Studying the Radioactivity of Local and Imported Cars Oil in Baghdad Using High Purity Germanium Detector

Nada Farhan Kadhim; Omer Haythem Adnan; Ali Abdulwahab Ridha

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ns.20170202.12

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Studying the Radioactivity of Local and Imported Cars Oil in Baghdad Using High Purity Germanium Detector

Nada Farhan Kadhim, Omer Haythem Adnan, Ali Abdulwahab Ridha

Published in Nuclear Science (Volume 2, Issue 2)

Received: 27 January 2017 Accepted: 15 February 2017 Published: 3 March 2017

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Abstract

The radioactivity of fifteen cars oil samples were be studied in this research, eight of them are local collected from the fuel station in Baghdad, the remaining seven are imported from different origins collected from local markets of Baghdad. The specific activity of the detected radionuclides were be measured by the spectral analysis technique of gamma-ray using high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. It was also a calculation of radiation risk factors; and the specific effective activity (A_eff), which was calculated for the first time in this research. Eight radionuclides were be detected in this work, ²²⁶Ra, ²¹⁴Pb and ²¹⁴Bi which belong to the uranium-238 series and ²¹²Pb, ²⁰⁸Tl and ²²⁸Ac which belong to Th-232 series in addition to ⁴⁰K and ¹³⁷Cs. The results shown that the radium equivalent activity (Ra_eq) were 1.73 -13.72 Bq/l, the absorbed gamma dose rate (Dˠ) were 0.82 -6.24 nG/h, the representative gamma index (I_γr) were 0.012-0.096, the indoor annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) _in were 0.004 - 0.03m Sv/y, the outdoor annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) _out were 0.002-0.037 mSv/y, and the internal hazard index (H_int) 0.009-0.052, the external hazard index (H_ext) 00.5-0.037. Another factor has been calculated for the first time in this research it’s the specific effective activity (A_eff) which is ranged between 1.76 and 13.26 Bq/l. The obtained results were compared with the worldwide average; it was within the recommended values. That mean, oils used in automobile engines are safe, valid for consumption and does not pose a danger to society and the environment.

Published in	Nuclear Science (Volume 2, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ns.20170202.12
Page(s)	37-43
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Radionuclides, High Purity Germanium Detector, Car and Engine Oil, Radiation Risk Factors, Specific Effective Activity

References

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[2]	C. C. Iwuji,O. C. Okeke, B. C. Ezenwoke, C. C. Amadi, H. Nwachukwu "Earth Resources Exploitation and Sustainable Development: Geological and Engineering Perspectives" Engineering (2016) 8, 21-33.
[3]	Safety report series no.43 "radiation protection and the management of radioactive waste in the oil and gas industry" IAEA (2003).
[4]	N. A. Mansour, T. S. Ahmed, M. Fayez-Hassan, Nabil M. Hassan1, M.A. Gomaaand A. Ali "Measurements of Radiation Level around the Location of NORM in Solid Wastes at Petroleum Companies in Egypt" Journal of American Science (2012) 8(6).
[5]	F. S. Al-Saleh, G. A. Al-Harshan "Measurements of radiation level in petroleum products and wastes in Riyadh City Refinery" Journal of Environmental Radioactivity (2008) 99, 1026-1031.
[6]	G. Bassioni, F. Abdulla, Z. Morsy Nabil El-Faramaw ''Evaluation of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORMs) in Inorganic and Organic Oilfield Scales from the Middle East" Arch Environ Contam Toxicol (2012) 62, 361–368.
[7]	A. J. Pereira, M. M. Godinho, L. J. Neves "on the influence of faulting on small-scale soil-gas radon variability: a case study in the Iberian uranium province. J Environ Radiaoact. (2010) 101(10): 875–882.
[8]	N. F. Kadhim, O. H. Adnan "Measurement of natural radioactivity in Al-Dora Refinery by using (HPGe) detector" Advances in Applied Science Research (2016) 7(4):197-208.
[9]	Sarhosh OD “Hygienic evaluation Radiation contamination of Technology equipment for oil and gas companies complex of Poltava region“, Technical report, Ukraine (2007) 49, 300-306.
[10]	D. Amrani, M. Tahta 'An on-belt elemental analyser for the cement industry" Appl. Radiat.and Iso. (2001) 54: 687.
[11]	A. T. Al-Kinani, M. Hushari, I.A. Alsadig and Huda Al-Sulaiti" Measurements of Recycling Steel Slug at Qatar Steel Using Low-level Gamma-ray Spectrometry and Calculation of Risk Factors", Donnish Journal of Research in Environmental Studies (2015) 2(4): 028-036.
[12]	M. N. Alam, M. I. Chowdhury, M. Kamal, S. Ghose, M. N. Islam, M. N. Mustafa, M. M. H. Miah, M. M. Ansary "The ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K activities in beach sand minerals and beach soils of Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh" Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 46 (1999) 243-250.
[13]	A. S. Alaamer "Assessment of Human Exposures to Natural Sources of Radiation in Soil of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia" Turkish J. Eng. Env. Sci. (2008) 32, 229-234.
[14]	(UNSCEAR), United Nations Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation: Sources and NCRP. “Exposure of the population in the United States and Canada from natural background radiation”. NCRP report no. 94. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement, Bethesda, Maryland, (1994).
[15]	(UNSCEAR) United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation, Report to the General Assembly. “Sources and effects of Ionizing Radiation”, New York (1993).
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APA Style

Nada Farhan Kadhim, Omer Haythem Adnan, Ali Abdulwahab Ridha. (2017). Studying the Radioactivity of Local and Imported Cars Oil in Baghdad Using High Purity Germanium Detector. Nuclear Science, 2(2), 37-43. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ns.20170202.12

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ACS Style

Nada Farhan Kadhim; Omer Haythem Adnan; Ali Abdulwahab Ridha. Studying the Radioactivity of Local and Imported Cars Oil in Baghdad Using High Purity Germanium Detector. Nucl. Sci. 2017, 2(2), 37-43. doi: 10.11648/j.ns.20170202.12

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AMA Style

Nada Farhan Kadhim, Omer Haythem Adnan, Ali Abdulwahab Ridha. Studying the Radioactivity of Local and Imported Cars Oil in Baghdad Using High Purity Germanium Detector. Nucl Sci. 2017;2(2):37-43. doi: 10.11648/j.ns.20170202.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ns.20170202.12,
  author = {Nada Farhan Kadhim and Omer Haythem Adnan and Ali Abdulwahab Ridha},
  title = {Studying the Radioactivity of Local and Imported Cars Oil in Baghdad Using High Purity Germanium Detector},
  journal = {Nuclear Science},
  volume = {2},
  number = {2},
  pages = {37-43},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ns.20170202.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ns.20170202.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ns.20170202.12},
  abstract = {The radioactivity of fifteen cars oil samples were be studied in this research, eight of them are local collected from the fuel station in Baghdad, the remaining seven are imported from different origins collected from local markets of Baghdad. The specific activity of the detected radionuclides were be measured by the spectral analysis technique of gamma-ray using high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. It was also a calculation of radiation risk factors; and the specific effective activity (Aeff), which was calculated for the first time in this research. Eight radionuclides were be detected in this work, 226Ra, 214Pb and 214Bi which belong to the uranium-238 series and 212Pb, 208Tl and 228Ac which belong to Th-232 series in addition to 40K and 137Cs. The results shown that the radium equivalent activity (Raeq) were 1.73 -13.72 Bq/l, the absorbed gamma dose rate (Dˠ) were 0.82 -6.24 nG/h, the representative gamma index (Iγr) were 0.012-0.096, the indoor annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) in were 0.004 - 0.03m Sv/y, the outdoor annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) out were 0.002-0.037 mSv/y, and the internal hazard index (Hint) 0.009-0.052, the external hazard index (Hext) 00.5-0.037. Another factor has been calculated for the first time in this research it’s the specific effective activity (Aeff) which is ranged between 1.76 and 13.26 Bq/l. The obtained results were compared with the worldwide average; it was within the recommended values. That mean, oils used in automobile engines are safe, valid for consumption and does not pose a danger to society and the environment.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Studying the Radioactivity of Local and Imported Cars Oil in Baghdad Using High Purity Germanium Detector
AU  - Nada Farhan Kadhim
AU  - Omer Haythem Adnan
AU  - Ali Abdulwahab Ridha
Y1  - 2017/03/03
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ns.20170202.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ns.20170202.12
T2  - Nuclear Science
JF  - Nuclear Science
JO  - Nuclear Science
SP  - 37
EP  - 43
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-4346
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ns.20170202.12
AB  - The radioactivity of fifteen cars oil samples were be studied in this research, eight of them are local collected from the fuel station in Baghdad, the remaining seven are imported from different origins collected from local markets of Baghdad. The specific activity of the detected radionuclides were be measured by the spectral analysis technique of gamma-ray using high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. It was also a calculation of radiation risk factors; and the specific effective activity (Aeff), which was calculated for the first time in this research. Eight radionuclides were be detected in this work, 226Ra, 214Pb and 214Bi which belong to the uranium-238 series and 212Pb, 208Tl and 228Ac which belong to Th-232 series in addition to 40K and 137Cs. The results shown that the radium equivalent activity (Raeq) were 1.73 -13.72 Bq/l, the absorbed gamma dose rate (Dˠ) were 0.82 -6.24 nG/h, the representative gamma index (Iγr) were 0.012-0.096, the indoor annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) in were 0.004 - 0.03m Sv/y, the outdoor annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) out were 0.002-0.037 mSv/y, and the internal hazard index (Hint) 0.009-0.052, the external hazard index (Hext) 00.5-0.037. Another factor has been calculated for the first time in this research it’s the specific effective activity (Aeff) which is ranged between 1.76 and 13.26 Bq/l. The obtained results were compared with the worldwide average; it was within the recommended values. That mean, oils used in automobile engines are safe, valid for consumption and does not pose a danger to society and the environment.
VL  - 2
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Nada Farhan Kadhim

Physics Department, College of Science, AL-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
Omer Haythem Adnan

Physics Department, College of Science, AL-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
Ali Abdulwahab Ridha

Physics Department, College of Science, AL-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq

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Nada Farhan Kadhim, Omer Haythem Adnan, Ali Abdulwahab Ridha. (2017). Studying the Radioactivity of Local and Imported Cars Oil in Baghdad Using High Purity Germanium Detector. Nuclear Science, 2(2), 37-43. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ns.20170202.12

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ACS Style

Nada Farhan Kadhim; Omer Haythem Adnan; Ali Abdulwahab Ridha. Studying the Radioactivity of Local and Imported Cars Oil in Baghdad Using High Purity Germanium Detector. Nucl. Sci. 2017, 2(2), 37-43. doi: 10.11648/j.ns.20170202.12

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AMA Style

Nada Farhan Kadhim, Omer Haythem Adnan, Ali Abdulwahab Ridha. Studying the Radioactivity of Local and Imported Cars Oil in Baghdad Using High Purity Germanium Detector. Nucl Sci. 2017;2(2):37-43. doi: 10.11648/j.ns.20170202.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ns.20170202.12,
  author = {Nada Farhan Kadhim and Omer Haythem Adnan and Ali Abdulwahab Ridha},
  title = {Studying the Radioactivity of Local and Imported Cars Oil in Baghdad Using High Purity Germanium Detector},
  journal = {Nuclear Science},
  volume = {2},
  number = {2},
  pages = {37-43},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ns.20170202.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ns.20170202.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ns.20170202.12},
  abstract = {The radioactivity of fifteen cars oil samples were be studied in this research, eight of them are local collected from the fuel station in Baghdad, the remaining seven are imported from different origins collected from local markets of Baghdad. The specific activity of the detected radionuclides were be measured by the spectral analysis technique of gamma-ray using high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. It was also a calculation of radiation risk factors; and the specific effective activity (Aeff), which was calculated for the first time in this research. Eight radionuclides were be detected in this work, 226Ra, 214Pb and 214Bi which belong to the uranium-238 series and 212Pb, 208Tl and 228Ac which belong to Th-232 series in addition to 40K and 137Cs. The results shown that the radium equivalent activity (Raeq) were 1.73 -13.72 Bq/l, the absorbed gamma dose rate (Dˠ) were 0.82 -6.24 nG/h, the representative gamma index (Iγr) were 0.012-0.096, the indoor annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) in were 0.004 - 0.03m Sv/y, the outdoor annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) out were 0.002-0.037 mSv/y, and the internal hazard index (Hint) 0.009-0.052, the external hazard index (Hext) 00.5-0.037. Another factor has been calculated for the first time in this research it’s the specific effective activity (Aeff) which is ranged between 1.76 and 13.26 Bq/l. The obtained results were compared with the worldwide average; it was within the recommended values. That mean, oils used in automobile engines are safe, valid for consumption and does not pose a danger to society and the environment.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Studying the Radioactivity of Local and Imported Cars Oil in Baghdad Using High Purity Germanium Detector
AU  - Nada Farhan Kadhim
AU  - Omer Haythem Adnan
AU  - Ali Abdulwahab Ridha
Y1  - 2017/03/03
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ns.20170202.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ns.20170202.12
T2  - Nuclear Science
JF  - Nuclear Science
JO  - Nuclear Science
SP  - 37
EP  - 43
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-4346
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ns.20170202.12
AB  - The radioactivity of fifteen cars oil samples were be studied in this research, eight of them are local collected from the fuel station in Baghdad, the remaining seven are imported from different origins collected from local markets of Baghdad. The specific activity of the detected radionuclides were be measured by the spectral analysis technique of gamma-ray using high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. It was also a calculation of radiation risk factors; and the specific effective activity (Aeff), which was calculated for the first time in this research. Eight radionuclides were be detected in this work, 226Ra, 214Pb and 214Bi which belong to the uranium-238 series and 212Pb, 208Tl and 228Ac which belong to Th-232 series in addition to 40K and 137Cs. The results shown that the radium equivalent activity (Raeq) were 1.73 -13.72 Bq/l, the absorbed gamma dose rate (Dˠ) were 0.82 -6.24 nG/h, the representative gamma index (Iγr) were 0.012-0.096, the indoor annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) in were 0.004 - 0.03m Sv/y, the outdoor annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) out were 0.002-0.037 mSv/y, and the internal hazard index (Hint) 0.009-0.052, the external hazard index (Hext) 00.5-0.037. Another factor has been calculated for the first time in this research it’s the specific effective activity (Aeff) which is ranged between 1.76 and 13.26 Bq/l. The obtained results were compared with the worldwide average; it was within the recommended values. That mean, oils used in automobile engines are safe, valid for consumption and does not pose a danger to society and the environment.
VL  - 2
IS  - 2
ER  -

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