Removed all headings and made it as one paragraph as suggested by reviewer. Impaired glucose tolerance is the most common complication during pregnancy. The prevalence of gestational has increased all over the world recently and especially in Saudi Arabia. The gestational diabetes causes many problems to both mother and the fetus. The objective of this systematic review is to assess the GDM prevalence rate, its risk factors and its outcome in Saudi Arabia. One electronic data base called PubMed was searched by using appropriate key words and filters were applied in all possible ways to find the relevant literature. The language was limited only to English. The database identified 113 records out of which only 29 were relevant and unable to find full text in 6 articles. Only 9 articles were included in the systematic review. The prevalence of gestational diabetes ranges from 10.5% to as high as 51% and risk factors for gestational diabetes were increased maternal age, higher body weight & BMI, Previous history of GDM and Macrosomia. Most studies reported GDM increased the risk of cesarean section in mothers and hypoglycemia, higher birth weight, hyperbilirubinaemia and NICU admissions in fetus. The gestational diabetes remains a major public health problem in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia and it highlights the need for further research. Considering the burden of GDM early screening of pregnant women is highly recommend to reduce the maternal and neonatal complications.
| Published in | Central African Journal of Public Health (Volume 2, Issue 2) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.cajph.20160202.16 |
| Page(s) | 83-88 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Gestational Diabetes, Pregnant Women, Saudi Arabia, Macrosomia, Hypoglycemia, Large for Gestational Age, Higher Body Weight & BMI
| [1] | Metzger, B. E., 1991, The Organizing Committee: summary and recommendations of the Third International Workshop — Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes; 40 (suppl 2): 197–201. |
| [2] | World Health Organization (1999) Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Report of a WHO consultation. Part 1: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Geneva: World Health Organization. |
| [3] | Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Reichelt AJ, Branchtein L, Matos MC, et al. (2001) Gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed with a 2-h 75-g glucose tolerance test and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Diabetes care 24: 1151-1155. 8. |
| [4] | Jenum AK, Morkrid K, Sletner L (2012) Impact of ethnicity on gestational diabetes mellitus with the WHO and the modified International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria: a population-based cohort study. Eur J Endocrinol 166: 317-324. 9. |
| [5] | Agarwal MM, Dhatt GS, Shah SM (2010) Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Simplifying the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy diagnostic algorithm using fasting plasma glucose. Diabetes Care 33: 2018-2020. |
| [6] | Ardawi MS, Nasrat HA, Jamal HS, Al-Sagaaf HM, Mustafa BE (2000) Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant females. Saudi Med J 21: 155-160. |
| [7] | Lindsay RS (2009) Gestational diabetes: causes and consequnces. Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis 9: 27–31. 9. |
| [8] | Gilmartin AB, Ural SH, Repke JT (2008) Gestational diabetes mellitus. Rev Obstet Gynecol 1: 129–134. 10. |
| [9] | Herring SJ, Oken E (2011) Obesity and diabetes in mothers and their children: can we stop the intergenerational cycle? Curr Diab Rep 11: 20–27. 11. |
| [10] | Kim SY, England JL, Sharma JA, Njoroge T (2011) Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Childhood Overweight and Obesity in Offspring: A Systematic Review. Exp Diabetes Res 2011: 1–9. |
| [11] | Horvath. K, Siebenhofer. A, Koch. K, Jeitler. K, Matyas. E, Bastian. H and Lange S. Effects of treatment in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010 April; 340: 1-18. |
| [12] | ADA, 2004, Gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(suppl 1): S88–90. |
| [13] | Zhang, C., and Ning, Y., 2011, Effect of dietary and lifestyle factors on the risk of gestational diabetes: review of epidemiologic evidence. Am J Clin Nutr; 94 (suppl): 1975S–9S. |
| [14] | Association AAD. Gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2004; 2s7(1): s88-s90. |
| [15] | Eman Mohammed Alfadhli,a Eman Naguib Osman,b Taghreed Hamza Basri et al, 2015, Gestational diabetes among Saudi women: prevalence, risk factors and pregnancy outcomes. Ann Saudi Med 2015; 35(3): 222-230. |
| [16] | Al-Rubeaan K, Al-Manaa HA, Khoja TA, et al. A community-based survey for different abnormal glucose metabolism among pregnant women in a random household study (SAUDIDM). BMJ Open 2014; 4: e005906. Doi: 10.1136/ bmjopen-2014-00590. |
| [17] | R. AlKhalifah, A. AlSubaihin, T. AlKharfi, S. AlAlaiyan, and Khalid M. AlFaleh. Neonatal ShortTerm Outcomes of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Saudi Mothers: A Retrospective Cohort Study. J Clin Neonatol. 2012 JanMar; 1(1): 29–33. Doi: 10.4103/22494847.92241. |
| [18] | AlRowaily MA, Abolfotouh MA. Predictors of gestational diabetes mellitus in a highparity community in Saudi Arabia.East Mediterr Health J. 2010 Jun;16 (6):63641. |
| [19] | Malak M. Al-Hakeem, ABOG. Pregnancy outcome of gestational diabetic mothers: experience in a tertiary center. Journal of Family & Community Medicine 2006; 13(2). |
| [20] | M. Salleh M. Ardawi, PhD, FRCPath, Hassan A. Nasrat, FRCOG, Hassan S. Jamal et al. screening for gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant females. Saudi Medical Journal 2000; Vol. 21 (2): 155-160. |
| [21] | El Mallah KO, Narchi H, Kulaylat NA, Shaban MS. Gestational and pregestational diabetes: comparison of maternal and fetal characteristics and outcome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1997 Aug; 58(2): 2039. |
| [22] | Khwaja SS, alSuleiman SA, alSibai MH. Screening for gestational diabetes in a teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1989 Aug; 29(3 Pt 1): 20911. |
| [23] | AlShawaf T, Akiel A, Moghraby SA. Gestational diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance of pregnancy in Riyadh.Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1988 Jan; 95(1): 8490. |
| [24] | Reed BD. Gestational diabetes mellitus. Prim Care 1988; 15: 371-387. |
| [25] | Kaufman HW. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus. Am Fam Physician 1989; 40: 109-111. |
| [26] | Barakat MN, Youssef RM, Al-Lawati JA. Pregnancy outcomes of diabetic women: charting Oman’s progress towards the goal of the Saint Vincent Declaration. Ann Saudi Med. 2010; 30(4): 265–270. |
| [27] | Agarwal MM, Dhatt GS, Puunnose J, Koster G. Gestational Diabetes: dilemma caused by multiple international diagnostic criteria. Diabet Med. 2005; 22: 1731–1736. |
| [28] | Bener A, Saleh NM, Al-Hamaq. Prevalence of gestational diabetes and associated maternal and neonatal complications in a fast-developing community: global comparisons. Int J Women’s Health. 2011; 3: 367–373. |
| [29] | Rajab KE, Issa AA, Hasan ZA, Rajab E, Jaradat AA. Incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Bahrain from 2002–2012. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012; 117: 74–77. |
| [30] | Yang H, Wei Y, Gao X, et al. Risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus in Chinese women: a prospective study of 16286 pregnant women in China. Diabet Med 2009; 26: 1099–104. |
| [31] | Soheilykhah S, Mogibian M, Rahimi-Saghand S, et al. Incidence of gestational diabetes in pregnant women. Iran J Reprod Med 2010; 8: 24–8. |
| [32] | Al Rowaily MA, Alsalem FA, Abolfotouh MA. Cesarean section in a high-parity community in Saudi Arabia: clinical indications and obstetric outcomes. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014; 14: 92. |
| [33] | Gunderson EP, Quesenberry CP Jr, Jacobs DR Jr, et al. Longitudinal study of prepregnancy cardiometabolic risk factors and subsequent risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Epidemiol 2010; 172: 1131–43. 24. |
| [34] | Cheung NW, Wasmer G, Al-Ali J. Risk factors for gestational diabetes among Asian women. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 955–6. |
| [35] | Bhat M, Ramesha KN, Sarma SP, et al. Determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus: a case control study in a district tertiary care hospital in south India. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2010; 30: 91–6. |
| [36] | Cypryk K, Szymczak W, Czupryniak L, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus—an analysis of risk factors. Endokrynol Pol 2008; 59: 393–7. |
| [37] | Greene MF, Hare JW, Krache M, Phillippe M, Barss VA, Saltzman DH, et al. Prematurity among insulin-requiring diabetic gravid women. Am J Obstetric gynecology 1989; 161: 106-11. |
| [38] | Hanson U, Persson B. Outcome of pregnancies complicated by Type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes in Sweden: acute pregnancy complications, neonatal mortality and morbidity. Am J Perinatol 1993; 10: 330-3. 10. |
| [39] | Rosenn B, Miodovnik M, Combs CA, Khoury J, Siddiqi TA. Poor glycemic control and antepartum obstetric complications in women with insulin-dependent diabetes. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1993; 43: 21-8. |
| [40] | Metzger B, Lowe L, Dyer A, Trimble E, Chaovarindr U, Coustan D, et al. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2008; 358(19): 1991-2002. |
| [41] | Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Moss JR, McPhee AJ, Jeffries WS, Robinson JS. Australian Carbohydrate Intolerance Study in Pregnant Women (ACHOIS) Trial Group. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352(24): 2477-86. |
| [42] | Hod M, Merlov P, Friedman S, Schoenfeld A. Gestational diabetes mellitus: a survey of perinatal complications in the 1980’s. Diabetes 1991; 40 (Suppl 2): 74-8. |
| [43] | Landon MB, Spong CY, Thom E, Carpenter MW, Ramin SM, Casey B, et al. A multicenter, randomized trial of treatment for mild gestational diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2009; 361(14): 1339-48. |
APA Style
Alzzaqani Ahmad Hasan A., Alzemily Mohammed Abdulkareem M., Alshahrani Homood Saeed A. (2016). A Status on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review. Central African Journal of Public Health, 2(2), 83-88. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20160202.16
ACS Style
Alzzaqani Ahmad Hasan A.; Alzemily Mohammed Abdulkareem M.; Alshahrani Homood Saeed A. A Status on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review. Cent. Afr. J. Public Health 2016, 2(2), 83-88. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20160202.16
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.cajph.20160202.16,
author = {Alzzaqani Ahmad Hasan A. and Alzemily Mohammed Abdulkareem M. and Alshahrani Homood Saeed A.},
title = {A Status on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review},
journal = {Central African Journal of Public Health},
volume = {2},
number = {2},
pages = {83-88},
doi = {10.11648/j.cajph.20160202.16},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20160202.16},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cajph.20160202.16},
abstract = {Removed all headings and made it as one paragraph as suggested by reviewer. Impaired glucose tolerance is the most common complication during pregnancy. The prevalence of gestational has increased all over the world recently and especially in Saudi Arabia. The gestational diabetes causes many problems to both mother and the fetus. The objective of this systematic review is to assess the GDM prevalence rate, its risk factors and its outcome in Saudi Arabia. One electronic data base called PubMed was searched by using appropriate key words and filters were applied in all possible ways to find the relevant literature. The language was limited only to English. The database identified 113 records out of which only 29 were relevant and unable to find full text in 6 articles. Only 9 articles were included in the systematic review. The prevalence of gestational diabetes ranges from 10.5% to as high as 51% and risk factors for gestational diabetes were increased maternal age, higher body weight & BMI, Previous history of GDM and Macrosomia. Most studies reported GDM increased the risk of cesarean section in mothers and hypoglycemia, higher birth weight, hyperbilirubinaemia and NICU admissions in fetus. The gestational diabetes remains a major public health problem in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia and it highlights the need for further research. Considering the burden of GDM early screening of pregnant women is highly recommend to reduce the maternal and neonatal complications.},
year = {2016}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - A Status on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review AU - Alzzaqani Ahmad Hasan A. AU - Alzemily Mohammed Abdulkareem M. AU - Alshahrani Homood Saeed A. Y1 - 2016/11/25 PY - 2016 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20160202.16 DO - 10.11648/j.cajph.20160202.16 T2 - Central African Journal of Public Health JF - Central African Journal of Public Health JO - Central African Journal of Public Health SP - 83 EP - 88 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2575-5781 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20160202.16 AB - Removed all headings and made it as one paragraph as suggested by reviewer. Impaired glucose tolerance is the most common complication during pregnancy. The prevalence of gestational has increased all over the world recently and especially in Saudi Arabia. The gestational diabetes causes many problems to both mother and the fetus. The objective of this systematic review is to assess the GDM prevalence rate, its risk factors and its outcome in Saudi Arabia. One electronic data base called PubMed was searched by using appropriate key words and filters were applied in all possible ways to find the relevant literature. The language was limited only to English. The database identified 113 records out of which only 29 were relevant and unable to find full text in 6 articles. Only 9 articles were included in the systematic review. The prevalence of gestational diabetes ranges from 10.5% to as high as 51% and risk factors for gestational diabetes were increased maternal age, higher body weight & BMI, Previous history of GDM and Macrosomia. Most studies reported GDM increased the risk of cesarean section in mothers and hypoglycemia, higher birth weight, hyperbilirubinaemia and NICU admissions in fetus. The gestational diabetes remains a major public health problem in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia and it highlights the need for further research. Considering the burden of GDM early screening of pregnant women is highly recommend to reduce the maternal and neonatal complications. VL - 2 IS - 2 ER -
Information
Email: