International Journal of Anesthesia and Clinical Medicine

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Intraoperative Pain Assessment: The Use of Anesthetized Patient Pain Scale and Cerebral State Monitor

Received: 03 August 2013    Accepted:     Published: 20 October 2013
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Abstract

Background - Pain control in surgical patients remains problematic globally. Intraoperative pain assessment poses significant challenge to many anesthesiologists in poorly resourced countries where monitors and experts are limited. Due to poor intraoperative pain assessment and management, many patients wake up from anesthesia after surgery experiencing moderate to severe pain. It has been reported that about 56% of surgical patients cite pain as their primary concern after surgery. The aim of this study was to use a novel intraoperative pain assessment tool (APPS) and depth of anesthesia monitor (CSM) to assess and score pain in patients undergoing orthopedic procedures under general anesthesia. Methods - Data was prospectively collected for 12-months from 246 patients, aged 20 - 81 years who were undergoing orthopedic surgical procedures. Initial pain intensity was scored using Anesthetized Patients Pain Scale (APPS). The depth of anesthesia was assessed using a CSM prior to pain assessment during surgery. Fentanyl was administered and the pain and depth of anesthesia re-evaluated after 5 to 10min. Results - About 75.6% of patients scored moderate to severe pain with their depth of anesthesia ranging 37-89 score. While 20.7% scored moderate pain with a mean score of 9.56 at the initial pain assessment. A dose of fentanyl, 30 - 50 mcg was administered for pain treatment intraoperatively. Pain was re-evaluated after treatment. About 31.3% scored no pain 49.6% scored moderate pain and 19.1% scored moderate to severe pain. The mean pain intensity scored after treatment was 7.30. Conclusions - Despite adequate depth of anesthesia observed during surgery about 68.7% of surgical patients experienced moderate to severe pain. The use of both APPS and CSM offered adequate intraoperative pain and anesthesia management. Our novel model, APPS has great prospects with clinical application for intraoperative pain assessment.

DOI 10.11648/j.ja.20130102.11
Published in International Journal of Anesthesia and Clinical Medicine (Volume 1, Issue 2, September 2013)
Page(s) 15-20
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Anaesthetized Patient Pain Scale, Cerebral State Monitor, Intraoperative, Pain Assessment

References
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Author Information
  • Department of Anesthesiology, Dalian Medical University, 9 Western Section, Lvshun South Road, Lvshunkou District Dalian City, Liaoning, P. R. China

  • Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, Liaoning, P.R. China; Department of Anesthesia, School of Medicine and Health Science, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana

  • Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana

  • School of Nursing, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning P.R. China; School of Nursing, St. John’s University of Tanzania, Dodoma, Tanzania

  • Department of Anesthesiology, Dalian Medical University, 9 Western Section, Lvshun South Road, Lvshunkou District Dalian City, Liaoning, P. R. China

  • Department of Anesthesiology, Dalian Medical University, 9 Western Section, Lvshun South Road, Lvshunkou District Dalian City, Liaoning, P. R. China

  • Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, Liaoning, P.R. China

Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Sylvanus Kampo, Jun Han, Juventus Benogle Ziem, Faraja Mpemba, Yabasin Iddrisu Baba, et al. (2013). Intraoperative Pain Assessment: The Use of Anesthetized Patient Pain Scale and Cerebral State Monitor. International Journal of Anesthesia and Clinical Medicine, 1(2), 15-20. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ja.20130102.11

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    ACS Style

    Sylvanus Kampo; Jun Han; Juventus Benogle Ziem; Faraja Mpemba; Yabasin Iddrisu Baba, et al. Intraoperative Pain Assessment: The Use of Anesthetized Patient Pain Scale and Cerebral State Monitor. Int. J. Anesth. Clin. Med. 2013, 1(2), 15-20. doi: 10.11648/j.ja.20130102.11

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    AMA Style

    Sylvanus Kampo, Jun Han, Juventus Benogle Ziem, Faraja Mpemba, Yabasin Iddrisu Baba, et al. Intraoperative Pain Assessment: The Use of Anesthetized Patient Pain Scale and Cerebral State Monitor. Int J Anesth Clin Med. 2013;1(2):15-20. doi: 10.11648/j.ja.20130102.11

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ja.20130102.11,
      author = {Sylvanus Kampo and Jun Han and Juventus Benogle Ziem and Faraja Mpemba and Yabasin Iddrisu Baba and Peng Gao and Qingping Wen},
      title = {Intraoperative Pain Assessment: The Use of Anesthetized Patient Pain Scale and Cerebral State Monitor},
      journal = {International Journal of Anesthesia and Clinical Medicine},
      volume = {1},
      number = {2},
      pages = {15-20},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ja.20130102.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ja.20130102.11},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ja.20130102.11},
      abstract = {Background - Pain control in surgical patients remains problematic globally.  Intraoperative pain assessment poses significant challenge to many anesthesiologists in poorly resourced countries where monitors and experts are limited. Due to poor intraoperative pain assessment and management, many patients wake up from anesthesia after surgery experiencing moderate to severe pain. It has been reported that about 56% of surgical patients cite pain as their primary concern after surgery. The aim of this study was to use a novel intraoperative pain assessment tool (APPS) and depth of anesthesia monitor (CSM) to assess and score pain in patients undergoing orthopedic procedures under general anesthesia. Methods - Data was prospectively collected for 12-months from 246 patients, aged 20 - 81 years who were undergoing orthopedic surgical procedures. Initial pain intensity was scored using Anesthetized Patients Pain Scale (APPS). The depth of anesthesia was assessed using a CSM prior to pain assessment during surgery. Fentanyl was administered and the pain and depth of anesthesia re-evaluated after 5 to 10min. Results - About 75.6% of patients scored moderate to severe pain with their depth of anesthesia ranging 37-89 score. While 20.7% scored moderate pain with a mean score of 9.56 at the initial pain assessment. A dose of fentanyl, 30 - 50 mcg was administered for pain treatment intraoperatively. Pain was re-evaluated after treatment. About 31.3%  scored no pain 49.6% scored moderate pain and 19.1% scored moderate to severe pain. The mean pain intensity scored after treatment was 7.30. Conclusions - Despite adequate depth of anesthesia observed during surgery about 68.7% of surgical patients experienced moderate to severe pain. The use of both APPS and CSM offered adequate intraoperative pain and anesthesia management. Our novel model, APPS has great prospects with clinical application for intraoperative pain assessment.},
     year = {2013}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Intraoperative Pain Assessment: The Use of Anesthetized Patient Pain Scale and Cerebral State Monitor
    AU  - Sylvanus Kampo
    AU  - Jun Han
    AU  - Juventus Benogle Ziem
    AU  - Faraja Mpemba
    AU  - Yabasin Iddrisu Baba
    AU  - Peng Gao
    AU  - Qingping Wen
    Y1  - 2013/10/20
    PY  - 2013
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ja.20130102.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ja.20130102.11
    T2  - International Journal of Anesthesia and Clinical Medicine
    JF  - International Journal of Anesthesia and Clinical Medicine
    JO  - International Journal of Anesthesia and Clinical Medicine
    SP  - 15
    EP  - 20
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ja.20130102.11
    AB  - Background - Pain control in surgical patients remains problematic globally.  Intraoperative pain assessment poses significant challenge to many anesthesiologists in poorly resourced countries where monitors and experts are limited. Due to poor intraoperative pain assessment and management, many patients wake up from anesthesia after surgery experiencing moderate to severe pain. It has been reported that about 56% of surgical patients cite pain as their primary concern after surgery. The aim of this study was to use a novel intraoperative pain assessment tool (APPS) and depth of anesthesia monitor (CSM) to assess and score pain in patients undergoing orthopedic procedures under general anesthesia. Methods - Data was prospectively collected for 12-months from 246 patients, aged 20 - 81 years who were undergoing orthopedic surgical procedures. Initial pain intensity was scored using Anesthetized Patients Pain Scale (APPS). The depth of anesthesia was assessed using a CSM prior to pain assessment during surgery. Fentanyl was administered and the pain and depth of anesthesia re-evaluated after 5 to 10min. Results - About 75.6% of patients scored moderate to severe pain with their depth of anesthesia ranging 37-89 score. While 20.7% scored moderate pain with a mean score of 9.56 at the initial pain assessment. A dose of fentanyl, 30 - 50 mcg was administered for pain treatment intraoperatively. Pain was re-evaluated after treatment. About 31.3%  scored no pain 49.6% scored moderate pain and 19.1% scored moderate to severe pain. The mean pain intensity scored after treatment was 7.30. Conclusions - Despite adequate depth of anesthesia observed during surgery about 68.7% of surgical patients experienced moderate to severe pain. The use of both APPS and CSM offered adequate intraoperative pain and anesthesia management. Our novel model, APPS has great prospects with clinical application for intraoperative pain assessment.
    VL  - 1
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

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