Science Journal of Energy Engineering

| Peer-Reviewed |

The Estimation of Dose Relationships for the Inhalation of Radon and the Difference in Activities During the Year Using RAD7 in Iraq

Received: 01 July 2017    Accepted: 18 July 2017    Published: 31 October 2017
Views:       Downloads:

Share This Article

Abstract

Exposure to radon and its daughters is one of the important contributions for radiation doses to the publics. In this study, concentrations of radon gas were measured in air at Al-Tuwaitha Nuclear Site and some surrounding areas. Measurements were achieved by RAD7 (radon detector), manufactured by DURRIDGE COMPANY Inc. Indoor radon concentration plays a vital role in the total effective dose in the indoor environments. The measurement of the indoor radon concentrations ranged from (4.96±4.4 to 102±25) Bq/m3 this high value of radon has been found at Decommissioning Directorate /emergency room, which is lower than the action value recommended by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) which is (148 Bq/m3) while the lowest value has been founded in the Central Laboratories Directorate \ models Room. These values were used to calculate the annual effective dose, the dose exposed to the soft tissues other than the lungs Dsoft tissue, the dose rate due to alpha-radiation Dlung and the effective dose equivalent rate Heff. The values of the annual effective doses for 222Rn inhalation by the people were calculated and ranged from (0.124992 to 2.5704) mSv/y these result are lower than the value of (10 mSv/y) recommended by the ICRP (International Commission on Radiological Protection). It has been observed that winter concentration of indoor radon are greater than summer concentrations. The higher amount in the winter is attributed to the observation that people normally keep their windows closed during the winter, allowing indoor radon concentrations to rise. The lower radon concentrations in the summer might occur because people often open their windows, allowing low-radon outside air to enter the home. The results from this study show that the region has background radioactivity levels within the natural limits.

DOI 10.11648/j.sjee.20170505.11
Published in Science Journal of Energy Engineering (Volume 5, Issue 5, October 2017)
Page(s) 109-123
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Radon, Al-Tuwaitha Nuclear Site, RAD7

References
[1] ICRP ''Age dependent Doses to Members of the Public from Intake of Radionuclides'' ICRP publication 72; Oxford: Pergamon Press 1996.
[2] Walczak K, Olszewski J, Politański P, Zmyślony M. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2017 Jan 18. pii: 64132. doi: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00987.
[3] ICRP, 1993. Protection Against Radon-222 at Home and at Work. ICRP Publication 65. Ann. ICRP 23 (2).
[4] Todsadol S., ''An Evaluation of the Level of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Soil samples along the Chao Phraya River Basin'', Ph. D. Thesis, University of Surrey, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Department of Physics (2012).
[5] WHO Handbook on Indoor Radon: A Public Health Perspective. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009.
[6] Mentes G, Eper-Pápai I. J Environ Radioact. 2015 Nov; 149: 64-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.07.015. Epub 2015 Jul 23. PMID: 26207821.
[7] Kamra L. Appl Radiat Isot. 2015 Nov; 105: 170-5. doi: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.08.031. Epub 2015 Aug 20. PMID: 26319089.
[8] Duggal V, Sharma S, Mehra R. Appl Radiat Isot. 2017 May; 123: 36-40. doi: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.02.028. Epub 2017 Feb 17.PMID: 28231516.
[9] CU. S. Environmental Protection Agency (2012). A Citizen's Guide to Radon: The Guide to Protecting Yourself and Your Family From Radon.
[10] United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) Biological Mechanisms of Radiation Actions at Low Doses. A white paper to guide the Scientific Committee’s future programme of work. United Nations; New York, NY, USA: 2012.
[11] Lubin J. Lung cancer risk from residential radon: Meta-analysis of eight epidemiologic studies. J. Natl. Cancer. 1997; 89: 49–57.
[12] Darby S., Hill D., Auvinen A., Barros-Dios J. M., Baysson H., Bochicchio F., Deo H., Falk R., Forastiere F., Hakama M., et al. Radon in homes and risk of lung cancer: Collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 European case-control studies. Br. Med. J. 2005; 330 doi: 10.1136/bmj.38308.477650.63.
[13] Neman R., Hadler N. J. C., Iunes P. J., Paulo S. R. On indoor radon daughters’ plate-out on material surfaces. Radiat. Meas. 2005; 39: 653–655.
[14] Kendall G. M., Smith T. J. Doses to organs and tissues from radon and its decay products. J. Radiol. Prot. 2002; 22: 389.
[15] Axelson O. Cancer risks from exposure to radon in homes. Environ. Health Perspect. 1995; 103: 37–43.
[16] Kendall G. M., Smith T. J. Doses to organs and tissues from radon and its decay products. J. Radiol. Prot. 2002; 22: 389.
[17] Farkas A., Hofmann W., Balásházy I., Szoke I., Madas B. G., Moustafa M. Effect of site-specific bronchial radon progeny deposition on the spatial and temporal distributions of cellular responses. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 2011; 50: 281–297.
[18] Deshpande A., Goodwin E., Bailey S., Marrone B., Lehnert B. Alpha-particle-induced sister chromatid exchange in normal human lung fibroblasts: Evidence for an extranuclear target. Radiat. Res. 1996; 145: 260–267.
[19] Chen D. J., Strniste G. F., Tokita N. The genotoxicity of alpha particles in human embryonic skin fibroblasts. Radiat. Res. 1984; 100: 321–327.
[20] Narayanan P. K., Goodwin E. H., Lehnert B. E. Alpha particles initiate biological production of superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide in human cells. Cancer Res. 1997; 57: 3963–3971.
[21] Konishi E., Yoshizawa Y. Estimation of depth of basal cell layer of skin for radiation protection. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 1985; 11: 29–33.
[22] Charles M. Radon exposure of the skin: I. Biological effects. J. Radiol. Prot. 2007; 27: 231–252.
[23] Wheeler B., Allen J., Depledge M., Curnow A. Radon and skin cancer in Southwest England: An ecologic study. Epidemiology. 2012; 23: 44–52.
[24] Al-Zoughool M., Krewski D. Health effects of radon: A review of the literature. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 2009; 85: 57–69.
[25] Auvinen A., Salonen L., Pekkanen J., Pukkala E., Ilus T., Kurttio P. Radon and other natural radionuclides in drinking water and risk of stomach cancer: A case-cohort study in Finland. Int. J. Cancer. 2005; 114: 109–113.i.
[26] Chesser Ronald K., Brenda E. Rodgers, Mikhail Bondarkov, Esmail Shubber and Carleton J. Phillips, “Piecing together Iraq’s nuclear legacy,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May/June, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 19–33. (2009).
[27] Cochran, J. R., and J. J. Danneels, “Sandia National Laboratories Support of the Iraq Nuclear Facility Dismantlement and Disposal Program”, SAND2009-1732, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM., (2009).
[28] Durridge Company Inc., Reference Manual version 6.0.1, RAD7 Electronic Radon Detector, 2010.
[29] Durridge radon instrumentation, Rad7 electronic radon detector, 2010.
[30] A. C. George. WORLD HISTORY OF RADON RESEARCH AND MEASUREMENT FROM THE EARLY 1900’S TO TODAY. 201-27 26th Avenue Bayside NY 11360 US.
[31] Pant P, Kandari T, Prasad M, Ramola RC. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2016 Oct; 171 (2): 212-216. Epub 2016 Mar 30. PMID: 27032779.
[32] Grellier J, Atkinson W, Bérard P, Bingham D, Birchall A, Blanchardon E, Bull R, Canu Guseva I, Challeton-de Vathaire C, Cockerill R, Do MT, Engels H, Figuerola J, Foster A, Holmstock L, Hurtgen C, Laurier D, Puncher M, Riddell AE, Samson E, Thierry-Chef I, Tirmarche M, Vrijheid M, Cardis E. Epidemiology. 2017 May 17. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000684. PMID: 28520643.
[33] Mohammed D. Alenezy, Radon Concentrations Measurement in Aljouf, Saudi Arabia Using Active Detecting Method, Vol. 6 No. 11, July 2014.
[34] Y Tana, b, D Xiaob, H Yuana, Q Tangb and X Liub, Revision for Measuring the Radon Exhalation Rate From the Medium Surface January 2013 • Journal of Instrumentation, Volume 8, January 2013.
[35] ICRP, 1981. Limits for Inhalation of Radon Daughters by Workers. ICRP Publication 32. Ann. ICRP 6 (1).
[36] UNSCEAR 1982 REPORT, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 1982 Report to the General Assembly.
[37] UNSCEAR, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation - Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation - UNSCEAR 2000 Report to the General Assembly with scientific Annexes, United Nations, New York. (2000).
[38] National Research Council (US) Committee on Evaluation of EPA Guidelines for Exposure to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials. Evaluation of Guidelines for Exposures to Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); (1999).
[39] WHO, World Health Organization; WHO Handbook on Indoor Radon: A Public Health Perspective, Geneva. (2009).
[40] IAEA, International Atomic Energy Agency, Protection of the public against exposure indoors due to radon and other natural sources of radiation. Vienna, (IAEA safety standards series, ISSN 1020–525X; no. SSG-32) (2015).
Author Information
  • Radiation and Safety Directorate, Ministry of Science and Technology, Baghdad, Iraq

  • Department of Physics, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

  • Radiation and Safety Directorate, Ministry of Science and Technology, Baghdad, Iraq

  • Department of Physics, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

  • Radiation and Safety Directorate, Ministry of Science and Technology, Baghdad, Iraq

Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Yousif Muhsin Zayir AL-Bakhat, Batool Fayidh Mohammed, Takrid Muneam Nafae, Nidhala H. K. AL-ANI, Abbas Alamiry. (2017). The Estimation of Dose Relationships for the Inhalation of Radon and the Difference in Activities During the Year Using RAD7 in Iraq. Science Journal of Energy Engineering, 5(5), 109-123. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjee.20170505.11

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Yousif Muhsin Zayir AL-Bakhat; Batool Fayidh Mohammed; Takrid Muneam Nafae; Nidhala H. K. AL-ANI; Abbas Alamiry. The Estimation of Dose Relationships for the Inhalation of Radon and the Difference in Activities During the Year Using RAD7 in Iraq. Sci. J. Energy Eng. 2017, 5(5), 109-123. doi: 10.11648/j.sjee.20170505.11

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Yousif Muhsin Zayir AL-Bakhat, Batool Fayidh Mohammed, Takrid Muneam Nafae, Nidhala H. K. AL-ANI, Abbas Alamiry. The Estimation of Dose Relationships for the Inhalation of Radon and the Difference in Activities During the Year Using RAD7 in Iraq. Sci J Energy Eng. 2017;5(5):109-123. doi: 10.11648/j.sjee.20170505.11

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.sjee.20170505.11,
      author = {Yousif Muhsin Zayir AL-Bakhat and Batool Fayidh Mohammed and Takrid Muneam Nafae and Nidhala H. K. AL-ANI and Abbas Alamiry},
      title = {The Estimation of Dose Relationships for the Inhalation of Radon and the Difference in Activities During the Year Using RAD7 in Iraq},
      journal = {Science Journal of Energy Engineering},
      volume = {5},
      number = {5},
      pages = {109-123},
      doi = {10.11648/j.sjee.20170505.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjee.20170505.11},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjee.20170505.11},
      abstract = {Exposure to radon and its daughters is one of the important contributions for radiation doses to the publics. In this study, concentrations of radon gas were measured in air at Al-Tuwaitha Nuclear Site and some surrounding areas. Measurements were achieved by RAD7 (radon detector), manufactured by DURRIDGE COMPANY Inc. Indoor radon concentration plays a vital role in the total effective dose in the indoor environments. The measurement of the indoor radon concentrations ranged from (4.96±4.4 to 102±25) Bq/m3 this high value of radon has been found at Decommissioning Directorate /emergency room, which is lower than the action value recommended by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) which is (148 Bq/m3) while the lowest value has been founded in the Central Laboratories Directorate \ models Room. These values were used to calculate the annual effective dose, the dose exposed to the soft tissues other than the lungs Dsoft tissue, the dose rate due to alpha-radiation Dlung and the effective dose equivalent rate Heff. The values of the annual effective doses for 222Rn inhalation by the people were calculated and ranged from (0.124992 to 2.5704) mSv/y these result are lower than the value of (10 mSv/y) recommended by the ICRP (International Commission on Radiological Protection). It has been observed that winter concentration of indoor radon are greater than summer concentrations. The higher amount in the winter is attributed to the observation that people normally keep their windows closed during the winter, allowing indoor radon concentrations to rise. The lower radon concentrations in the summer might occur because people often open their windows, allowing low-radon outside air to enter the home. The results from this study show that the region has background radioactivity levels within the natural limits.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - The Estimation of Dose Relationships for the Inhalation of Radon and the Difference in Activities During the Year Using RAD7 in Iraq
    AU  - Yousif Muhsin Zayir AL-Bakhat
    AU  - Batool Fayidh Mohammed
    AU  - Takrid Muneam Nafae
    AU  - Nidhala H. K. AL-ANI
    AU  - Abbas Alamiry
    Y1  - 2017/10/31
    PY  - 2017
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjee.20170505.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.sjee.20170505.11
    T2  - Science Journal of Energy Engineering
    JF  - Science Journal of Energy Engineering
    JO  - Science Journal of Energy Engineering
    SP  - 109
    EP  - 123
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2376-8126
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjee.20170505.11
    AB  - Exposure to radon and its daughters is one of the important contributions for radiation doses to the publics. In this study, concentrations of radon gas were measured in air at Al-Tuwaitha Nuclear Site and some surrounding areas. Measurements were achieved by RAD7 (radon detector), manufactured by DURRIDGE COMPANY Inc. Indoor radon concentration plays a vital role in the total effective dose in the indoor environments. The measurement of the indoor radon concentrations ranged from (4.96±4.4 to 102±25) Bq/m3 this high value of radon has been found at Decommissioning Directorate /emergency room, which is lower than the action value recommended by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) which is (148 Bq/m3) while the lowest value has been founded in the Central Laboratories Directorate \ models Room. These values were used to calculate the annual effective dose, the dose exposed to the soft tissues other than the lungs Dsoft tissue, the dose rate due to alpha-radiation Dlung and the effective dose equivalent rate Heff. The values of the annual effective doses for 222Rn inhalation by the people were calculated and ranged from (0.124992 to 2.5704) mSv/y these result are lower than the value of (10 mSv/y) recommended by the ICRP (International Commission on Radiological Protection). It has been observed that winter concentration of indoor radon are greater than summer concentrations. The higher amount in the winter is attributed to the observation that people normally keep their windows closed during the winter, allowing indoor radon concentrations to rise. The lower radon concentrations in the summer might occur because people often open their windows, allowing low-radon outside air to enter the home. The results from this study show that the region has background radioactivity levels within the natural limits.
    VL  - 5
    IS  - 5
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

  • Sections