Science Journal of Energy Engineering

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Statistical Optimization of Lipid Extraction from Wastewater Scum Sludge and Saponifiable Lipids Composition Analysis

Received: 31 March 2017    Accepted: 11 April 2017    Published: 18 October 2017
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Abstract

In the present study, Design of Experiment (DoE) as a statistical method was adopted for optimizing conditions for lipid extraction from scum sludge. Four different extraction variables were investigated: methanol to hexane ratio (%), solvent to sludge ratio (ml/g), temperature (°C), and extraction time (h). During the optimization process, saponifiable lipids (SLs) content of the extracted lipid was analyzed. Screening experiments revealed that methanol to hexane ratio (X1), solvents to sludge ratio (X2) and temperature (X3) showed a significant effect on Ylipid (p < 0.05). Lower methanol to hexane ratio and higher solvent to sludge ratio showed the highest positive effect on lipid yield (Ylipid). No significant effect on extraction time on Ylipid was observed. The positive relationship between lower methanol to hexane ratio and the amount of lipid extracted can be attributed to the presence of higher amounts of neutral lipids in scum sludge. According to Box-Behnken design and Response surface method (RSM), the maximum lipid extraction yield (Ylipid) predicted through numerical optimized conditions by the model for highest desirability (0.995) was 29.614% at methanol to hexane ratio (%) of 42%, solvent to sludge ratio (v/wt) of 51 ml/g, temperature at 87°C for extraction time of 6 hours. The FAMEs yield produced from ex-situ acid-catalyzed esterification/transesterification of the methanol-hexane co-solvent extracted lipid ranged between 7.9-9.3% (wt/wt) based on sludge weight. Fatty acid profile of FAMEs was found to be was found to be dominated by Oleic acid methyl ester (C18: 1) followed by methyl Palmitate (C16: 1) representing 39.4% and 24.3% of FAMEs composition respectively. The correlation analysis of extraction variables and FEMAs yield revealed that solvent to sludge ratio (ml/g) has the highest positive significant correlation with FAMEs yield (p-value < 0.05). However, methanol to hexane ratio (X1) and temperature (X3) were inversely correlated with FAMEs yield.

DOI 10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12
Published in Science Journal of Energy Engineering (Volume 5, Issue 2, April 2017)
Page(s) 48-57
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Scum Sludge, Lipid, Box-Behnken Design, Response Surface Method (RSM), FEMAs

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Author Information
  • Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Arts, Taibah University, Al-Ula, Saudi Arabia; Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al Neelian University, Khartoum, Sudan

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    Samir N. Hag Ibrahim. (2017). Statistical Optimization of Lipid Extraction from Wastewater Scum Sludge and Saponifiable Lipids Composition Analysis. Science Journal of Energy Engineering, 5(2), 48-57. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12

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    Samir N. Hag Ibrahim. Statistical Optimization of Lipid Extraction from Wastewater Scum Sludge and Saponifiable Lipids Composition Analysis. Sci. J. Energy Eng. 2017, 5(2), 48-57. doi: 10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12

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    Samir N. Hag Ibrahim. Statistical Optimization of Lipid Extraction from Wastewater Scum Sludge and Saponifiable Lipids Composition Analysis. Sci J Energy Eng. 2017;5(2):48-57. doi: 10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12,
      author = {Samir N. Hag Ibrahim},
      title = {Statistical Optimization of Lipid Extraction from Wastewater Scum Sludge and Saponifiable Lipids Composition Analysis},
      journal = {Science Journal of Energy Engineering},
      volume = {5},
      number = {2},
      pages = {48-57},
      doi = {10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjee.20170502.12},
      abstract = {In the present study, Design of Experiment (DoE) as a statistical method was adopted for optimizing conditions for lipid extraction from scum sludge. Four different extraction variables were investigated: methanol to hexane ratio (%), solvent to sludge ratio (ml/g), temperature (°C), and extraction time (h). During the optimization process, saponifiable lipids (SLs) content of the extracted lipid was analyzed. Screening experiments revealed that methanol to hexane ratio (X1), solvents to sludge ratio (X2) and temperature (X3) showed a significant effect on Ylipid (p lipid). No significant effect on extraction time on Ylipid was observed. The positive relationship between lower methanol to hexane ratio and the amount of lipid extracted can be attributed to the presence of higher amounts of neutral lipids in scum sludge. According to Box-Behnken design and Response surface method (RSM), the maximum lipid extraction yield (Ylipid) predicted through numerical optimized conditions by the model for highest desirability (0.995) was 29.614% at methanol to hexane ratio (%) of 42%, solvent to sludge ratio (v/wt) of 51 ml/g, temperature at 87°C for extraction time of 6 hours. The FAMEs yield produced from ex-situ acid-catalyzed esterification/transesterification of the methanol-hexane co-solvent extracted lipid ranged between 7.9-9.3% (wt/wt) based on sludge weight. Fatty acid profile of FAMEs was found to be was found to be dominated by Oleic acid methyl ester (C18: 1) followed by methyl Palmitate (C16: 1) representing 39.4% and 24.3% of FAMEs composition respectively. The correlation analysis of extraction variables and FEMAs yield revealed that solvent to sludge ratio (ml/g) has the highest positive significant correlation with FAMEs yield (p-value < 0.05). However, methanol to hexane ratio (X1) and temperature (X3) were inversely correlated with FAMEs yield.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Statistical Optimization of Lipid Extraction from Wastewater Scum Sludge and Saponifiable Lipids Composition Analysis
    AU  - Samir N. Hag Ibrahim
    Y1  - 2017/10/18
    PY  - 2017
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12
    T2  - Science Journal of Energy Engineering
    JF  - Science Journal of Energy Engineering
    JO  - Science Journal of Energy Engineering
    SP  - 48
    EP  - 57
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2376-8126
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjee.20170502.12
    AB  - In the present study, Design of Experiment (DoE) as a statistical method was adopted for optimizing conditions for lipid extraction from scum sludge. Four different extraction variables were investigated: methanol to hexane ratio (%), solvent to sludge ratio (ml/g), temperature (°C), and extraction time (h). During the optimization process, saponifiable lipids (SLs) content of the extracted lipid was analyzed. Screening experiments revealed that methanol to hexane ratio (X1), solvents to sludge ratio (X2) and temperature (X3) showed a significant effect on Ylipid (p lipid). No significant effect on extraction time on Ylipid was observed. The positive relationship between lower methanol to hexane ratio and the amount of lipid extracted can be attributed to the presence of higher amounts of neutral lipids in scum sludge. According to Box-Behnken design and Response surface method (RSM), the maximum lipid extraction yield (Ylipid) predicted through numerical optimized conditions by the model for highest desirability (0.995) was 29.614% at methanol to hexane ratio (%) of 42%, solvent to sludge ratio (v/wt) of 51 ml/g, temperature at 87°C for extraction time of 6 hours. The FAMEs yield produced from ex-situ acid-catalyzed esterification/transesterification of the methanol-hexane co-solvent extracted lipid ranged between 7.9-9.3% (wt/wt) based on sludge weight. Fatty acid profile of FAMEs was found to be was found to be dominated by Oleic acid methyl ester (C18: 1) followed by methyl Palmitate (C16: 1) representing 39.4% and 24.3% of FAMEs composition respectively. The correlation analysis of extraction variables and FEMAs yield revealed that solvent to sludge ratio (ml/g) has the highest positive significant correlation with FAMEs yield (p-value < 0.05). However, methanol to hexane ratio (X1) and temperature (X3) were inversely correlated with FAMEs yield.
    VL  - 5
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

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