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The State of the Art of the World Radioprotection System

Received: 18 June 2017    Accepted: 14 July 2017    Published: 14 August 2017
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Abstract

Ionizing radiation can expose individuals, and this exposure may cause deleterious biological effects. Protection against these effects, called radioprotection is accomplished through actions at the source, on the exposure routes and on the individual. It is assumed a proportional relationship between increased exposure and increased risk of stochastic effects of exposure. This approach allows dividing the network events and exposure situations and evaluating steps which are important for radioprotection. The aim of this study is to evaluate the state of the art radiation protection recommendations published by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). For operational reasons, the radioprotection needs to perform simplifications in the relations between sources and biological effects. The last simplification was made in 2007, dividing the relations according to the sources and individuals. The principles of radioprotection (justification, dose limitation and optimization) were maintained and strengthened. The ratio depending on the source allowed the inclusion in the sources of regulatory framework previously not included and definitions of dose constraint concepts and reference levels. All this, when used with the principle of optimization of radiation protection can restrict individual doses. The maintenance of the three radiation protection principles demonstrates the robustness of these principles, as well as the maintenance of the dose limits demonstrates the confidence of the radioprotection community in the safety of these limits. Brazilian radioprotection did not reach yet the state of the art described here and is still based on ICRP previous recommendation edited in 1990, but being the legal regulations for Brazil they must be obeyed. All legislation based on ICRP No 60 and subsequent recommendations are able to protect quite adequately the environment and workers, although they are not in the state of the art as defined by the ICRP No 103 and subsequent recommendations.

DOI 10.11648/j.ns.20170203.13
Published in Nuclear Science (Volume 2, Issue 3, September 2017)
Page(s) 87-93
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Radiation Protection, Radioprotection, Ionizing Radiation, Evolution of Radiation Protection, ICRP

References
[1] ICRP. Application of the Commission’s Recommendations for the Protection of People in Emergency Exposure Situations. ICRP-Publication 109, New York, 2009, Ann. 39, 1, 110 p.
[2] CNEN. Diretrizes Básicas de Proteção Radiológica. CNEN-NN-3.01, 2014. Rio de Janeiro. 26 pp.
[3] LINDELL, B. The History of Radioprotection. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 68, 1-2, p. 83-95, 1996.
[4] ICRP. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP-Publication 103, 2009, New Yourk, 37, 1-2, 332 p.
[5] ICRP. Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP-Publication 60, 1990, 21, 1-3, 201 p.
[6] ICRP. Low-dose Extrapolation of Radiation-related Cancer Risk. ICRP- publication 99, 2005, 34(4), New York, 89 p.
[7] ICRP. Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP-PUBLICATION 26, 1977, New York, 126 P.
[8] ICRP. Scope of Radiological Protection Control Measures. ICRP-PUBLICATION 104, 2007, New York. 134 P.
[9] IAEA. International Basic Safety Standards for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation. Safety Series 115, 1996, Vienna. 370 p.
[10] IAEA. Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards. General Safety Requirements Part 3. IAEA-publication No. GSR Part 3, 2014, Vienna, 471 p.
[11] ICRP. 2008. Nuclear Decay Data for Dosimetric Calculations. ICRP Publication 107. Ann. ICRP 38 (3).
[12] ICRP. 2016. The ICRP computational framework for internal dose assessment for reference adults: specific absorbed fractions. ICRP Publication 133. Ann. ICRP 45(2), 1–74.
[13] ICRP. 2009. Application of the Commission's Recommendations to the Protection of People Living in Long-term Contaminated Areas After a Nuclear Accident or a Radiation Emergency. ICRP Publication 111. Ann. ICRP 39 (3).
[14] ICRP. 2008. Environmental Protection - the Concept and Use of Reference Animals and Plants. ICRP Publication 108. Ann. ICRP 38 (4-6).
[15] ICRP. 2009. Environmental Protection: Transfer Parameters for Reference Animals and Plants. ICRP Publication 114, Ann. ICRP 39(6).
[16] ICRP. 2014. Protection of the Environment under Different Exposure Situations. ICRP Publication 124. Ann. ICRP 43 (1).
[17] ICRP. 2009. Adult Reference Computational Phantoms. ICRP Publication 110. Ann. ICRP 39 (2).
[18] ICRP. 2010. Lung Cancer Risk from Radon and Progeny and Statement on Radon. ICRP Publication 115, Ann. ICRP 40 (1).
[19] ICRP. 2010. Conversion Coefficients for Radiological Protection Quantities for External Radiation Exposures. ICRP Publication 116, Ann. ICRP 40 (2-5).
[20] ICRP. 2014. Radiological Protection against Radon Exposure. ICRP Publication 126. Ann. ICRP 43 (3).
[21] ICRP. 2016. Radiological Protection from Cosmic Radiation in Aviation. ICRP Publication 132. Ann. ICRP 45(1), 1–48.
[22] ICRP. 2007. Radiological Protection in Medicine. ICRP Publication 105. Ann. ICRP 37 (6).
[23] ICRP. 2008. Radiation Dose to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals - Addendum 3 to ICRP Publication 53. ICRP Publication 106. Ann. ICRP 38 (1-2).
[24] ICRP. 2009. Preventing Accidental Exposures from New External Beam Radiation Therapy Technologies. ICRP Publication 112. Ann. ICRP 39 (4).
[25] ICRP. 2009. Education and Training in Radiological Protection for Diagnostic and Interventional Procedures. ICRP Publication 113. Ann. ICRP 39 (5).
[26] ICRP. 2010. Radiological Protection in Fluoroscopically Guided Procedures outside the Imaging Department. ICRP Publication 117, Ann. ICRP 40 (6).
[27] ICRP. 2013. Radiological protection in cardiology. ICRP Publication 120. Ann. ICRP 42 (1).
[28] ICRP. 2013. Radiological protection in pediatric diagnostic and interventional radiology. ICRP Publication 121. Ann. ICRP 42 (2).
[29] ICRP. 2014. Radiological Protection in Ion Beam Radiotherapy. ICRP Publication 127. Ann. ICRP 43 (4).
[30] ICRP. 2015. Radiological Protection in Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). ICRP Publication 129. Ann. ICRP 44 (1).
Author Information
  • Laboratório de Monitoramento de Efluentes Líquidos, Universidade Veiga de Almeida, RJ, Brasil; Gerência de Qualidade, Prote??o Radiológica, Licenciamento e Salvaguarda, Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil, Resende, Brasil

  • Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Radiometria Pedro Lopes dos Santos, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brasil

  • Laboratório de Neutrografia em Tempo Real, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

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  • APA Style

    Wagner de Souza Pereira, Alphonse Germaine Albert Charles Kelecom, Ademir Xavier da Silva, Sarah Braga Magalhães. (2017). The State of the Art of the World Radioprotection System. Nuclear Science, 2(3), 87-93. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ns.20170203.13

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    ACS Style

    Wagner de Souza Pereira; Alphonse Germaine Albert Charles Kelecom; Ademir Xavier da Silva; Sarah Braga Magalhães. The State of the Art of the World Radioprotection System. Nucl. Sci. 2017, 2(3), 87-93. doi: 10.11648/j.ns.20170203.13

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    AMA Style

    Wagner de Souza Pereira, Alphonse Germaine Albert Charles Kelecom, Ademir Xavier da Silva, Sarah Braga Magalhães. The State of the Art of the World Radioprotection System. Nucl Sci. 2017;2(3):87-93. doi: 10.11648/j.ns.20170203.13

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ns.20170203.13,
      author = {Wagner de Souza Pereira and Alphonse Germaine Albert Charles Kelecom and Ademir Xavier da Silva and Sarah Braga Magalhães},
      title = {The State of the Art of the World Radioprotection System},
      journal = {Nuclear Science},
      volume = {2},
      number = {3},
      pages = {87-93},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ns.20170203.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ns.20170203.13},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ns.20170203.13},
      abstract = {Ionizing radiation can expose individuals, and this exposure may cause deleterious biological effects. Protection against these effects, called radioprotection is accomplished through actions at the source, on the exposure routes and on the individual. It is assumed a proportional relationship between increased exposure and increased risk of stochastic effects of exposure. This approach allows dividing the network events and exposure situations and evaluating steps which are important for radioprotection. The aim of this study is to evaluate the state of the art radiation protection recommendations published by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). For operational reasons, the radioprotection needs to perform simplifications in the relations between sources and biological effects. The last simplification was made in 2007, dividing the relations according to the sources and individuals. The principles of radioprotection (justification, dose limitation and optimization) were maintained and strengthened. The ratio depending on the source allowed the inclusion in the sources of regulatory framework previously not included and definitions of dose constraint concepts and reference levels. All this, when used with the principle of optimization of radiation protection can restrict individual doses. The maintenance of the three radiation protection principles demonstrates the robustness of these principles, as well as the maintenance of the dose limits demonstrates the confidence of the radioprotection community in the safety of these limits. Brazilian radioprotection did not reach yet the state of the art described here and is still based on ICRP previous recommendation edited in 1990, but being the legal regulations for Brazil they must be obeyed. All legislation based on ICRP No 60 and subsequent recommendations are able to protect quite adequately the environment and workers, although they are not in the state of the art as defined by the ICRP No 103 and subsequent recommendations.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

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    T1  - The State of the Art of the World Radioprotection System
    AU  - Wagner de Souza Pereira
    AU  - Alphonse Germaine Albert Charles Kelecom
    AU  - Ademir Xavier da Silva
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    AB  - Ionizing radiation can expose individuals, and this exposure may cause deleterious biological effects. Protection against these effects, called radioprotection is accomplished through actions at the source, on the exposure routes and on the individual. It is assumed a proportional relationship between increased exposure and increased risk of stochastic effects of exposure. This approach allows dividing the network events and exposure situations and evaluating steps which are important for radioprotection. The aim of this study is to evaluate the state of the art radiation protection recommendations published by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). For operational reasons, the radioprotection needs to perform simplifications in the relations between sources and biological effects. The last simplification was made in 2007, dividing the relations according to the sources and individuals. The principles of radioprotection (justification, dose limitation and optimization) were maintained and strengthened. The ratio depending on the source allowed the inclusion in the sources of regulatory framework previously not included and definitions of dose constraint concepts and reference levels. All this, when used with the principle of optimization of radiation protection can restrict individual doses. The maintenance of the three radiation protection principles demonstrates the robustness of these principles, as well as the maintenance of the dose limits demonstrates the confidence of the radioprotection community in the safety of these limits. Brazilian radioprotection did not reach yet the state of the art described here and is still based on ICRP previous recommendation edited in 1990, but being the legal regulations for Brazil they must be obeyed. All legislation based on ICRP No 60 and subsequent recommendations are able to protect quite adequately the environment and workers, although they are not in the state of the art as defined by the ICRP No 103 and subsequent recommendations.
    VL  - 2
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