| Peer-Reviewed

Advances in Immunotherapy and Molecular Targeted Therapy for Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer

Received: 31 August 2020    Accepted: 15 September 2020    Published: 23 September 2020
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Background: Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancer threats to men. The incidence rate and mortality rate are second only to lung cancer in Europe and America. At present, the 5-year survival rate of prostate cancer is only 29% when metastasis occurs. Prostate cancer seriously endangers the health of male patients. Early prostate cancer surgery and radiotherapy and chemotherapy effect is better, advanced endocrine therapy effect is better, because of drug resistance, eventually progress to castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Although new drugs such as abiraterone acetate, enzalutamide, apalutamide and darutamide have brought new hope to patients with CRPC, when CRPC progresses to metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), the effect of endocrine therapy is limited. Objective: Immunotherapy, immunosuppressive checkpoint inhibitors and molecular targeted therapy bring new hope to patients with CRPC. This article will review the new progress of immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy. Methods: A number of clinical and experimental studies were reviewed to indicate the novel advancement in the progressive therapy of CRPC. Results: Immunotherapy, immunosuppressive checkpoint inhibitors and molecular targeted therapy can improve median survival time and have a decrease of PSA level. Conclusion: With the advancements in CRPC therapy made by the researchers, some novel potential methods will occupy more and more important position in the treatment of CRPC.

Published in International Journal of Chinese Medicine (Volume 4, Issue 3)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijcm.20200403.14
Page(s) 67-70
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer, Immunotherapy, Molecular Targeted Therapy

References
[1] Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2019. Ca A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2019.
[2] Topalian S, Drake C, Pardoll D. Immune checkpoint blockade: a common denominator approach to cancer therapy. Cancer cell. 2015; 27 (4): 450-61. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.03.001.
[3] Lord C, Ashworth A. PARP inhibitors: Synthetic lethality in the clinic. Science (New York, NY). 2017; 355 (6330): 1152-8. doi: 10.1126/science.aam7344.
[4] PW K, CS H, ND S, ER B, EJ S, DF P, et al. Sipuleucel-T immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. The New England journal of medicine. 2010; 363 (5): 411-22. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1001294.
[5] Higano CS, Schellhammer PF, Small EJ, Burch PA, Nemunaitis J, Yuh L, et al. Integrated data from 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials of active cellular immunotherapy with sipuleucel-T in advanced prostate cancer. Cancer. 2009; 115 (16): 3670-9. doi: 10.1002/cncr.24429.
[6] Simondsen K, Kolesar J. New treatment options for castration-resistant prostate cancer. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2013; 70 (10): 856-65. doi: 10.2146/ajhp110586.
[7] Sultan H, Fesenkova VI, Addis D, Fan AE, Kumai T, Wu J, et al. Designing therapeutic cancer vaccines by mimicking viral infections. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy: CII. 2017; 66 (2): 203-13. doi: 10.1007/s00262-016-1834-5.
[8] Madan RA, Bilusic M, Heery C, Schlom J, Gulley JL. Clinical evaluation of TRICOM vector therapeutic cancer vaccines. Seminars in oncology. 2012; 39 (3): 296-304. doi: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2012.02.010.
[9] Gulley JL, Borre M, Vogelzang NJ, Ng S, Agarwal N, Parker CC, et al. Phase III Trial of PROSTVAC in Asymptomatic or Minimally Symptomatic Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2019; 37 (13): 1051-61. doi: 10.1200/jco.18.02031.
[10] Xu Biaobo, He yijing, Wang Weili, Zhou Chengfang, Xie Shangchen, Shen Dongya, et al. Advances in clinical treatment of tumor immune checkpoint inhibitors. Chinese clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2016; 21 (02): 218-24.
[11] Smits M, Doelen MJvd, Westdorp H, Oort IMv, Sedelaar M, Heijden AVD, et al. Immunological and genomic correlates of response to anti-PD1 checkpoint therapy in mismatch proficient and deficient patients with metastasized castration resistant prostate cancer. journal of clinical oncology. 2018; 36: 248-. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2018.36.6_SUPPL.248.
[12] Hansen AR, Massard C, Ott PA, Haas NB, Lopez J, Ejadi S, et al. Pembrolizumab for patients with advanced prostate adenocarcinoma: Preliminary results from the KEYNOTE-028 study. Annals of Oncology. 2016; 27.
[13] Pai-Scherf L, Blumenthal G, Li H, Subramaniam S, Mishra-Kalyani P, He K, et al. FDA Approval Summary: Pembrolizumab for Treatment of Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: First-Line Therapy and Beyond. The oncologist. 2017; 22 (11): 1392-9. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0078.
[14] Sharma P, Pachynski RK, Narayan V, Flechon A, Gravis G, Galsky MD, et al. Initial results from a phase II study of nivolumab (NIVO) plus ipilimumab (IPI) for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC; CheckMate 650). journal of clinical oncology. 2019; 37: 142-. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2019.37.7_SUPPL.142.
[15] Fong PCC, Retz M, Drakaki A, Massard C, Berry WR, Romano E, et al. Pembrolizumab (pembro) plus enzalutamide (enza) in abiraterone (abi)-pretreated patients (pts) with metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC): Cohort C of the phase 1b/2 KEYNOTE-365 study. journal of clinical oncology. 2019; 37: 5010-. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2019.37.15_SUPPL.5010.
[16] Ashworth A, Lord C. Synthetic lethal therapies for cancer: what's next after PARP inhibitors? Nature reviews Clinical oncology. 2018; 15 (9): 564-76. doi: 10.1038/s41571-018-0055-6.
[17] Javle M, Curtin NJ. The potential for poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors in cancer therapy. Therapeutic advances in medical oncology. 2011; 3 (6): 257-67. doi: 10.1177/1758834011417039.
[18] Helleday T. The underlying mechanism for the PARP and BRCA synthetic lethality: clearing up the misunderstandings. Mol Oncol. 2011; 5 (4): 387-93. doi: 10.1016/j.molonc.2011.07.001.
[19] CJ L, A A. PARP inhibitors: Synthetic lethality in the clinic. Science (New York, NY). 2017; 355 (6330): 1152-8. doi: 10.1126/science.aam7344.
[20] SA C, AV T. PARP Inhibitors and the Evolving Landscape of Ovarian Cancer Management: A Review. BioDrugs: clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy. 2019; 33 (3): 255-73. doi: 10.1007/s40259-019-00347-4.
[21] MYT K, Y W, JV V. PARP Inhibitors as a Therapeutic Agent for Homologous Recombination Deficiency in Breast Cancers. Journal of clinical medicine. 2019; 8 (4). doi: 10.3390/jcm8040435.
[22] Mateo J, Carreira S, Sandhu S, Miranda S, Mossop H, Perez-Lopez R, et al. DNA-Repair Defects and Olaparib in Metastatic Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373 (18): 1697-708. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1506859.
[23] ES A. Abiraterone plus olaparib in prostate cancer: a new form of synthetic lethality? The Lancet Oncology. 2018; 19 (7): 860-1. doi: 10.1016/s1470-2045(18)30409-1.
[24] Sunkel B, Wu D, Chen Z, Wang CM, Liu X, Ye Z, et al. Integrative analysis identifies targetable CREB1/FoxA1 transcriptional co-regulation as a predictor of prostate cancer recurrence. Nucleic Acids Res. 2017; 45 (11): 6993. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx282.
[25] De Bono JS, Hussain M, Thieryvuillemin A, Mateo J, Sartor AO, Chi KN, et al. PROfound: A randomized Phase III trial evaluating olaparib in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and a deleterious homologous recombination DNA repair aberration. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2017; 35.
[26] M A, F T, HI Z, K S, E G, CE M, et al. Synthetic lethality between androgen receptor signalling and the PARP pathway in prostate cancer. Nature communications. 2017; 8 (1): 374. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-00393-y.
[27] Clarke N, Wiechno P, Alekseev B, Sala N, Jones R, Kocak I, et al. Olaparib combined with abiraterone in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. The Lancet Oncology. 2018; 19 (7): 975-86. doi: 10.1016/s1470-2045(18)30365-6.
[28] Yu EY, Massard C, Retz M, Tafreshi A, Galceran JC, Hammerer P, et al. Keynote-365 cohort a: Pembrolizumab (pembro) plus olaparib in docetaxel-pretreated patients (pts) with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2019; 37 (7_suppl): 145-. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2019.37.7_suppl.145.
[29] C R, RJ M. Evaluation of the radiosensitizing potency of chemotherapeutic agents in prostate cancer cells. International journal of radiation biology. 2017; 93 (2): 194-203. doi: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1231946.
[30] W Z, B L, W W, L L, BM B, SP B, et al. Targeting the MYCN-PARP-DNA Damage Response Pathway in Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer. Clinical cancer research: an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2018; 24 (3): 696-707. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1872.
[31] D Q, JJ A, AW W, V K, A F, P L, et al. BRCA2 Analysis of Circulating Cell-Free DNA Identifies Multiclonal Heterogeneity of Reversion Mutations Associated with Resistance to PARP Inhibitors. Cancer discovery. 2017; 7 (9): 999-1005. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-0146.
[32] A RC, E C, X D, E G, AA D, JE L, et al. Replication fork stability confers chemoresistance in BRCA-deficient cells. Nature. 2016; 535 (7612): 382-7. doi: 10.1038/nature18325.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Hai Hao, Pan Wenhai. (2020). Advances in Immunotherapy and Molecular Targeted Therapy for Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer. International Journal of Chinese Medicine, 4(3), 67-70. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcm.20200403.14

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Hai Hao; Pan Wenhai. Advances in Immunotherapy and Molecular Targeted Therapy for Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer. Int. J. Chin. Med. 2020, 4(3), 67-70. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcm.20200403.14

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Hai Hao, Pan Wenhai. Advances in Immunotherapy and Molecular Targeted Therapy for Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer. Int J Chin Med. 2020;4(3):67-70. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcm.20200403.14

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ijcm.20200403.14,
      author = {Hai Hao and Pan Wenhai},
      title = {Advances in Immunotherapy and Molecular Targeted Therapy for Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer},
      journal = {International Journal of Chinese Medicine},
      volume = {4},
      number = {3},
      pages = {67-70},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijcm.20200403.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcm.20200403.14},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijcm.20200403.14},
      abstract = {Background: Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancer threats to men. The incidence rate and mortality rate are second only to lung cancer in Europe and America. At present, the 5-year survival rate of prostate cancer is only 29% when metastasis occurs. Prostate cancer seriously endangers the health of male patients. Early prostate cancer surgery and radiotherapy and chemotherapy effect is better, advanced endocrine therapy effect is better, because of drug resistance, eventually progress to castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Although new drugs such as abiraterone acetate, enzalutamide, apalutamide and darutamide have brought new hope to patients with CRPC, when CRPC progresses to metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), the effect of endocrine therapy is limited. Objective: Immunotherapy, immunosuppressive checkpoint inhibitors and molecular targeted therapy bring new hope to patients with CRPC. This article will review the new progress of immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy. Methods: A number of clinical and experimental studies were reviewed to indicate the novel advancement in the progressive therapy of CRPC. Results: Immunotherapy, immunosuppressive checkpoint inhibitors and molecular targeted therapy can improve median survival time and have a decrease of PSA level. Conclusion: With the advancements in CRPC therapy made by the researchers, some novel potential methods will occupy more and more important position in the treatment of CRPC.},
     year = {2020}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Advances in Immunotherapy and Molecular Targeted Therapy for Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer
    AU  - Hai Hao
    AU  - Pan Wenhai
    Y1  - 2020/09/23
    PY  - 2020
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcm.20200403.14
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijcm.20200403.14
    T2  - International Journal of Chinese Medicine
    JF  - International Journal of Chinese Medicine
    JO  - International Journal of Chinese Medicine
    SP  - 67
    EP  - 70
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2578-9473
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcm.20200403.14
    AB  - Background: Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancer threats to men. The incidence rate and mortality rate are second only to lung cancer in Europe and America. At present, the 5-year survival rate of prostate cancer is only 29% when metastasis occurs. Prostate cancer seriously endangers the health of male patients. Early prostate cancer surgery and radiotherapy and chemotherapy effect is better, advanced endocrine therapy effect is better, because of drug resistance, eventually progress to castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Although new drugs such as abiraterone acetate, enzalutamide, apalutamide and darutamide have brought new hope to patients with CRPC, when CRPC progresses to metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), the effect of endocrine therapy is limited. Objective: Immunotherapy, immunosuppressive checkpoint inhibitors and molecular targeted therapy bring new hope to patients with CRPC. This article will review the new progress of immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy. Methods: A number of clinical and experimental studies were reviewed to indicate the novel advancement in the progressive therapy of CRPC. Results: Immunotherapy, immunosuppressive checkpoint inhibitors and molecular targeted therapy can improve median survival time and have a decrease of PSA level. Conclusion: With the advancements in CRPC therapy made by the researchers, some novel potential methods will occupy more and more important position in the treatment of CRPC.
    VL  - 4
    IS  - 3
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Urology, Guang Zhou Red Cross Hospital, Guang Zhou, China

  • Department of Urology, Guang Zhou Red Cross Hospital, Guang Zhou, China

  • Sections