American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering

| Peer-Reviewed |

Physicochemical Characteristics of Surface Water and Sediment of Silver River, Southern Ijaw, Bayelsa State, Niger Delta, Nigeria

Received: 11 September 2019    Accepted: 07 October 2019    Published: 21 October 2019
Views:       Downloads:

Share This Article

Abstract

Water and sediment samples were collected from Silver River to determine the levels of various physicochemical parameters in both sediment and water from the river. This research was conducted with the aim of determining the extent of deterioration of the river as a result of artisanal refining of crude oil. The result obtained showed that the mean values of the different parameters examined in the water were; conductivity (26,567±464.28 µS/cm), total dissolved solids (TDS), (13,250±187.08 mg/L), total suspended solids (TSS), (17.78±3.07 mg/L), turbidity (15.57±2.45 NTU), pH (7.12±0.03), salinity (8766.67±449.69 mg/L), total hydrocarbon content (THC) (45.43±3.86 mg/L), nitrates (NO3), (4.93±0.61 mg/L), sulphates (SO42‑) (1471.07±1058.43 mg/L), phosphates (PO43), (0.64±0.16 mg/L), dissolved oxygen (DO), (4.73±0.57 mg/L), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), (33.20±2.33 mg/L) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), (50.13±3.21 mg/L). Physicochemical parameters such as conductivity, TDS, salinity, THC, SO42‑, DO, BOD and COD fall below the standard requirement for domestic water consumption, while TSS, turbidity, pH, NO3 and PO43- were within the acceptable range for drinking water by WHO. The mean values of sediment physicochemical parameters were; pH (7.20±0.03), conductivity (16701.67±513.65 µS/cm), total organic carbon (TOC) (2.37±0.05%) and total organic matter (TOM) (4.09±0.09%). The particle size examination showed that clay was 7.33±1.25%, silt (14.67±1.25%) and sand (78.00±1.63%). The examined sediment nutrient species showed that the mean values were 0.51±0.01, 8.81±12.09 and 0.27±0.01mg/kg for NO3-, SO42‑ and PO43- respectively. The findings of this work showed that the silver river (both water and sediment) are under human influence which not handled in the immediate, can in the near future constitute a major health risk to the entire environment.

DOI 10.11648/j.ajese.20190302.12
Published in American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering (Volume 3, Issue 2, June 2019)
Page(s) 39-46
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Water, Sediment, Physicochemical Characteristics, Silver River, Pollution

References
[1] Shrestha, S., Kazama, F. (207). Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques: A case study of the Fuji river basin, Japan. Environmental Modelling and Software, 22: 464-475.
[2] Dan’azumi, S. and M. H. Bichi, 2010. Industrial Pollution and Heavy Metals Profile of Challawa River in Kano, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences in Environmental Sanitation, 5 (6): 56-62.
[3] Kpee, F. and Ekpete, O A. (2014). Levels of trace metals in surface sediments of Kalabari Creeks, Rivers Stae, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 81 (2): 189-195.
[4] Gerba, C. P. and Smith, J. E., (2005). Sources of pathogenic microorganisms and their fate during land application of wastes. Journal of Environmental Quality, 34: 42–48.
[5] Iyama, W. A. and Edori, O. S. (2016). Comparative analysis of the water quality status of the Bassan rivers in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. International Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 6 (1): 59-69.
[6] Walkey, A. and Black, A. I. (1934). An examination of the Dagtjareff method for determination of soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37: 2938.
[7] Marcus, A. C. and Edori, O. S. (2017). Physicochemical characteristics at point of a receiving waterbody at Ekerekana, Rivers State, Nigeria. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria, 42 (1): 62-67.
[8] Turekian, K. K. and Wedepohl, K. H. (1961). Distribution of elements in some major units of the earth’s Crust. Bulletin of Geology Society of America, 72: 175-192.
[9] Ekpete, O. A. (2002). Physicochemical determination of river water in Odhiolugboji community in Rivers State. Journal of Vocational Science and Educational Development, 3 (1): 25-29.
[10] Iyama, W. A., Edori, O. S. and Ede, P. N. (2019). Physicochemical Assessment of Surface Water Quality around the Sagbama Creek Water Body, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research B: Chemistry, 18 (2): 1-10.
[11] Edori, O. S and Nna, P. J. (2018). Determination of physicochemical parameters of effluents at discharge points into the New Calabar River along Rumuolumeni axis, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology, 8 (3): DOI: 10.4172/2161-0525.1000585.
[12] Edori O. S. and Marcus A. C. (2019). Some Sediment Physicochemical Parameters at Effluents Discharge Points of New Calabar River along Rumuolumeni Axis, Port Harcourt, Niger Delta Nigeria. Chemistry Research Journal, 4 (1): 67-73.
[13] Murhekar G. H. (2011). Determination of physicochemical parameters of surface water samples in and around Akot City. International Journal of Research in Chemistry and Environment, 1 (2): 183-187.
[14] Borkar, A. D. (2015). Studies on Some Physicochemical Parameters of Soil Samples in Katol Namita Taluka District Nagpur (MS), India. Research Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 3 (1): 16-18.
[15] APHA (1985). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater treatment, 12th Ed. American Public Health Association, New York.
[16] Nazir, R., Khan, M., Masab, M. and Rehman, H. U. (2015). Accumulation of Heavy Metals (Ni, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Fe) in the soil, water and plants and analysis of physicochemical parameters of soil and water Collected from Tanda Dam Kohat. Journal of Pharmaceutical sciences and Research, 7 (3): 89-97.
[17] Joshi, D. M., Alok Kumar, A. and Namita Agrawal, (2009). Studies on Physicochemical parameters to assess water quality of River Ganga for drinking purpose in Haridwar District, Rasayan Journal, 3 (1): 16-18.
[18] Ikeme, C. H., Dioha, I. J., Olasusi, K. A., and Chukwu, U. P. (2014). Physicochemical analysis of selected borehole water in Umuihi Town, Imo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 5 (8): 680–689.
[19] Rahmanian, N., Ali, S. H. B., Homayoonfard, M., Ali, N. J., Rehan, M., Sadef, Y. and Nizami, A. S. (2015). Analysis of Physiochemical Parameters to Evaluate the Drinking Water Quality in the State of Perak, Malaysia. Journal of Chemistry, 2015, Article ID 716125, 10 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/716125.
[20] Davies, O. A., Teere, M. B. and Nwose, F. A. (2018). Physico-Chemical Variables of the Upper Reaches of Orashi River, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Research, 1 (1): 51-63.
[21] Dienye, H. E. and Woke, G. N. (2014). Physico-chemical Parameters of the Upper and Lower Reach of the New Calabar River Niger Delta. Journal of Fisheries and Livestock Production, 3 (4): DOI: 10.4172/2332-2608.1000154.
[22] NRCC (National Research Council of Canada) (2011). Effect of sodium and potassium in the Canadian environment. NO. 150154. Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental Quality Otttawa.
[23] Edori, O. S. and Kpee, F. (2016). Physicochemical and heavy metal assessment of water samples from boreholes near some abattoirs in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. American Chemical Science Journal, 14: 1-8.
[24] Yapo, T. W., Mambo, V., Yapo, O. B., Seka, M. A. and Houenou, P. V. (2012). Physicochemical evaluation of wastewater from the main sewer in Abidjan city. Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment, 4: 1-5.
[25] Gupta, N., Pandey, P. and Hussain, J. (2017) Effect of physicochemical and biological parameters on the quality of river water of Narmada, Madhya Pradesh, India. Water Science, 31: 11-23.
[26] Premlata, V. (2009). Multivariant analysis of drinking water quality parameters of Lake Pichhola in Udaipur, India. Biological Forum-An International Journal 1: 97-102.
[27] Kataria, H. C., Quershi, H. A., Iqbal, S. A. and Shandilya, A. K. (1996). Assessment of water quality of Kolar reservoir in Bhopal (MP). Pollution Research, 15: 191-193.
[28] Iyama, W. A. and Edori, O. S. (2014). Seasonal variation in water quality during dredging of brackish water habitat in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Trends in Applied Sciences Research, 9 (3): 153-159.
[29] Sawyer, C. N. (1994). Chemistry, pp: 103–104. McGraw Hill Book Co., USA.
[30] Sharma, N. and Walia, Y. K. (2017). Water quality investigation by physicochemical parameters of Satluj River (Himachal Pradesh, India). Current World Environment, 12: 174-180.
[31] Howard, I. C., Gabriel, U. U. and Horsfall, M. (2009). Evaluation of total hydrocarbon levels in some aquatic media in an oil polluted mangrove wetland in the Niger Delta. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 7 (2): 111-120.
[32] Wokoma, O. A. F. (2014). Levels of total hydrocarbon in water and sediment of a polluted tidal creek, Bonny River, Niger Delta, Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 3 (12): 351-354.
[33] Chindo, I. Y., Karu, E., Ziyok, I. and Amanki, E. D. (2013). Physicochemical analysis of ground water of selected areas of Dass and Ganjuwa local government areas, Bauchi State, Nigeria. World Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 1: 73-79.
[34] Agah, H., Rahmanpour, S., Sheijooni Fumani, N. (2013). Organic carbon and organic matter levels in sediments of the Strait of Hormoz, the Persian Gulf. Journal of the Persian Gulf (Marine Science), 4 (13): 31-37.
[35] Dirican, S. (2015). Assessment of water quality using physico-chemical parameters of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake in Sivas, Turkey. Ecologia, 5 (1): 1-7.
[36] Okoro, N., Omeje, E. O. and Osadebe, P. O. (2017). Comparative Analysis of Three Borehole Water Sources in Nsukka Urban Area, Enugu State, Nigeria. Resources and Environment, 7 (4): 110-114.
[37] Jidauna, G. G., Dabi D. D., Saidu, B. J., Ndabula, C. and Abaje, I. B. (2014). Chemical water quality assessment in selected location in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 6 (5): 284-291.
[38] WHO (2011). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. 4th Edition, WHO Press, Switzerland.
[39] Nandini, S. and Milton, M. C. J. (2018). Assessment of the Physico-Chemical Parameters of Sediment of Adayar Estuary, Tamil Nadu, India. International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, 6 (9): 2474-2481.
[40] Rashedul, A., Chowdhury, S. M. and Mohammad, Z. (2018). Physicochemical parameters of water and sediment during spring period in parts off Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. MOJ Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 3 (3): 150-154.
[41] Kamaruzzaman, B. Y., Siti Waznah, A., Ong, M. C. Shahbudin, S. and Jalal, K. C. A. (2009). Variability of organic carbon content in bottom sediment of Pahang River estuary, Pahang, Malaysia. Journal of Applied Sciences, 9 (24): 4253-4257.
[42] Kennedy, H. E., Gacia, D. P., Kennedy, S. P. and Duarte, C. M, (2004). Organic carbon sources to SE Asian Coastal sediments. Estuarian Coastal Shelf Science, 60: 59-68.
[43] Burone, L., Muniz, P., Pires-Vanin, A. M. S. and Rodrigues, M. (2003). Spatial distribution of organic matter in the surface sediments of Ubatuba Bay (Southeastern– Brazil). Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, 75 (1): 77-90.
Author Information
  • Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni, Nigeria

  • Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni, Nigeria

  • Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni, Nigeria

Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Edori Onisogen Simeon, Kieri Ben Smith Idomo, Festus Chioma. (2019). Physicochemical Characteristics of Surface Water and Sediment of Silver River, Southern Ijaw, Bayelsa State, Niger Delta, Nigeria. American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 3(2), 39-46. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20190302.12

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Edori Onisogen Simeon; Kieri Ben Smith Idomo; Festus Chioma. Physicochemical Characteristics of Surface Water and Sediment of Silver River, Southern Ijaw, Bayelsa State, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Am. J. Environ. Sci. Eng. 2019, 3(2), 39-46. doi: 10.11648/j.ajese.20190302.12

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Edori Onisogen Simeon, Kieri Ben Smith Idomo, Festus Chioma. Physicochemical Characteristics of Surface Water and Sediment of Silver River, Southern Ijaw, Bayelsa State, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Am J Environ Sci Eng. 2019;3(2):39-46. doi: 10.11648/j.ajese.20190302.12

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ajese.20190302.12,
      author = {Edori Onisogen Simeon and Kieri Ben Smith Idomo and Festus Chioma},
      title = {Physicochemical Characteristics of Surface Water and Sediment of Silver River, Southern Ijaw, Bayelsa State, Niger Delta, Nigeria},
      journal = {American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering},
      volume = {3},
      number = {2},
      pages = {39-46},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajese.20190302.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20190302.12},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajese.20190302.12},
      abstract = {Water and sediment samples were collected from Silver River to determine the levels of various physicochemical parameters in both sediment and water from the river. This research was conducted with the aim of determining the extent of deterioration of the river as a result of artisanal refining of crude oil. The result obtained showed that the mean values of the different parameters examined in the water were; conductivity (26,567±464.28 µS/cm), total dissolved solids (TDS), (13,250±187.08 mg/L), total suspended solids (TSS), (17.78±3.07 mg/L), turbidity (15.57±2.45 NTU), pH (7.12±0.03), salinity (8766.67±449.69 mg/L), total hydrocarbon content (THC) (45.43±3.86 mg/L), nitrates (NO3‑), (4.93±0.61 mg/L), sulphates (SO42‑) (1471.07±1058.43 mg/L), phosphates (PO43), (0.64±0.16 mg/L), dissolved oxygen (DO), (4.73±0.57 mg/L), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), (33.20±2.33 mg/L) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), (50.13±3.21 mg/L). Physicochemical parameters such as conductivity, TDS, salinity, THC, SO42‑, DO, BOD and COD fall below the standard requirement for domestic water consumption, while TSS, turbidity, pH, NO3‑ and PO43- were within the acceptable range for drinking water by WHO. The mean values of sediment physicochemical parameters were; pH (7.20±0.03), conductivity (16701.67±513.65 µS/cm), total organic carbon (TOC) (2.37±0.05%) and total organic matter (TOM) (4.09±0.09%). The particle size examination showed that clay was 7.33±1.25%, silt (14.67±1.25%) and sand (78.00±1.63%). The examined sediment nutrient species showed that the mean values were 0.51±0.01, 8.81±12.09 and 0.27±0.01mg/kg for NO3-, SO42‑ and PO43- respectively. The findings of this work showed that the silver river (both water and sediment) are under human influence which not handled in the immediate, can in the near future constitute a major health risk to the entire environment.},
     year = {2019}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Physicochemical Characteristics of Surface Water and Sediment of Silver River, Southern Ijaw, Bayelsa State, Niger Delta, Nigeria
    AU  - Edori Onisogen Simeon
    AU  - Kieri Ben Smith Idomo
    AU  - Festus Chioma
    Y1  - 2019/10/21
    PY  - 2019
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20190302.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajese.20190302.12
    T2  - American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering
    JF  - American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering
    JO  - American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering
    SP  - 39
    EP  - 46
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2578-7993
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20190302.12
    AB  - Water and sediment samples were collected from Silver River to determine the levels of various physicochemical parameters in both sediment and water from the river. This research was conducted with the aim of determining the extent of deterioration of the river as a result of artisanal refining of crude oil. The result obtained showed that the mean values of the different parameters examined in the water were; conductivity (26,567±464.28 µS/cm), total dissolved solids (TDS), (13,250±187.08 mg/L), total suspended solids (TSS), (17.78±3.07 mg/L), turbidity (15.57±2.45 NTU), pH (7.12±0.03), salinity (8766.67±449.69 mg/L), total hydrocarbon content (THC) (45.43±3.86 mg/L), nitrates (NO3‑), (4.93±0.61 mg/L), sulphates (SO42‑) (1471.07±1058.43 mg/L), phosphates (PO43), (0.64±0.16 mg/L), dissolved oxygen (DO), (4.73±0.57 mg/L), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), (33.20±2.33 mg/L) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), (50.13±3.21 mg/L). Physicochemical parameters such as conductivity, TDS, salinity, THC, SO42‑, DO, BOD and COD fall below the standard requirement for domestic water consumption, while TSS, turbidity, pH, NO3‑ and PO43- were within the acceptable range for drinking water by WHO. The mean values of sediment physicochemical parameters were; pH (7.20±0.03), conductivity (16701.67±513.65 µS/cm), total organic carbon (TOC) (2.37±0.05%) and total organic matter (TOM) (4.09±0.09%). The particle size examination showed that clay was 7.33±1.25%, silt (14.67±1.25%) and sand (78.00±1.63%). The examined sediment nutrient species showed that the mean values were 0.51±0.01, 8.81±12.09 and 0.27±0.01mg/kg for NO3-, SO42‑ and PO43- respectively. The findings of this work showed that the silver river (both water and sediment) are under human influence which not handled in the immediate, can in the near future constitute a major health risk to the entire environment.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

  • Sections