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Elevated Blood Pressure Among Zimbabwean Urban Primary School Children Aged 5–11 Years

Received: 13 February 2017     Accepted: 1 April 2017     Published: 23 October 2017
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Abstract

Following few publications available with data on blood pressure profiles of Zimbabwean population, especially children and adolescents, few data exist on urban and rural school going children. The aims of this study were to examine the incidence of hypertension (HT) among Zimbabwean urban children residing in Kwekwe; and to determine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP) among them. The study involved 480 primary school children (230 boys and 250 girls) aged 5–11 years. Stature and body weight were measured using standard procedures. BMI for gender and age defined overweight. BP was monitored for thrice consecutively using validated electronic devices (Omron 7051T). HT was determined as the average of three separate BP readings where the systolic or diastolic blood pressure was ≥ 95th percentile for age and sex. The incidence of overweight among the girls (3.6%) was higher compared with the boys (2.7%). Both systolic and diastolic pressures (SBP and DBP) increase with age in both sexes. Potential development of hypertension among the children is noticeable at Early Childhood Development (ECD) level for both boys and girls; 1.8% and 1.5% respectively and ranged from 0.8% to 1.8% for boys and 2.0% to 5.3% for girls. The overall incidence of hypertension was 1.5% and 2.6% in boys and girls, respectively. The highest noticeable value for boys was at ECD and decreased with increase in grade level. The incidence of hypertension (SBP > 95th percentile) was 0.4% and 0.2% in boys and girls, respectively. For the girls there was a progressive increase in the tendency towards development of hypertension from ECD to 6th grade except a small decrease in 3rd and 4th grade levels. Girls in the 6th grade level showed the highest value of incidence of hypertension (5.3%). The blood pressures (SBP and DBP) significantly correlated with age, stature, body mass and BMI (P<0.05). The findings demonstrate that elevated blood pressure is prevalent among urban Zimbabwean children and that there is need for routine measurement of BP to children residing in this region as part of physical examination for physical activity in schools. The use of BMI cutoffs tailored to metabolic risks may be vital for assessment of overweight. BP increased with age in both sexes, and this significantly correlated with age, stature, body weight and BMI.

Published in American Journal of Pediatrics (Volume 3, Issue 5)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajp.20170305.15
Page(s) 51-57
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Overweight, Body Mass Index, Blood Pressure, Mining Industry, Urban Children, Zimbabwe

References
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    Dube Adiele, Gundani Patrick Dube Morgan. (2017). Elevated Blood Pressure Among Zimbabwean Urban Primary School Children Aged 5–11 Years. American Journal of Pediatrics, 3(5), 51-57. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20170305.15

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    Dube Adiele; Gundani Patrick Dube Morgan. Elevated Blood Pressure Among Zimbabwean Urban Primary School Children Aged 5–11 Years. Am. J. Pediatr. 2017, 3(5), 51-57. doi: 10.11648/j.ajp.20170305.15

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    AMA Style

    Dube Adiele, Gundani Patrick Dube Morgan. Elevated Blood Pressure Among Zimbabwean Urban Primary School Children Aged 5–11 Years. Am J Pediatr. 2017;3(5):51-57. doi: 10.11648/j.ajp.20170305.15

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajp.20170305.15,
      author = {Dube Adiele and Gundani Patrick Dube Morgan},
      title = {Elevated Blood Pressure Among Zimbabwean Urban Primary School Children Aged 5–11 Years},
      journal = {American Journal of Pediatrics},
      volume = {3},
      number = {5},
      pages = {51-57},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajp.20170305.15},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20170305.15},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajp.20170305.15},
      abstract = {Following few publications available with data on blood pressure profiles of Zimbabwean population, especially children and adolescents, few data exist on urban and rural school going children. The aims of this study were to examine the incidence of hypertension (HT) among Zimbabwean urban children residing in Kwekwe; and to determine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP) among them. The study involved 480 primary school children (230 boys and 250 girls) aged 5–11 years. Stature and body weight were measured using standard procedures. BMI for gender and age defined overweight. BP was monitored for thrice consecutively using validated electronic devices (Omron 7051T). HT was determined as the average of three separate BP readings where the systolic or diastolic blood pressure was ≥ 95th percentile for age and sex. The incidence of overweight among the girls (3.6%) was higher compared with the boys (2.7%). Both systolic and diastolic pressures (SBP and DBP) increase with age in both sexes. Potential development of hypertension among the children is noticeable at Early Childhood Development (ECD) level for both boys and girls; 1.8% and 1.5% respectively and ranged from 0.8% to 1.8% for boys and 2.0% to 5.3% for girls. The overall incidence of hypertension was 1.5% and 2.6% in boys and girls, respectively. The highest noticeable value for boys was at ECD and decreased with increase in grade level. The incidence of hypertension (SBP > 95th percentile) was 0.4% and 0.2% in boys and girls, respectively. For the girls there was a progressive increase in the tendency towards development of hypertension from ECD to 6th grade except a small decrease in 3rd and 4th grade levels. Girls in the 6th grade level showed the highest value of incidence of hypertension (5.3%). The blood pressures (SBP and DBP) significantly correlated with age, stature, body mass and BMI (P<0.05). The findings demonstrate that elevated blood pressure is prevalent among urban Zimbabwean children and that there is need for routine measurement of BP to children residing in this region as part of physical examination for physical activity in schools. The use of BMI cutoffs tailored to metabolic risks may be vital for assessment of overweight. BP increased with age in both sexes, and this significantly correlated with age, stature, body weight and BMI.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Elevated Blood Pressure Among Zimbabwean Urban Primary School Children Aged 5–11 Years
    AU  - Dube Adiele
    AU  - Gundani Patrick Dube Morgan
    Y1  - 2017/10/23
    PY  - 2017
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20170305.15
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajp.20170305.15
    T2  - American Journal of Pediatrics
    JF  - American Journal of Pediatrics
    JO  - American Journal of Pediatrics
    SP  - 51
    EP  - 57
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2472-0909
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20170305.15
    AB  - Following few publications available with data on blood pressure profiles of Zimbabwean population, especially children and adolescents, few data exist on urban and rural school going children. The aims of this study were to examine the incidence of hypertension (HT) among Zimbabwean urban children residing in Kwekwe; and to determine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP) among them. The study involved 480 primary school children (230 boys and 250 girls) aged 5–11 years. Stature and body weight were measured using standard procedures. BMI for gender and age defined overweight. BP was monitored for thrice consecutively using validated electronic devices (Omron 7051T). HT was determined as the average of three separate BP readings where the systolic or diastolic blood pressure was ≥ 95th percentile for age and sex. The incidence of overweight among the girls (3.6%) was higher compared with the boys (2.7%). Both systolic and diastolic pressures (SBP and DBP) increase with age in both sexes. Potential development of hypertension among the children is noticeable at Early Childhood Development (ECD) level for both boys and girls; 1.8% and 1.5% respectively and ranged from 0.8% to 1.8% for boys and 2.0% to 5.3% for girls. The overall incidence of hypertension was 1.5% and 2.6% in boys and girls, respectively. The highest noticeable value for boys was at ECD and decreased with increase in grade level. The incidence of hypertension (SBP > 95th percentile) was 0.4% and 0.2% in boys and girls, respectively. For the girls there was a progressive increase in the tendency towards development of hypertension from ECD to 6th grade except a small decrease in 3rd and 4th grade levels. Girls in the 6th grade level showed the highest value of incidence of hypertension (5.3%). The blood pressures (SBP and DBP) significantly correlated with age, stature, body mass and BMI (P<0.05). The findings demonstrate that elevated blood pressure is prevalent among urban Zimbabwean children and that there is need for routine measurement of BP to children residing in this region as part of physical examination for physical activity in schools. The use of BMI cutoffs tailored to metabolic risks may be vital for assessment of overweight. BP increased with age in both sexes, and this significantly correlated with age, stature, body weight and BMI.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 5
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Emergency Medical Care, Emergency Medical Ambulances Services, Kwekwe, Zimbabwe

  • Department of Sports Science and Coaching, Faculty of Applied Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

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