Despite increasing interest in income polarisation among researchers in Nigeria, there is dearth of literature on its existence among undergraduate students especially with the primary data. A polarised income distribution among students has the potential of breeding social unrest, protest or demonstration. This study examined the existence of income polarization and inequality among undergraduate students. University of Ibadan was used as case study since all categories of social classes can be found among the students and the “no-cooking” policy of the University has direct effects on students’ monthly income and expenditure distribution. A two-stage sampling technique was employed. Analysis was done using descriptive statistics; Duclos-Esteban-Ray (DER) (2008) polarisation index and Generalised Entropy (GE) inequality index were used to estimate income polarisation and inequality respectively. Income polarisation and inequality decreased among students between the two observed years. Income polarisation (α0.5) decreased from 0.2287 to 0.2058 while income inequality decreased from 0.2402 to 0.1586. Highest polarisation estimate of 0.2117 was obtained between male and female. In 2011/2012, female (0.2032) was polarised than male (0.1987) while male (0.1893) was slightly polarised than female (0.1836) in 2012/2013 session. Within dimension however, the highest and least identification estimates (0.9069 and 0.7462) were from non-scholarship/bursary and female students respectively. In order to prevent a situation where students will ride on their increasing homogeneity brought about by no-cooking policy to protest against poor and unfriendly environment, good quality services in terms of food and other items that students paid for on campus are therefore advocated.
| Published in | Mathematics Letters (Volume 3, Issue 2) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ml.20170302.11 |
| Page(s) | 20-28 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Income Distribution, Polarisation, Inequality, Generalised Entropy, Homogenous
| [1] | Abdelkrim Araar, (2008) "Social Classes, Inequality and Redistributive Policies in Canada," Cahiers de recherche 0817, CIRPEE. Retrieved on May 2nd, 2013 from http://www.cirpee.org/fileadmin/documents/Cahiers_2008/CIRPEE08-17.pdf. |
| [2] | Adewole I. F., (2013): National Mirror Newspaper, February 7th, “University of Ibadan deserves special attention – VC” retrieved on March 2nd, 2013 from http://nationalmirroronline.net/new/university-of-ibadan-deserves-special-attention-vc/. |
| [3] | AfDB (2012); “Income Inequality in Africa” AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUP Briefing Notes for AfDB’s Long-Term Strategy Briefing Note 5: 1, 7 March 2012. |
| [4] | Aigbokhan, B. E. (2000); Poverty, growth and in-equality in Nigeria: A case study. Development Policy Centre, Ibadan, Nigeria. African Economic Research Consortium, Nairobi, AERC Research paper 102. |
| [5] | Araar, A. (2008); On the Decomposition of Polarization Indices: Illustrations with Chinese and Nigerian Household Surveys; Département d’économique, CIRPÉE & PEP, Pavillon DeSève, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1K 7P4 retrieved on April 6, 2013 from http://www.cirpee.org/fileadmin/documents/Cahiers_2008/CIRPEE08-06.pdf. |
| [6] | Awoyemi, T. T. (2008); “Explaining income inequality in Nigeria: A regression-based approach” Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Retrieved from on July 14, 2013 http://www.aercafrica.org/aes/papers/group_A/A9-Timithy%20Awoyemi.pdf. |
| [7] | Awoyemi T. T and Araar A. (2009); Explaining Polarization and its Dimensions in Nigeria: A DER Decomposition Approach. CIRPEE and Poverty and Economic Policy (PEP) Network, Pavillon de Seve, Paper prepared for the 14th Annual Conference on Econometric Modelling for Africa Sheraton Hotel, Abuja, Nigeria retrieved on March 1st 2013, from http://www.africametrics.org/documents/conference09/papers/Awoyemi_Araar.pdf. |
| [8] | Awoyemi, T. T., Busayo, O. I., O. Adewusi (2008): Inequality, polarization and poverty in Nigeria. Working Paper presented to PEP Network. Retrieved March 5th, 2013 from http://www.pep-net.org/NEWPEP/HTML/Meetings/Lima/Fichiers%20pdf/pmma10832-Awoyemi.pdf. |
| [9] | Babatunde, R. O. (2008); “Income inequality in rural Nigeria: Evidence from farming households’ survey data. Australian journal of basic and applied sciences 2 (1): 134- 14. ISSN 1991-8178. INSINET publication. Retrieved on July 2, 2013 from http://www.insinet.net/ajbas/2008/134-140.pdf; 2008. |
| [10] | Cowell, F. A. (2006). Inequality: Measurement. London School of Economics. Accessed Feb. 20, 2014, from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/2686/1/Inequality_Measurement.pdf. |
| [11] | Dawodu, O. (2000): “Varsity VC escapes death, campus shut.” The Guardian Newspaper, Thursday, June 22nd retrieved on August 5th 2013 from http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/. |
| [12] | Duclos, J. Arrar, A., C. Fortin. (2008) DAD 4.5. A software for Distributive Analysis/MIMAP Programme, International Development Research Centre, Government of Canada and CREFA, University of Laval, Laval; 2008. |
| [13] | Duclos, J., Esteban, J., and Ray D (2004): Polarization: concepts, measurement, estimation. Econometrica 72 (6) November 2004. 1737-1772. Retrieved April 6th, 2013 from http://cc.msnscache.com/cache.aspx. |
| [14] | Esteban, J., Gradin, C., D. (1999); Ray Extensions of a measure of polarization with an application to the income distribution of five OECD counties. Working paper No. 218. Retrieved July 2nd 2013 from http://www.lisproject.org/publications/liswps/218.pdf. |
| [15] | Mario Holzner (2012): The Determinants of Income Polarization on the Household and Country Level across the EU. The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies Working Papers 93, funded by the Jubilee Fund of Oesterreichische National bank (OeNB), Project No. 13819 retrieved from http://wiiw.ac.at/the-determinants-of-income-polarization-on-the-household-and-country-level-across-the-eu-dlp-2842.pdf. |
| [16] | Olaniyan, O., and Awoyemi, T. T. (2005): Inequality in the distribution of household expenditure in rural Nigeria: A decomposition analysis. Draft final research report, African Economic Research Consortium (AERC), Nairobi. Second phase collaborative poverty Research project. |
| [17] | Ogunrombi S. A., and B. L. Ndagana (2006); “Blazing the Trail in Poverty Alleviation among University Students in Nigeria: the Federal University of Technology Yola” Library Philosophy and Practice Vol. 9, No. 1. |
| [18] | Ogunyemi, O. I. O., (2013) Income polarisation and poverty among rural households in Nigeria. Agricultural Economics Department, University of Ibadan. Nigeria. Ph. D. Thesis, Unpublished. |
| [19] | Ogunyemi, O. I. O., Omobowale. A. O., Awoyemi, T. T., Yusuf, S. A. (2011) Income Polarization and Bipolarization across Rural Households’ Socio-economic Features in Nigeria. World Rural Observations 2011; 3 (3): 62-72]; ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). Retrieved on April 2nd, 2013 from http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. |
| [20] | Oyekale, A., Adeoti, A. I., Oyekale T. O. (2006) Measurement and sources of income inequality among rural and urban households in Nigeria. University of Ibadan. PMMA 2006; A paper presented during the first PEP Research Network General Meeting, June-18-22, 2006, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. |
| [21] | Schmidt A. (2002) “Statistical Measurement of Income Polarization; A cross-national comparison. Seminar of Economic and Social Statistics, University of Cologne, Germany. Retrieved on July 2nd 2013 from http://econpapers.repec.org/cpd/2002/95_Schmidt.pdf. |
| [22] | Student Information Hand Book (2012 – 2013 session), University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Published by The Student Affairs Division, University of Ibadan, Ibadan. 2012. |
| [23] | World Bank (1998): Poverty Profile for Nigeria: 1985-1996. Washington, DC: World Bank accessed on January 3rd, 2014 via http//www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/.../multi0page.pdf. |
APA Style
Adeleke Hafees Aderoju, Sulaiman Adesina Yusuf, Oluwole Ibikunle Ogunyemi, Wasiu Akintunde Yusuf. (2017). Income Polarisation Among Undergraduate Students of University of Ibadan. Mathematics Letters, 3(2), 20-28. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ml.20170302.11
ACS Style
Adeleke Hafees Aderoju; Sulaiman Adesina Yusuf; Oluwole Ibikunle Ogunyemi; Wasiu Akintunde Yusuf. Income Polarisation Among Undergraduate Students of University of Ibadan. Math. Lett. 2017, 3(2), 20-28. doi: 10.11648/j.ml.20170302.11
AMA Style
Adeleke Hafees Aderoju, Sulaiman Adesina Yusuf, Oluwole Ibikunle Ogunyemi, Wasiu Akintunde Yusuf. Income Polarisation Among Undergraduate Students of University of Ibadan. Math Lett. 2017;3(2):20-28. doi: 10.11648/j.ml.20170302.11
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ml.20170302.11,
author = {Adeleke Hafees Aderoju and Sulaiman Adesina Yusuf and Oluwole Ibikunle Ogunyemi and Wasiu Akintunde Yusuf},
title = {Income Polarisation Among Undergraduate Students of University of Ibadan},
journal = {Mathematics Letters},
volume = {3},
number = {2},
pages = {20-28},
doi = {10.11648/j.ml.20170302.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ml.20170302.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ml.20170302.11},
abstract = {Despite increasing interest in income polarisation among researchers in Nigeria, there is dearth of literature on its existence among undergraduate students especially with the primary data. A polarised income distribution among students has the potential of breeding social unrest, protest or demonstration. This study examined the existence of income polarization and inequality among undergraduate students. University of Ibadan was used as case study since all categories of social classes can be found among the students and the “no-cooking” policy of the University has direct effects on students’ monthly income and expenditure distribution. A two-stage sampling technique was employed. Analysis was done using descriptive statistics; Duclos-Esteban-Ray (DER) (2008) polarisation index and Generalised Entropy (GE) inequality index were used to estimate income polarisation and inequality respectively. Income polarisation and inequality decreased among students between the two observed years. Income polarisation (α0.5) decreased from 0.2287 to 0.2058 while income inequality decreased from 0.2402 to 0.1586. Highest polarisation estimate of 0.2117 was obtained between male and female. In 2011/2012, female (0.2032) was polarised than male (0.1987) while male (0.1893) was slightly polarised than female (0.1836) in 2012/2013 session. Within dimension however, the highest and least identification estimates (0.9069 and 0.7462) were from non-scholarship/bursary and female students respectively. In order to prevent a situation where students will ride on their increasing homogeneity brought about by no-cooking policy to protest against poor and unfriendly environment, good quality services in terms of food and other items that students paid for on campus are therefore advocated.},
year = {2017}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Income Polarisation Among Undergraduate Students of University of Ibadan AU - Adeleke Hafees Aderoju AU - Sulaiman Adesina Yusuf AU - Oluwole Ibikunle Ogunyemi AU - Wasiu Akintunde Yusuf Y1 - 2017/04/14 PY - 2017 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ml.20170302.11 DO - 10.11648/j.ml.20170302.11 T2 - Mathematics Letters JF - Mathematics Letters JO - Mathematics Letters SP - 20 EP - 28 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2575-5056 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ml.20170302.11 AB - Despite increasing interest in income polarisation among researchers in Nigeria, there is dearth of literature on its existence among undergraduate students especially with the primary data. A polarised income distribution among students has the potential of breeding social unrest, protest or demonstration. This study examined the existence of income polarization and inequality among undergraduate students. University of Ibadan was used as case study since all categories of social classes can be found among the students and the “no-cooking” policy of the University has direct effects on students’ monthly income and expenditure distribution. A two-stage sampling technique was employed. Analysis was done using descriptive statistics; Duclos-Esteban-Ray (DER) (2008) polarisation index and Generalised Entropy (GE) inequality index were used to estimate income polarisation and inequality respectively. Income polarisation and inequality decreased among students between the two observed years. Income polarisation (α0.5) decreased from 0.2287 to 0.2058 while income inequality decreased from 0.2402 to 0.1586. Highest polarisation estimate of 0.2117 was obtained between male and female. In 2011/2012, female (0.2032) was polarised than male (0.1987) while male (0.1893) was slightly polarised than female (0.1836) in 2012/2013 session. Within dimension however, the highest and least identification estimates (0.9069 and 0.7462) were from non-scholarship/bursary and female students respectively. In order to prevent a situation where students will ride on their increasing homogeneity brought about by no-cooking policy to protest against poor and unfriendly environment, good quality services in terms of food and other items that students paid for on campus are therefore advocated. VL - 3 IS - 2 ER -
Information
Email: