., Castro, A. G. M.. Prevalência de Salmonella Enteritidis em carcaças de frango industrialmente processadas. Revista Higiene Alimentar, 2003; 17(107): 52-55.
[8]	Velge, P. C. & Barrow P. Emergence of Salmonella epidemics: the problem related to Salmonella enteric serotype Enteriditis and multiple antibiotic resistances in other major serotypes. Veterinary Research, 2005; 36: 276-288
[9]	Pui, C. F., Wong, W. C., Chai, L. C., Nillian, E., Ghazali, F. M., Cheah, Y. K., Nakaguchi, Y., Nishibuchi, M. &Radu, S.). Simultaneous detection of Salmonella spp., SalmonellaTyphi and Salmonella Typhimurium in sliced fruits using multiplex PCR. Food Control, 2011b; 22: 337-342.
[10]	Okonko, I. O., Nkang, A. O., Fajobi, E. A., Mejeha, O. K., Udeze, A. O., Motayo, B. O., Ogun, A. A., Ogunnusi, T. A. & Babalola, T. A. Incidence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) organisms in some poultry feeds sold in Calabar metropolis, Nigeria. EJEAFChe, 2010; 9 (3): 514-532.
[11]	National Population Commission. Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette 2007; 4(94), 233
[12]	OIE Terrestrial Manual 2008. World organisation for animal health manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals (mammals, birds and bees), Sixth Edition, Volume 2, 2008.
[13]	Kanashiro A. M. I., Stoppa, G. F. Z., Cardoso, A. L. S. P., Tessari, E. N. C. & Castro, A. G. M.. Serovars of Salmonella spp. isolated from broiler chickens and commercial breeders in diverse regions in Brazil from July 1997 to December 2004. Rev. Bras. Cienc.Avic. 2005; 7:195-198.
[14]	Molla, B. D., Alemayehu, L. & Salah W.. Sources and distribution of Salmonella serotypes isolated from food animals, slaughterhouse Poultry handlers and retail meat products in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 2003; 17(1): 63-70
[15]	Thi Thu Hao Van, George Moutafis, Taghrid Istivan, Linh Thuoc Tran, and Peter J. Coloe. Detection of Salmonella spp. in Retail Raw Food Samples from Vietnam and Characterization of Their Antibiotic Resistance. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 2007; 73 (21): 6885-6890
[16]	Dominguez, C., Gomez and Zumalacarregui .Prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter in retail outlet in Spain.International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2002; 72(1): 165-168.
[17]	Akond, M. A., Shirin, M., Alam S., Hassan, S. M. R., Rahman, M. and Hoq M.Frequency of drug resistant Salmonella spp. isolated from poultry samples in Bangladesh. Stamford Journal of Microbiology, 2012; 2:1
[18]	C.M. Logue, J.S. Sherwood, P.A. Olah, L.M. Elijah and M.R. Dockter). The incidence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella spp. on Freshly Processed Poultry from US Midwestern Processing Plants. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2003; 94:16-24.
[19]	Liljebjelke, K. A., Hofacre, C. L., Liu, T., White, D. G., Ayers, S. S. Y. & Maurer, J. J..Vertical and Horizontal Transmission of Salmonella within Integrated Broiler Production System. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 2005; 2(1).
[20]	Muhammad, M., Lawal, U. M., Abdul-Ganiyu, A., Aliyu, U. M., Samuel, A. & Lisa, B. Prevalence of Salmonella associated with chick mortality at hatching and their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Veterinary Microbiology, 2010; 140: 131 -135.
[21]	Curtello, S., Justiz, A. A., Vaillant, H., Asemota, P. E. A. & Monica, P. S. Prevalence of Salmonella Organisms in Poultry and Poultry Environments in Jamaica. British Microbiology Research Journal, 2013; 3(4): 461-469.
[22]	Jones, F. T. & Richardson, K. E.. Salmonella in commercially manufactured feeds.Poultry Sciences, 2004; 83: 384-391.
[23]	Veldman, A., Vahl, H. A., Borggreve, G. J. & Fuller, D. C. A survey of the incidence of Salmonella species and Enterobacteriaceae in poultry feeds and feed components. Veterinary Record, 1995; 136(7):169-72.
[24]	Maqsood, A. Salmonella prevalence in the poultry feed industry in Pakistan Swedish University of agricultural sciences faculty of veterinary medicine and animal science; 2012 http://epsilon.slu.se
[25]	Volkova, V. V., Bailey, R. H. & Wills, R. W. Salmonella in Broiler Litter and Properties of Soil at Farm Location. PLoS 2009; 4(7):
[26]	Bao, N., Fries, R., Zessin, K. H., Kyule, M. N., Pinthong R. & Baumann M. P. O. (2006).Salmonella and Campylobacter in Broiler Carcasses In Vietnam. Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Available at www.sciquest.org.nz
[27]	Mueller-Doblies, D., Sayers, A. R., Carrique-Mas, J. J. & Davies, R. H. Comparison of sampling methods to detect Salmonella infection of turkey flocks, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2009; 107: 635–645
[28]	García, C., Soriano, J. M., Benítez, V.& Catalá-Gregori, P. Assessment of Salmonella spp. in feces, cloacal swabs, and eggs (egg shell and content separately) from a laying hen farm.Journal of Poultry Science, 2011; 90(7):1581-5.
[29]	Al-Abadi, I. K. M. & Al-Mayah, A. A. S. Isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. from chicken and chicken environment in Basrah province. Journal of poultry Science, 2006; 6(2): 88-99.
[30]	Begum, K., Reza, T. A., Hague, M., Hossain, A., Hassan, F. M. K., Hassan, S. N., Akhter, N., Ahmed, A. & Barua, U. Isolation, Identification and antibiotic resistance pattern of Salmonella spp. from chicken eggs, intestines and environmental samples. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal, 2010; 13: 23-27.
[31]	J.S Bailey, N.J Stern, P Fedorka-Cray, S.E Craven, N.A Cox, D.E Cosby, S Ladely, M.T Musgrove Sources and movement of Salmonella through integrated poultry operations: a multistate epidemiological investigation J. Food Prot., 2001; 64 (11) 1690–1697.
[32]	Shah, A. H. & Korejo, N. A. Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Chicken Meat. Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science., 2012; 2: 40-46
[33]	Khan, M., Ali, P., Suryanarayan M., Musthaq A., Reshma, B., Vaswani S. & Mohammed F. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolates from chicken meat samples in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. International Journal of Food, Nutrition and Public Health, 2010; 3(2).
[34]	Suresh, T.; Hatha, A. A. M.; Screenivasa, D. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella Enteritidis and other salmonella in the eggs and eggstoring trays from retails markets of Coimbatore, south India. Food Microbiology, 2006; 23(3) 294-299.
[35]	Mai, H. M., Zahraddeen, D., Qadeers, M. A, Bawa, I. A. & Echeonwu, I. E. .Investigation of Some Species of Salmonella in Table Eggs sold at Different Markets in Jos South, Plateau State, Nigeria. Global Advanced Research Journal of Microbiology, 2013; 2(11): 234-238.
[36]	Angulo, F. J., Nargund, V. N. & Chiller, T. C. Evidence of an association between use of antimicrobial agents in food animals and anti-microbial resistance among bacteria isolated from humans and the human health consequences of such resistance. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, 2004; 51:374-379.
[37]	European Food Safety Agency, EFSA. Opinion of the scientific panel on biological hazards on a request from the commission related to the use of antimicrobials for the control of Salmonella in poultry. The European Food Safety Agency Journal, 2004; 115: 1-76.
[38]	Elena Carrasco, Morales-Rueda A, García-Gimeno, R. M. Cross-contamination and recontamination by Salmonella in foods: A review. Food Research International, 2012; 45(2), 545–556

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Nchawa Yangkam Yhiler, Bassey Enya Bassey. (2015). Critical Segments in the Dissemination and Transmission of Salmonella Species from Poultry Production in Calabar, Nigeria. Science Journal of Public Health, 3(2), 168-174. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20150302.13

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Nchawa Yangkam Yhiler; Bassey Enya Bassey. Critical Segments in the Dissemination and Transmission of Salmonella Species from Poultry Production in Calabar, Nigeria. Sci. J. Public Health 2015, 3(2), 168-174. doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.20150302.13

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Nchawa Yangkam Yhiler, Bassey Enya Bassey. Critical Segments in the Dissemination and Transmission of Salmonella Species from Poultry Production in Calabar, Nigeria. Sci J Public Health. 2015;3(2):168-174. doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.20150302.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.sjph.20150302.13,
  author = {Nchawa Yangkam Yhiler and Bassey Enya Bassey},
  title = {Critical Segments in the Dissemination and Transmission of Salmonella Species from Poultry Production in Calabar, Nigeria},
  journal = {Science Journal of Public Health},
  volume = {3},
  number = {2},
  pages = {168-174},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjph.20150302.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20150302.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjph.20150302.13},
  abstract = {Salmonella species are ubiquitous enteric bacteria, its ability to survive at different stages of the poultry production and food processing chain has been frequently reported in recent years. The present study was undertaken to investigate the points in the segments involved in the production of poultry in Calabar as vital sources of dissemination and transmission of Salmonella species to humans. A total of 374 samples were collected from three study segments involved in the production of poultry in Calabar, within the period of August 2013 and May 2014. 170 samples were collected from different points in poultry environment  which includes (feed from feeders, water from drinkers, litter/faeces from floor, abattoir reins and drag swab from wall); 136 samples were taken from the live birds (cloacal swab, gut, carcass and egg); and 68 samples were derived from poultry handlers (stool specimens and hand wash). The samples were collected aseptically and analysed for the presence of Salmonella species based on the ISO 6579:2002 involving standard bacteriological, biochemical and serologic techniques. The Chi-square, student t-test and simple descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data obtained in this study at 95% confidence level. Salmonella species were recovered from 221 (59.1%) of the examined samples involved in the production of poultry in Calabar. There was no significant statistical difference in the rate of recovery of Salmonella species from the poultry environmental segment (58.8%), bird segment (55.1%) and poultry handlers segment (67.6%) (P = 0.230), implying that these three segments are equally important in the maintenance, dissemination and transmission of Salmonella species. Salmonella species were recovered from all the study sample points implying that all the study poultry sample points are sources of Salmonella species. However, the highest recovery rate of Salmonella species was observed in the stool sample points of poultry handlers (91.2%) and poultry gut sample points (79.4%) which were significantly different from the rest of the poultry sample points (P = 0.021), implying that these two sample points are the major sources of Salmonella species and are critical in the dissemination and transmission of Salmonella species.},
 year = {2015}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Critical Segments in the Dissemination and Transmission of Salmonella Species from Poultry Production in Calabar, Nigeria
AU  - Nchawa Yangkam Yhiler
AU  - Bassey Enya Bassey
Y1  - 2015/02/11
PY  - 2015
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20150302.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.sjph.20150302.13
T2  - Science Journal of Public Health
JF  - Science Journal of Public Health
JO  - Science Journal of Public Health
SP  - 168
EP  - 174
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-7950
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20150302.13
AB  - Salmonella species are ubiquitous enteric bacteria, its ability to survive at different stages of the poultry production and food processing chain has been frequently reported in recent years. The present study was undertaken to investigate the points in the segments involved in the production of poultry in Calabar as vital sources of dissemination and transmission of Salmonella species to humans. A total of 374 samples were collected from three study segments involved in the production of poultry in Calabar, within the period of August 2013 and May 2014. 170 samples were collected from different points in poultry environment  which includes (feed from feeders, water from drinkers, litter/faeces from floor, abattoir reins and drag swab from wall); 136 samples were taken from the live birds (cloacal swab, gut, carcass and egg); and 68 samples were derived from poultry handlers (stool specimens and hand wash). The samples were collected aseptically and analysed for the presence of Salmonella species based on the ISO 6579:2002 involving standard bacteriological, biochemical and serologic techniques. The Chi-square, student t-test and simple descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data obtained in this study at 95% confidence level. Salmonella species were recovered from 221 (59.1%) of the examined samples involved in the production of poultry in Calabar. There was no significant statistical difference in the rate of recovery of Salmonella species from the poultry environmental segment (58.8%), bird segment (55.1%) and poultry handlers segment (67.6%) (P = 0.230), implying that these three segments are equally important in the maintenance, dissemination and transmission of Salmonella species. Salmonella species were recovered from all the study sample points implying that all the study poultry sample points are sources of Salmonella species. However, the highest recovery rate of Salmonella species was observed in the stool sample points of poultry handlers (91.2%) and poultry gut sample points (79.4%) which were significantly different from the rest of the poultry sample points (P = 0.021), implying that these two sample points are the major sources of Salmonella species and are critical in the dissemination and transmission of Salmonella species.
VL  - 3
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Nchawa Yangkam Yhiler

Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
Bassey Enya Bassey

Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; World Health Organization, UN HOUSE, Plot 617/618, Central Area District, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Nchawa Yangkam Yhiler, Bassey Enya Bassey. (2015). Critical Segments in the Dissemination and Transmission of Salmonella Species from Poultry Production in Calabar, Nigeria. Science Journal of Public Health, 3(2), 168-174. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20150302.13

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Nchawa Yangkam Yhiler; Bassey Enya Bassey. Critical Segments in the Dissemination and Transmission of Salmonella Species from Poultry Production in Calabar, Nigeria. Sci. J. Public Health 2015, 3(2), 168-174. doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.20150302.13

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Nchawa Yangkam Yhiler, Bassey Enya Bassey. Critical Segments in the Dissemination and Transmission of Salmonella Species from Poultry Production in Calabar, Nigeria. Sci J Public Health. 2015;3(2):168-174. doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.20150302.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.sjph.20150302.13,
  author = {Nchawa Yangkam Yhiler and Bassey Enya Bassey},
  title = {Critical Segments in the Dissemination and Transmission of Salmonella Species from Poultry Production in Calabar, Nigeria},
  journal = {Science Journal of Public Health},
  volume = {3},
  number = {2},
  pages = {168-174},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjph.20150302.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20150302.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjph.20150302.13},
  abstract = {Salmonella species are ubiquitous enteric bacteria, its ability to survive at different stages of the poultry production and food processing chain has been frequently reported in recent years. The present study was undertaken to investigate the points in the segments involved in the production of poultry in Calabar as vital sources of dissemination and transmission of Salmonella species to humans. A total of 374 samples were collected from three study segments involved in the production of poultry in Calabar, within the period of August 2013 and May 2014. 170 samples were collected from different points in poultry environment  which includes (feed from feeders, water from drinkers, litter/faeces from floor, abattoir reins and drag swab from wall); 136 samples were taken from the live birds (cloacal swab, gut, carcass and egg); and 68 samples were derived from poultry handlers (stool specimens and hand wash). The samples were collected aseptically and analysed for the presence of Salmonella species based on the ISO 6579:2002 involving standard bacteriological, biochemical and serologic techniques. The Chi-square, student t-test and simple descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data obtained in this study at 95% confidence level. Salmonella species were recovered from 221 (59.1%) of the examined samples involved in the production of poultry in Calabar. There was no significant statistical difference in the rate of recovery of Salmonella species from the poultry environmental segment (58.8%), bird segment (55.1%) and poultry handlers segment (67.6%) (P = 0.230), implying that these three segments are equally important in the maintenance, dissemination and transmission of Salmonella species. Salmonella species were recovered from all the study sample points implying that all the study poultry sample points are sources of Salmonella species. However, the highest recovery rate of Salmonella species was observed in the stool sample points of poultry handlers (91.2%) and poultry gut sample points (79.4%) which were significantly different from the rest of the poultry sample points (P = 0.021), implying that these two sample points are the major sources of Salmonella species and are critical in the dissemination and transmission of Salmonella species.},
 year = {2015}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Critical Segments in the Dissemination and Transmission of Salmonella Species from Poultry Production in Calabar, Nigeria
AU  - Nchawa Yangkam Yhiler
AU  - Bassey Enya Bassey
Y1  - 2015/02/11
PY  - 2015
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20150302.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.sjph.20150302.13
T2  - Science Journal of Public Health
JF  - Science Journal of Public Health
JO  - Science Journal of Public Health
SP  - 168
EP  - 174
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-7950
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20150302.13
AB  - Salmonella species are ubiquitous enteric bacteria, its ability to survive at different stages of the poultry production and food processing chain has been frequently reported in recent years. The present study was undertaken to investigate the points in the segments involved in the production of poultry in Calabar as vital sources of dissemination and transmission of Salmonella species to humans. A total of 374 samples were collected from three study segments involved in the production of poultry in Calabar, within the period of August 2013 and May 2014. 170 samples were collected from different points in poultry environment  which includes (feed from feeders, water from drinkers, litter/faeces from floor, abattoir reins and drag swab from wall); 136 samples were taken from the live birds (cloacal swab, gut, carcass and egg); and 68 samples were derived from poultry handlers (stool specimens and hand wash). The samples were collected aseptically and analysed for the presence of Salmonella species based on the ISO 6579:2002 involving standard bacteriological, biochemical and serologic techniques. The Chi-square, student t-test and simple descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data obtained in this study at 95% confidence level. Salmonella species were recovered from 221 (59.1%) of the examined samples involved in the production of poultry in Calabar. There was no significant statistical difference in the rate of recovery of Salmonella species from the poultry environmental segment (58.8%), bird segment (55.1%) and poultry handlers segment (67.6%) (P = 0.230), implying that these three segments are equally important in the maintenance, dissemination and transmission of Salmonella species. Salmonella species were recovered from all the study sample points implying that all the study poultry sample points are sources of Salmonella species. However, the highest recovery rate of Salmonella species was observed in the stool sample points of poultry handlers (91.2%) and poultry gut sample points (79.4%) which were significantly different from the rest of the poultry sample points (P = 0.021), implying that these two sample points are the major sources of Salmonella species and are critical in the dissemination and transmission of Salmonella species.
VL  - 3
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download