Phytochemistry and Toxicity Studies on Aqueous Extracts of Leaf and Stem of Mistletoe (<i>Viscum album</i>) in Albino Rats

John Wasagwa; Buratai Bala Lawan; Biu Abubakar Abdullahi; Luka Joshua; Ngulde Ibrahim Saidu; Onyiche Emmanuel Thank God

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.11

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Phytochemistry and Toxicity Studies on Aqueous Extracts of Leaf and Stem of Mistletoe (Viscum album) in Albino Rats

John Wasagwa, Buratai Bala Lawan, Biu Abubakar Abdullahi, Luka Joshua, Ngulde Ibrahim Saidu, Onyiche Emmanuel Thank God

Published in International Journal of Homeopathy & Natural Medicines (Volume 4, Issue 1)

Received: 19 December 2017 Accepted: 4 January 2018 Published: 19 January 2018

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Abstract

Phytochemistry and acute toxicity studies on the aqueous extracts of leaves and stem of mistletoe (Viscum album) in albino rats was carried out. Phytochemical screening of leaves and stem of Viscum album from Azadirachta indica, Acacia albida and Psidium guajava trees revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, combined anthraquinones, reducing sugars and combined sugars. Saponins had the highest scores (+++) in all the extracts followed by phenols and carbohydrates with moderate scores (++), while lower concentrations (+) was observed for reducing and combined sugars. The calculated median lethal dose (LD₅₀) values following the intraperitoneal administration of graded doses of these extracts in albino rats were 1440mg/kg/bw and 600mg/kg/bw for A. albida leaf and stem; 2400mg/kg/bw each for A. albida leaf and stem, and 2400mg/kg/bw and 2880mg/kg/bw for P. guajava leaf and stem aqueous extracts respectively. The clinical signs associated with acute toxicity testing using graded doses of Viscum album aqueous extracts administered to albino rats were arched back, bulging eyes, weakness, depression, unsteady movement, lack of apetite, dizziness, dyspnoea, sleep, coma and death.

Published in	International Journal of Homeopathy & Natural Medicines (Volume 4, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.11
Page(s)	1-5
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Mistotle, Phytochemistry, Toxicity, Intra-Peritoneal, LD₅₀

References

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John Wasagwa, Buratai Bala Lawan, Biu Abubakar Abdullahi, Luka Joshua, Ngulde Ibrahim Saidu, et al. (2018). Phytochemistry and Toxicity Studies on Aqueous Extracts of Leaf and Stem of Mistletoe (Viscum album) in Albino Rats. International Journal of Homeopathy & Natural Medicines, 4(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.11

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ACS Style

John Wasagwa; Buratai Bala Lawan; Biu Abubakar Abdullahi; Luka Joshua; Ngulde Ibrahim Saidu, et al. Phytochemistry and Toxicity Studies on Aqueous Extracts of Leaf and Stem of Mistletoe (Viscum album) in Albino Rats. Int. J. Homeopathy Nat. Med. 2018, 4(1), 1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.11

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AMA Style

John Wasagwa, Buratai Bala Lawan, Biu Abubakar Abdullahi, Luka Joshua, Ngulde Ibrahim Saidu, et al. Phytochemistry and Toxicity Studies on Aqueous Extracts of Leaf and Stem of Mistletoe (Viscum album) in Albino Rats. Int J Homeopathy Nat Med. 2018;4(1):1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.11,
  author = {John Wasagwa and Buratai Bala Lawan and Biu Abubakar Abdullahi and Luka Joshua and Ngulde Ibrahim Saidu and Onyiche Emmanuel Thank God},
  title = {Phytochemistry and Toxicity Studies on Aqueous Extracts of Leaf and Stem of Mistletoe (Viscum album) in Albino Rats},
  journal = {International Journal of Homeopathy & Natural Medicines},
  volume = {4},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-5},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijhnm.20180401.11},
  abstract = {Phytochemistry and acute toxicity studies on the aqueous extracts of leaves and stem of mistletoe (Viscum album) in albino rats was carried out. Phytochemical screening of leaves and stem of Viscum album from Azadirachta indica, Acacia albida and Psidium guajava trees revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, combined anthraquinones, reducing sugars and combined sugars. Saponins had the highest scores (+++) in all the extracts followed by phenols and carbohydrates with moderate scores (++), while lower concentrations (+) was observed for reducing and combined sugars. The calculated median lethal dose (LD50) values following the intraperitoneal administration of graded doses of these extracts in albino rats were 1440mg/kg/bw and 600mg/kg/bw for A. albida leaf and stem; 2400mg/kg/bw each for A. albida leaf and stem, and 2400mg/kg/bw and 2880mg/kg/bw for P. guajava leaf and stem aqueous extracts respectively. The clinical signs associated with acute toxicity testing using graded doses of Viscum album aqueous extracts administered to albino rats were arched back, bulging eyes, weakness, depression, unsteady movement, lack of apetite, dizziness, dyspnoea, sleep, coma and death.},
 year = {2018}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Phytochemistry and Toxicity Studies on Aqueous Extracts of Leaf and Stem of Mistletoe (Viscum album) in Albino Rats
AU  - John Wasagwa
AU  - Buratai Bala Lawan
AU  - Biu Abubakar Abdullahi
AU  - Luka Joshua
AU  - Ngulde Ibrahim Saidu
AU  - Onyiche Emmanuel Thank God
Y1  - 2018/01/19
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.11
T2  - International Journal of Homeopathy & Natural Medicines
JF  - International Journal of Homeopathy & Natural Medicines
JO  - International Journal of Homeopathy & Natural Medicines
SP  - 1
EP  - 5
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2472-2316
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.11
AB  - Phytochemistry and acute toxicity studies on the aqueous extracts of leaves and stem of mistletoe (Viscum album) in albino rats was carried out. Phytochemical screening of leaves and stem of Viscum album from Azadirachta indica, Acacia albida and Psidium guajava trees revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, combined anthraquinones, reducing sugars and combined sugars. Saponins had the highest scores (+++) in all the extracts followed by phenols and carbohydrates with moderate scores (++), while lower concentrations (+) was observed for reducing and combined sugars. The calculated median lethal dose (LD50) values following the intraperitoneal administration of graded doses of these extracts in albino rats were 1440mg/kg/bw and 600mg/kg/bw for A. albida leaf and stem; 2400mg/kg/bw each for A. albida leaf and stem, and 2400mg/kg/bw and 2880mg/kg/bw for P. guajava leaf and stem aqueous extracts respectively. The clinical signs associated with acute toxicity testing using graded doses of Viscum album aqueous extracts administered to albino rats were arched back, bulging eyes, weakness, depression, unsteady movement, lack of apetite, dizziness, dyspnoea, sleep, coma and death.
VL  - 4
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

John Wasagwa

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Buratai Bala Lawan

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Biu Abubakar Abdullahi

Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Luka Joshua

Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Ngulde Ibrahim Saidu

Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Onyiche Emmanuel Thank God

Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria

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John Wasagwa, Buratai Bala Lawan, Biu Abubakar Abdullahi, Luka Joshua, Ngulde Ibrahim Saidu, et al. (2018). Phytochemistry and Toxicity Studies on Aqueous Extracts of Leaf and Stem of Mistletoe (Viscum album) in Albino Rats. International Journal of Homeopathy & Natural Medicines, 4(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.11

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ACS Style

John Wasagwa; Buratai Bala Lawan; Biu Abubakar Abdullahi; Luka Joshua; Ngulde Ibrahim Saidu, et al. Phytochemistry and Toxicity Studies on Aqueous Extracts of Leaf and Stem of Mistletoe (Viscum album) in Albino Rats. Int. J. Homeopathy Nat. Med. 2018, 4(1), 1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.11

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AMA Style

John Wasagwa, Buratai Bala Lawan, Biu Abubakar Abdullahi, Luka Joshua, Ngulde Ibrahim Saidu, et al. Phytochemistry and Toxicity Studies on Aqueous Extracts of Leaf and Stem of Mistletoe (Viscum album) in Albino Rats. Int J Homeopathy Nat Med. 2018;4(1):1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.11,
  author = {John Wasagwa and Buratai Bala Lawan and Biu Abubakar Abdullahi and Luka Joshua and Ngulde Ibrahim Saidu and Onyiche Emmanuel Thank God},
  title = {Phytochemistry and Toxicity Studies on Aqueous Extracts of Leaf and Stem of Mistletoe (Viscum album) in Albino Rats},
  journal = {International Journal of Homeopathy & Natural Medicines},
  volume = {4},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-5},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijhnm.20180401.11},
  abstract = {Phytochemistry and acute toxicity studies on the aqueous extracts of leaves and stem of mistletoe (Viscum album) in albino rats was carried out. Phytochemical screening of leaves and stem of Viscum album from Azadirachta indica, Acacia albida and Psidium guajava trees revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, combined anthraquinones, reducing sugars and combined sugars. Saponins had the highest scores (+++) in all the extracts followed by phenols and carbohydrates with moderate scores (++), while lower concentrations (+) was observed for reducing and combined sugars. The calculated median lethal dose (LD50) values following the intraperitoneal administration of graded doses of these extracts in albino rats were 1440mg/kg/bw and 600mg/kg/bw for A. albida leaf and stem; 2400mg/kg/bw each for A. albida leaf and stem, and 2400mg/kg/bw and 2880mg/kg/bw for P. guajava leaf and stem aqueous extracts respectively. The clinical signs associated with acute toxicity testing using graded doses of Viscum album aqueous extracts administered to albino rats were arched back, bulging eyes, weakness, depression, unsteady movement, lack of apetite, dizziness, dyspnoea, sleep, coma and death.},
 year = {2018}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Phytochemistry and Toxicity Studies on Aqueous Extracts of Leaf and Stem of Mistletoe (Viscum album) in Albino Rats
AU  - John Wasagwa
AU  - Buratai Bala Lawan
AU  - Biu Abubakar Abdullahi
AU  - Luka Joshua
AU  - Ngulde Ibrahim Saidu
AU  - Onyiche Emmanuel Thank God
Y1  - 2018/01/19
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.11
T2  - International Journal of Homeopathy & Natural Medicines
JF  - International Journal of Homeopathy & Natural Medicines
JO  - International Journal of Homeopathy & Natural Medicines
SP  - 1
EP  - 5
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2472-2316
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.11
AB  - Phytochemistry and acute toxicity studies on the aqueous extracts of leaves and stem of mistletoe (Viscum album) in albino rats was carried out. Phytochemical screening of leaves and stem of Viscum album from Azadirachta indica, Acacia albida and Psidium guajava trees revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, combined anthraquinones, reducing sugars and combined sugars. Saponins had the highest scores (+++) in all the extracts followed by phenols and carbohydrates with moderate scores (++), while lower concentrations (+) was observed for reducing and combined sugars. The calculated median lethal dose (LD50) values following the intraperitoneal administration of graded doses of these extracts in albino rats were 1440mg/kg/bw and 600mg/kg/bw for A. albida leaf and stem; 2400mg/kg/bw each for A. albida leaf and stem, and 2400mg/kg/bw and 2880mg/kg/bw for P. guajava leaf and stem aqueous extracts respectively. The clinical signs associated with acute toxicity testing using graded doses of Viscum album aqueous extracts administered to albino rats were arched back, bulging eyes, weakness, depression, unsteady movement, lack of apetite, dizziness, dyspnoea, sleep, coma and death.
VL  - 4
IS  - 1
ER  -

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