Hospital is a major avenue for the spread of infectious diseases known as nosocomial infections. This study investigated the bacteria that colonize hospital equipments at the Federal Medical Centre and Nasarawa State University Clinic Keffi. Swab samples of different hospital equipments were collected and examined using standard microbiological techniques. Cultural features indicates the presence of the following bacteria; Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter spp. The mean bacterial load from NSUK clinic equipments (×104cfu/ml) were 0.32, 0.18, 0.19 and 0.1 for total viable, total coliform, total fecal coliform and staphylococcus aureus count respectively, while the mean bacterial load in FMC (×104cfu/ml) was 1.254, 0.347 and 0.283 for total viable count, coliform count and faecal coliform count accordingly. Frequency of occurrence of the bacteria isolates in FMC is in the order: Escherichia coli (50.0%)>Enterobacter spp. (30.0%)>Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. (20.0%)>Staphylococcus aureus (0.0%); while that of NSUK clinic is in the order: Escherichia coli (50.0%)>Pseudomonas spp. (30.0%)>Staphylococcus aureus (10.0%), while Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. were not isolated at NSUK clinic. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the bacteria showed Pseudomonas spp. to be completely susceptible to Augmentin, Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol and Ciprofloxacin (100.0% each), while E. coli showed some degree of susceptibility to Streptomycin (44.4%), Ciprofloxacin and Perfloxacin (33.3%), Gentamicin and Sparfloxacin (22.2%), Augmentin, Ofloxacin, Septrin and Chloramphenicol (11.1%), but completely resistant to Amoxicillin. Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. were resistant to all the antibiotics tested, except for Streptomycin which they displayed high susceptibility of 100.0% and 66.7% for Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. respectively. Staphylococcus aureus was found to be resistant completely against all the antibiotics tested. Hence, it is pertinent to embrace hand hygiene so as to minimize the risk of acquiring nosocomial infections due to contaminated hospital equipments.
| Published in | International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Science (Volume 5, Issue 2) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ijbecs.20190502.13 |
| Page(s) | 24-30 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Bacteria, Hospital Equipments, Antibiotic Susceptibility, Keffi, Nigeria
| [1] | Dancer, S. J. (2009). The role of environmental cleaning in the control of hospital-acquired infection. J. Hosp. Infect. 73: 378–385. |
| [2] | Otter, J. A., Yezli, S. and French, G. L. (2011). The Role Played by Contaminated Surfaces in the Transmission of Nosocomial Pathogens. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 32 (7): 687-699. |
| [3] | Willey, J. M., Sherwood, L. M. and Woolverton, C. J. (2008). Prescott, Harley and Klein’s Microbiology, 7th Edn., Mc Graw Hill Companies, New York, USA. |
| [4] | Yusha’u, M., Bukar, A., Aliyu, B. S. and Abdulkareem, A. (2012). Bacterial Contamination of Some Hospital Equipments in Kano, Nigeria. Hamdard Medicus. 55 (3): 39-42. |
| [5] | Davies, T. E. and Lowe, I. A. (1999). Environmental Implications of the Health Care Service Sector. Discussion Paper 00-01. October. In; Ferreira de Toledo and Demajorovic, 2006. |
| [6] | Rutala, W. A and Weber, D. J. (2004). Disinfection and sterilization in health care facilities: what clinicians need to know? Clin. Infect. Dis. 39: 702-9. |
| [7] | Ochie, K. and Ohagwu, C. C. (2009). Contamination of X-Ray Equipment and Accessories with Nosocomial Bacteria and the Effectiveness of Common Disinfecting Agents. African Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences. 1 (1-2): 31-35. |
| [8] | Embil, J. M., Zhanel, G. G., Plourde, J. P. and Hoban, D. (2002). Scissors: a potential source of nosocomial infection. Infectious Control in Hospital and Epidemiology. 23: 147-151. |
| [9] | Schwegman, D. (2008). Prevention of Cross Transmission of Microorganisms is Essential to Preventing Outbreaks of Hospital Acquired Infections. Welch AllynSM2988 Rev A. Pp. 1-6. |
| [10] | El-Mishad, M. A. (2005). Manual of Medical Microbiology and Immunity, 5th Edition. 11 (2): Pp. 6-7. |
| [11] | Inglis, T. J. J. (1998). Microbiology and Infections. Churchill Livingstone, London, UK. |
| [12] | Alvarado, C. J. and Reichelderfer, M. (2000). The 1997, 1998 and 1999 APIC Guidelines Committees. APIC guideline for infection prevention and control in flexible Endoscopy. AJIC. 1-18. |
| [13] | Fox, M. and Harvey, J. M. (2008). An investigation of infection control for x-ray cassettes in a diagnostic imaging department. Radiography. 14 (4): 306-311. |
| [14] | Whittington, A. M., Whitlow, G., Hewson, D., Thomas, C. and Brett, S. J. (2009). Bacterial contamination of stethoscopes on the intensive care unit. Anaesthesia. 64: 620–624. |
| [15] | Jones, J. S., Hoerle, D. and Riekse, R. (1995). Stethoscopes: a potential vector of infection? Annals of Emergency Medicine. 26: 296–299. |
| [16] | Bernard, L., Kereveur, A., Durand, D., Gonot, J., Goldstein, F. and Mainardi, L. (1999). Bacterial contamination of hospital physicians’ stethoscopes. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 20: 626–628. |
| [17] | Zachary, K. C., Bayne, P. S., Morrison, V. J., Ford, D. S., Silver, L. C. and Hooper, D. C. (2001). Contamination of gowns, gloves and stethoscopes with vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 22: 560–564. |
| [18] | Cohen, S. R., McCormack, D. J., Youkhana, A. and Wall, R. (2003). Bacterial colonization of stethoscopes and the effect of cleaning. Journal of Hospital Infection. 55: 236–7. |
| [19] | Ekrami, A. R., Kayedani, A., Jahangir, M., Kalantar, E. and Jalali, M. (2011). Isolation of common aerobic bacterial pathogens from the environment of seven hospitals, Ahvaz, Iran. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology. 4 (2): 75-82. |
| [20] | Favero, M. S. and Bond, W. W. (2001). Chemical disinfection of medical and surgical materials. In: Block SS, (ed), Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation, 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Pp. 881-917. |
| [21] | Nasarawa Geographical Information Services (NAGIS) (2015). GPS Map of Nasarawa State showing all the Local Government Areas. www.nagis.gov.ng |
| [22] | Cheesbrough, M. (2006). District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries, Part II. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. Pp442. |
| [23] | Bauer, A. W., Kirby, W. M., Sherris, J. C. and Turck, M. (1966). Antibiotic susceptibilitytestingby a standardized single disk method. Amer. J. Clin. Pathol. 45: 493-496. |
| [24] | CLSI (2018). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 28th informational supplement M100-S28, Wayne, PA, USA. |
| [25] | Lankford, M. G., Collins, S., Youngberg, L., Rooney, D. M., Warren, J. R. and Noskin, G. A. (2006). Assessment of materials commonly utilized in health care: implications for bacterial survival and transmission. American Journal of Infection Control. 34: 258–263. |
| [26] | Levin, P. D., Shatz, O., Sviri, S., Moriah, D., Or-Barbash, A., Sprung, C. L., Moses, A. E. and Block, C. (2009). Contamination of Portable Radiograph Equipment with Resistant Bacteria in the ICU. Chest. 136: 426-432. |
| [27] | Oliveira, A. C. and Damasceno, Q. S. (2010). Surfaces of the hospital environment as possible deposits of resistant bacteria: a review. Rev. Esc. Enferm. USP. 44 (4): 1112-1127. |
| [28] | Garcia-Cruz, C. P., Aguilar, M. J. N. and Arroyo-Helguera, O. E. (2012). Fungal and Bacterial Contamination on Indoor Surfaces of a Hospital in Mexico. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology. 5 (3): 460-464. |
| [29] | Obiekezie, S. O., Ndimele, E. C. and Otti, T. A. (2013). Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Bacteria Species Isolated from Wastewater in Bingham University Clinic, Karu, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. International Journal of Biotechnology and Allied Sciences. 8 (1): 1070-1076. |
| [30] | Mc Donell, A. (2008). Issues of infection control in pre-hospital settings. Journal of Emergency Primary Health Care. 6 (4): 1-10. |
| [31] | Chacko, I., Jose, S., Isa, A. and Bhat, K. G. (2003). Survival of Nosocomial Bacteria in Hospital Fabrics. International Journal of Medical Microbiology. 21 (4): 291. |
| [32] | Bhalla, A., Drin, D. and Donskey, C. J. (2007). Staphylococcus aureus intestinal colonization in associated with increased frequency of S. aureus on skin of hospitalized patients BMC Infectious Diseases. 7 (105): 108-23. |
| [33] | Kayabas, U., Bayraktar, M., Otlu, B., Ugras, M., Ersoy, Y. and Bayindir, Y. (2008). An outbreak of Pseudomonasaeruginosa because of inadequate disinfection procedures in a urology unite: A pulsed- field gel electrophoresis – based epidemiologic study. American Journal of Infections Control. 36 (1): 33-38. |
| [34] | Singh, K., Dar, F. A. and Kishor, K. (2013). Bacterial Contamination in Operating Theatres of District Hospital Budgam in Kashmir Division. Innovative Journal of Medical and Health Science. 3 (2): 62-63. |
| [35] | Cordeiro, L. A. O., Oliveira, M. M. C., Fernandes, J. D., Antunes Barros, C. L. M. and Castro, L. M. C. (2014). Equipment contamination in an intensive care unit. Acta Paul Enferm. 28 (2): 160-165. |
| [36] | Harris, A. D. (2008). “How important is the environment in the emergence of nosocomial antimicrobial-resistant bacteria?” Clinical Infectious Diseases. 46 (5): 686–688. |
| [37] | Kim, J. M., Park, E. S., Jeong, J. S., Kim, K. M., Oh, H. S. and Yoon, S. W. (2000). Multi-center surveillance study for nosocomial infections in major hospitals in Korea. Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Committee of the Korean Society for Nosocomial Infection Control. American Journal of Infectious Control. 28 (6): 454-458. |
| [38] | Richards, M. J., Edwards, J. R., Culver, D. H. and Gaynes, R. P. (1999). Nosocomial infections in medical intensive care units in the United States. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Critical Care Medicine. 27 (5): 887-92. |
| [39] | Al-Charrakh, A. H. (2012). Frequency and antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from oral and topical medicaments from Hilla, Iraq. Journal of Infections in Developing Countries. 6: 489-94. |
APA Style
Adamu Muktar Owuna, Owuna Jibril Egwu, Yakubu Akuki Hajara, Azamu Ibaku Gowon. (2019). Bacterial Contamination of Hospital Equipments in Two Tertiary Health Facilities in Central Nigeria and Their Corresponding Susceptibility to Antimicrobial Agents. International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Science, 5(2), 24-30. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbecs.20190502.13
ACS Style
Adamu Muktar Owuna; Owuna Jibril Egwu; Yakubu Akuki Hajara; Azamu Ibaku Gowon. Bacterial Contamination of Hospital Equipments in Two Tertiary Health Facilities in Central Nigeria and Their Corresponding Susceptibility to Antimicrobial Agents. Int. J. Biomed. Eng. Clin. Sci. 2019, 5(2), 24-30. doi: 10.11648/j.ijbecs.20190502.13
AMA Style
Adamu Muktar Owuna, Owuna Jibril Egwu, Yakubu Akuki Hajara, Azamu Ibaku Gowon. Bacterial Contamination of Hospital Equipments in Two Tertiary Health Facilities in Central Nigeria and Their Corresponding Susceptibility to Antimicrobial Agents. Int J Biomed Eng Clin Sci. 2019;5(2):24-30. doi: 10.11648/j.ijbecs.20190502.13
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ijbecs.20190502.13,
author = {Adamu Muktar Owuna and Owuna Jibril Egwu and Yakubu Akuki Hajara and Azamu Ibaku Gowon},
title = {Bacterial Contamination of Hospital Equipments in Two Tertiary Health Facilities in Central Nigeria and Their Corresponding Susceptibility to Antimicrobial Agents},
journal = {International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Science},
volume = {5},
number = {2},
pages = {24-30},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijbecs.20190502.13},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbecs.20190502.13},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijbecs.20190502.13},
abstract = {Hospital is a major avenue for the spread of infectious diseases known as nosocomial infections. This study investigated the bacteria that colonize hospital equipments at the Federal Medical Centre and Nasarawa State University Clinic Keffi. Swab samples of different hospital equipments were collected and examined using standard microbiological techniques. Cultural features indicates the presence of the following bacteria; Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter spp. The mean bacterial load from NSUK clinic equipments (×104cfu/ml) were 0.32, 0.18, 0.19 and 0.1 for total viable, total coliform, total fecal coliform and staphylococcus aureus count respectively, while the mean bacterial load in FMC (×104cfu/ml) was 1.254, 0.347 and 0.283 for total viable count, coliform count and faecal coliform count accordingly. Frequency of occurrence of the bacteria isolates in FMC is in the order: Escherichia coli (50.0%)>Enterobacter spp. (30.0%)>Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. (20.0%)>Staphylococcus aureus (0.0%); while that of NSUK clinic is in the order: Escherichia coli (50.0%)>Pseudomonas spp. (30.0%)>Staphylococcus aureus (10.0%), while Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. were not isolated at NSUK clinic. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the bacteria showed Pseudomonas spp. to be completely susceptible to Augmentin, Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol and Ciprofloxacin (100.0% each), while E. coli showed some degree of susceptibility to Streptomycin (44.4%), Ciprofloxacin and Perfloxacin (33.3%), Gentamicin and Sparfloxacin (22.2%), Augmentin, Ofloxacin, Septrin and Chloramphenicol (11.1%), but completely resistant to Amoxicillin. Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. were resistant to all the antibiotics tested, except for Streptomycin which they displayed high susceptibility of 100.0% and 66.7% for Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. respectively. Staphylococcus aureus was found to be resistant completely against all the antibiotics tested. Hence, it is pertinent to embrace hand hygiene so as to minimize the risk of acquiring nosocomial infections due to contaminated hospital equipments.},
year = {2019}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Bacterial Contamination of Hospital Equipments in Two Tertiary Health Facilities in Central Nigeria and Their Corresponding Susceptibility to Antimicrobial Agents AU - Adamu Muktar Owuna AU - Owuna Jibril Egwu AU - Yakubu Akuki Hajara AU - Azamu Ibaku Gowon Y1 - 2019/09/25 PY - 2019 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbecs.20190502.13 DO - 10.11648/j.ijbecs.20190502.13 T2 - International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Science JF - International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Science JO - International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Science SP - 24 EP - 30 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2472-1301 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbecs.20190502.13 AB - Hospital is a major avenue for the spread of infectious diseases known as nosocomial infections. This study investigated the bacteria that colonize hospital equipments at the Federal Medical Centre and Nasarawa State University Clinic Keffi. Swab samples of different hospital equipments were collected and examined using standard microbiological techniques. Cultural features indicates the presence of the following bacteria; Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter spp. The mean bacterial load from NSUK clinic equipments (×104cfu/ml) were 0.32, 0.18, 0.19 and 0.1 for total viable, total coliform, total fecal coliform and staphylococcus aureus count respectively, while the mean bacterial load in FMC (×104cfu/ml) was 1.254, 0.347 and 0.283 for total viable count, coliform count and faecal coliform count accordingly. Frequency of occurrence of the bacteria isolates in FMC is in the order: Escherichia coli (50.0%)>Enterobacter spp. (30.0%)>Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. (20.0%)>Staphylococcus aureus (0.0%); while that of NSUK clinic is in the order: Escherichia coli (50.0%)>Pseudomonas spp. (30.0%)>Staphylococcus aureus (10.0%), while Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. were not isolated at NSUK clinic. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the bacteria showed Pseudomonas spp. to be completely susceptible to Augmentin, Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol and Ciprofloxacin (100.0% each), while E. coli showed some degree of susceptibility to Streptomycin (44.4%), Ciprofloxacin and Perfloxacin (33.3%), Gentamicin and Sparfloxacin (22.2%), Augmentin, Ofloxacin, Septrin and Chloramphenicol (11.1%), but completely resistant to Amoxicillin. Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. were resistant to all the antibiotics tested, except for Streptomycin which they displayed high susceptibility of 100.0% and 66.7% for Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. respectively. Staphylococcus aureus was found to be resistant completely against all the antibiotics tested. Hence, it is pertinent to embrace hand hygiene so as to minimize the risk of acquiring nosocomial infections due to contaminated hospital equipments. VL - 5 IS - 2 ER -
Information
Email: