International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology

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Limbs Asymmetry as Biomarker in the Egyptian Toad Amietophrynus regularis Exposed to Atrazine and Nitrates

Received: 31 October 2016    Accepted: 17 November 2016    Published: 17 December 2016
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Abstract

Many amphibians occupy appositional roles between different animal taxa; despite this, many species are threatened with decline and extinction. Several and different contributors and factors were previously reviewed to contribute amphibian disappearance. Between those factors are chemical pollution, heavy metals, climate change, disease, etc. The most commonly used index of developmental instability is fluctuating asymmetry (FA), as a feature of environmental impact was also reviewed. F.A is the variance in right minus left values of bilaterally symmetrical structures. The results indicate that individuals exposed to atrazine or that exposed to both atrazine and nitrate exhibit a significantly higher degree of FA (p<0.01) while FA measured in individuals treated only with nitrate was not significant (p<0.05) These results constitute the first assessment of FA in this species in Egypt and suggest that the degree of FA in skeletal traits cane be a useful indicator of the degree of environmental stress experienced by amphibian populations.

DOI 10.11648/j.ijee.20160103.17
Published in International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology (Volume 1, Issue 3, December 2016)
Page(s) 103-110
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Amietophrynus regularis, Atrazine, Nitrates, Fluctuating Asymmetry

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Author Information
  • Departmentof Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

  • Departmentof Zoology, Faculty of Science (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

  • Departmentof Zoology, Faculty of Science (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

  • Departmentof Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt

  • Departmentof Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt

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  • APA Style

    Samy A. Saber, Boshra A. ElSalkh, Aml S. Said, Rashad E. M. Said, Ali G. Gadel-Rab. (2016). Limbs Asymmetry as Biomarker in the Egyptian Toad Amietophrynus regularis Exposed to Atrazine and Nitrates. International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology, 1(3), 103-110. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20160103.17

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    ACS Style

    Samy A. Saber; Boshra A. ElSalkh; Aml S. Said; Rashad E. M. Said; Ali G. Gadel-Rab. Limbs Asymmetry as Biomarker in the Egyptian Toad Amietophrynus regularis Exposed to Atrazine and Nitrates. Int. J. Ecotoxicol. Ecobiol. 2016, 1(3), 103-110. doi: 10.11648/j.ijee.20160103.17

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    AMA Style

    Samy A. Saber, Boshra A. ElSalkh, Aml S. Said, Rashad E. M. Said, Ali G. Gadel-Rab. Limbs Asymmetry as Biomarker in the Egyptian Toad Amietophrynus regularis Exposed to Atrazine and Nitrates. Int J Ecotoxicol Ecobiol. 2016;1(3):103-110. doi: 10.11648/j.ijee.20160103.17

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijee.20160103.17,
      author = {Samy A. Saber and Boshra A. ElSalkh and Aml S. Said and Rashad E. M. Said and Ali G. Gadel-Rab},
      title = {Limbs Asymmetry as Biomarker in the Egyptian Toad Amietophrynus regularis Exposed to Atrazine and Nitrates},
      journal = {International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology},
      volume = {1},
      number = {3},
      pages = {103-110},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijee.20160103.17},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20160103.17},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijee.20160103.17},
      abstract = {Many amphibians occupy appositional roles between different animal taxa; despite this, many species are threatened with decline and extinction. Several and different contributors and factors were previously reviewed to contribute amphibian disappearance. Between those factors are chemical pollution, heavy metals, climate change, disease, etc. The most commonly used index of developmental instability is fluctuating asymmetry (FA), as a feature of environmental impact was also reviewed. F.A is the variance in right minus left values of bilaterally symmetrical structures. The results indicate that individuals exposed to atrazine or that exposed to both atrazine and nitrate exhibit a significantly higher degree of FA (p<0.01) while FA measured in individuals treated only with nitrate was not significant (p<0.05) These results constitute the first assessment of FA in this species in Egypt and suggest that the degree of FA in skeletal traits cane be a useful indicator of the degree of environmental stress experienced by amphibian populations.},
     year = {2016}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Limbs Asymmetry as Biomarker in the Egyptian Toad Amietophrynus regularis Exposed to Atrazine and Nitrates
    AU  - Samy A. Saber
    AU  - Boshra A. ElSalkh
    AU  - Aml S. Said
    AU  - Rashad E. M. Said
    AU  - Ali G. Gadel-Rab
    Y1  - 2016/12/17
    PY  - 2016
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20160103.17
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijee.20160103.17
    T2  - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology
    JF  - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology
    JO  - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology
    SP  - 103
    EP  - 110
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2575-1735
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20160103.17
    AB  - Many amphibians occupy appositional roles between different animal taxa; despite this, many species are threatened with decline and extinction. Several and different contributors and factors were previously reviewed to contribute amphibian disappearance. Between those factors are chemical pollution, heavy metals, climate change, disease, etc. The most commonly used index of developmental instability is fluctuating asymmetry (FA), as a feature of environmental impact was also reviewed. F.A is the variance in right minus left values of bilaterally symmetrical structures. The results indicate that individuals exposed to atrazine or that exposed to both atrazine and nitrate exhibit a significantly higher degree of FA (p<0.01) while FA measured in individuals treated only with nitrate was not significant (p<0.05) These results constitute the first assessment of FA in this species in Egypt and suggest that the degree of FA in skeletal traits cane be a useful indicator of the degree of environmental stress experienced by amphibian populations.
    VL  - 1
    IS  - 3
    ER  - 

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