For supplying drinking water throughout the world, there has been a huge growth in the usage of desalination factories. Nevertheless, the formation of brine (concentrate) is a complete side of the working of the desalination factory and encounters serious ecological defiance due to its elevated salinity. Thus, a cost-effective and environmentally friendly concentrate handling equipment is needed before its appropriate elimination. Presently, many elimination choices comprising surface water discharge, deep well injection, and evaporation ponds have been employed. Nevertheless, such methods are unsustainable and their application is restricted by an elevated capital cost and exclusive usages. Different traditional techniques comprising physicochemical, oxidation and biological methods with changing degrees of organics elimination have been noted. These days, membrane-based techniques seem to be cost-effective tools for treating brine since they could recuperate worthy resources and generate clean water with elevated recuperation. This review contributes to discussing the actual techniques for brine handling, comprising elimination usages and treatment methods. The features of the concentrate in a matter of water nature and its effect on open water bodies are reviewed. This work presents emerging membrane processes like forward osmosis, membrane distillation, and electrodialysis that are encouraging for reducing brine quantities, in recuperating worthy metals and enhancement of water recuperation. This discussion as well focuses on the reality that integrated membrane processes are better for concentrate handling for metals recuperation jointly with water decontamination in wastewater treatment factories and could attain a zero liquid discharge.
| Published in | Applied Engineering (Volume 3, Issue 2) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ae.20190302.11 |
| Page(s) | 71-84 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Brine Disposal, Seawater, Brackish Water, Membrane Processes, Water Treatment, Electrochemical Methods
| [1] | D. Ghernaout, Environmental principles in the Holy Koran and the Sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, Am. J. Environ. Prot. 6 (2017) 75-79. |
| [2] | D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, M. W. Naceur, Embodying the chemical water treatment in the green chemistry – A review, Desalination 271 (2011) 1-10. |
| [3] | R. F. Service, Desalination freshens up, Science 313 (2006) 1088-1090. |
| [4] | D. Ghernaout, The best available technology of water/wastewater treatment and seawater desalination: Simulation of the open sky seawater distillation, Green Sustain. Chem. 3 (2013) 68-88. |
| [5] | B. K. Pramanik, L. Shu, V. Jegatheesan, A review of the management and treatment of brine solutions, Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol. 3 (2017) 625-658. |
| [6] | L. F. Greenlee, D. F. Lawler, B. D. Freeman, B. Marrot, P. Moulin, Reverse osmosis desalination: Water sources, technology, and today’s challenges, Water Res. 43 (2009) 2317-2348. |
| [7] | D. Ghernaout, A. El-Wakil, Requiring reverse osmosis membranes modifications – An overview, Am. J. Chem. Eng. 5 (2017) 81-88. |
| [8] | D. Ghernaout, Reverse osmosis process membranes modeling – A historical overview, J. Civil Construct. Environ. Eng. Civil 2 (2017) 112-122. |
| [9] | M. H. El-Naas, A. H. Al-Marzouqi, O. Chaalal, A combined approach for the management of desalination reject brine and capture of CO2, Desalination 251 (2010) 70-74. |
| [10] | Y. Matsumoto, T. Kajiwara, K. Funayama, M. Sekino, T. Tanaka, H. Iwahori, 50,000 m3/day Fukuoka Sea water RO desalination plant by a recovery ratio of 60%, International Desalination Association Conference, Topsfield, Massachusetts, 2001. |
| [11] | T. Younos, Environmental issues of desalination, J. Contemp. Water Res. Educ. 132 (2005) 11-18. |
| [12] | S. Sethi, S. Walker, P. Xu, J. E. Drewes, Desalination product water recovery and concentrate minimization, Water Research Foundation, Denver, Colorado, 2009. |
| [13] | D. Ghernaout, A. El-Wakil, A. Alghamdi, N. Elboughdiri, A. Mahjoubi, Membrane post-synthesis modifications and how it came about, Intern. J. Adv. Appl. Sci. 5 (2018) 60-64. |
| [14] | A. Pérez-González, A. M. Urtiaga, R. Ibáñez, I. Ortiz, State of the art and review on the treatment technologies of water reverse osmosis concentrates, Water Res. 46 (2012) 267-283. |
| [15] | S. Lee, C. Boo, M. Elimelech, S. Hong, Comparison of fouling behavior in forward osmosis (FO) and reverse osmosis (RO), J. Membr. Sci. 365 (2010) 34-39. |
| [16] | I. Falconer, A. McMichael, K. Mikhailovich, I. Law, Public health and safety in relation to water purification for drinking water supplies: Advice to the Chief Minister of the ACT and the ACT Government on the health and public safety of the Water2WATER proposal, Expert Panel on Health appointed by ACT Government, Canberra, Australia, 2007. |
| [17] | S. J. Khan, D. Murchland, M. Rhodes, T. D. Waite, Management of concentrated waste streams from high pressure membrane water treatment systems, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (2009) 367-415. |
| [18] | C. Vargas, A. Buchanan, Monitoring ecotoxicity and nutrients load in the reverse osmosis concentrate from Bundamba advanced water treatment plant, Queensland Australia, Water Pract. Technol. 6 (2011) 1-8. |
| [19] | A. M. O. Mohamed, M. Maraqa, J. Al Handhaly, Impact of land disposal of reject brine from desalination plants on soil and groundwater, Desalination 182 (2005) 411-433. |
| [20] | H. Al-Faifi, A. M. Al-Omran, M. Nadeem, A. El-Eter, H. A. Khater, S. E. El-Maghraby, Soil deterioration as influenced by land disposal of reject brine from Salbukh water desalination plant at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Desalination 250 (2010) 479-484. |
| [21] | S. Lattemann, T. Höpner, Environmental impact and impact assessment of seawater desalination, Desalination 220 (2008) 1-15. |
| [22] | T. Kaneko, M. Durand, S. Msinjili, E. Merkel, P. D. Voegel, Effect of the direct discharge of reverse-osmosis effluent on the microbiology of a natural surface-water system, Chem. Ecol. 21 (2005) 91-100. |
| [23] | D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, A. Kellil, Natural organic matter removal and enhanced coagulation as a link between coagulation and electrocoagulation, Desalin. Water Treat. 2 (2009) 203-222. |
| [24] | C. A. Quist-Jensen, F. Macedonio, E. Drioli, Membrane crystallization for salts recovery from brine-an experimental and theoretical analysis, Desalin. Water Treat. 57 (2016) 7593-7603. |
| [25] | B. K. Pramanik, K. Thangavadivel, L. Shu, V. Jegatheesan, A critical review of membrane crystralization for water purification and minerals recovery, Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio/Technol. 15 (2016) 411-439. |
| [26] | T. Jeppesen, L. Shu, G. Keir, V. Jegatheesan, Metal recovery from reverse osmosis concentrate, J. Clean. Prod. 17 (2009) 703-707. |
| [27] | M. A. Dawoud, M. M. Al Mulla, Environmental impacts of seawater desalination: Arabian Gulf case study, Intern. J. Environ. Sustain. 1 (2012) 22-37. |
| [28] | S. A. Snyder, Occurrence, treatment, and toxicological relevance of EDCs and pharmaceuticals in water, Ozone: Sci. Eng. 30 (2008) 65-69. |
| [29] | P. Xu, T. Y. Cath, A. P. Robertson, M. Reinhard, J. O. Leckie, J. E. Drewes, Critical review of desalination concentrate management, treatment and beneficial use, Environ. Eng. Sci. 30 (2013) 502-514. |
| [30] | D. Solley, C. Gronow, S. Tait, J. Bates, A. Buchanan, Managing the reverse osmosis concentrate from the Western Corridor recycled water scheme, Water Pract. Technol. 5 (2010) 1-8. |
| [31] | M. Ahmed, W. Shayya, D. Hoey, Use of evaporation ponds for brine disposal in desalination plants, Desalination 130 (2000) 155-168. |
| [32] | B. van der Bruggen, L. Lejon, C. Vandecasteele, Reuse, treatment, and discharge of the concentrate of pressure driven membrane processes, Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 (2003) 3733-3738. |
| [33] | I. Ersever, V. Ravindran, M. Pirbazari, Biological denitrification of reverse osmosis brine concentrates: I. Batch reactor and chemostat studies, J. Environ. Eng. Sci. 6 (2007) 503-518. |
| [34] | Y. Yoon, Y. S. Ok, D. Y. Kim, J. G. Kim, Agricultural recycling of the by-product concentrate of livestock wastewater treatment plant processed with VSEP RO and bioceramic SBR, Water Sci. Technol. 49 (2004) 405-412. |
| [35] | M. Kumar, M. Badruzzman, S. Adham, J. Oppenheimer, Beneficial phosphate recovery from reverse osmosis concentrate of an integrated membrane system using polymeric ligand exchanger (PLE), Water Res. 41 (2007) 2211-2219. |
| [36] | A. C. Gomes, I. C. Goncalves, M. N. de Pinho, J. J. Porter, Integrated nanofiltration and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket treatment of textile wastewater for in-plant reuse, Water Environ. Res. 79 (2007) 498-506. |
| [37] | A. Subramani, R. Schlicher, J. Long, J. Yu, S. Lehman, J. Jacangelo, Recovery optimization of membrane processes for produced water treatment with high silica content, Desalin. Water Treat. 36 (2011) 1-13. |
| [38] | A. Subramani, E. Cryer, L. Liu, S. Lehman, R. Ning, J. Jacangelo, Impact of intermediate brine softening on feed water recovery of reverse osmosis process during treatment of mining contaminated groundwater, Sep. Purif. Technol. 88 (2012) 138-145. |
| [39] | D. G. Randall, J. Nathoo, A. E. Lewis, A case study for treating a reverse osmosis brine using eutectic freeze crystallization-approaching a zero waste process, Desalination 266 (2011) 256-262. |
| [40] | M. Umar, F. A. Roddick, L. Fan, Assessing the potential of a UV-based AOP for treating high salinity municipal wastewater reverse osmosis concentrate, Water Sci. Technol. 68 (2013) 1994-1999. |
| [41] | L. Y. Lee, H. Y. Ng, S. L. Ong, G. Tao, K. Kekre, B. Viswanath, W. Lay, H. Seah, Integrated pretreatment with capacitive deionization for reverse osmosis reject recovery from water reclamation plant, Water Res. 43 (2009) 4769-4777. |
| [42] | R. Y. Ning, A. Tarquin, M. Trzcinski, G. Patwardhan, Recovery optimization of RO concentrate from desert wells, Desalination 201 (2006) 315-322. |
| [43] | N. Voutchkov, State-of-the-art of concentrate management for desalination plants, Asian Water November/December, 2014, 17-22. |
| [44] | M. Ahmed, W. H. Shayya, D. Hoey, J. Al-Handaly, Brine disposal from reverse osmosis desalination plants in Oman and United Arab Emirates, Desalination 133 (2001) 135-147. |
| [45] | USBR (US Bureau of Reclamation), Reclamation: managing water in the west, Brine-Concentrate Treatment and Disposal Options Report. Southern California Regional Brine-Concentrate Managament Study-Phase I Lower Colorado Region, U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation. http://www.usbr.gov/lc/socal/planning.html (11/8/2016) (Accessed on 13/05/19). |
| [46] | M. C. Mickley, Membrane concentrate disposal: practices and regulation, Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program Report N. 123, U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo., 2nd Ed., 2006. |
| [47] | W. Tang, H. Y. Ng, Concentration of brine by forward osmosis: performance and influence of membrane structure, Desalination 224 (2008) 143-153. |
| [48] | C. R. Reiss, B. A. Vergara, Demineralization concentrate management in the St. Johns River water management district, Florida, in Membrane Technology Conference Proceedings, Atlanta, Georgia, American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado, 2-5 March 2003. |
| [49] | D. Squire, J. Murrer, P. Holden, C. Fitzpatrick, Disposal of reverse osmosis membrane concentrate, Desalination 108 (1997) 143-147. |
| [50] | K. P. Saripalli, M. M. Sharma, L. S. Bryant, Modeling injection well performance during deep-well injection of liquid wastes, J. Hydrol. 227 (2000) 41-55. |
| [51] | J. Glater, Y. Cohen, Brine disposal from land based membrane desalination plants: A critical assessment, Draft Prepared for the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Polymer and Separations Research Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, 2003. |
| [52] | R. S. Ayers, D. W. Westcot, Water quality for agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1994. |
| [53] | J. Poon, Importance of the salt reduction demonstration project at Melbourne Water's Western Treatment Plant, AWA Membranes Specialty Conference II, CD-ROM, Melbourne, Australia, February 21-23, 2007. |
| [54] | M. C. Mickley, Membrane concentrate disposal: Practices and regulation. Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program Report No. 69. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Technical Service Center, Water Treatment Engineering and Research Group, Boulder, 2001. |
| [55] | A. H. P. Swift, H. Lu, B. Humberto, Zero discharge waste brine management for desalination plants. Desalination, Research and Development Program Report No. 89, US Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Technical Service Center, Water Treatment Engineering and Research Group, Denver, Colorado, 2002. |
| [56] | P. Xu, T. Cath, G. Wang, J. Drewes, J. Ruetten, S. Dolnicar, Critical assessment of implementing desalination technology, Water Research Foundation and Drinking Water Inspectorate, USA, 2009. |
| [57] | F. Mohammadesmaeili, M. K. Badr, M. Abbaszadegan, P. Fox, Mineral recovery from inland reverse osmosis concentrate using isothermal evaporation, Water Res. 44 (2010) 6021-6030. |
| [58] | F. Mohammadesmaeili, M. K. Badr, M. Abbaszadegan, P. Fox, Byproduct recovery from reclaimed water reverse osmosis concentrate using lime and soda-ash treatment, Water Environ. Res. 82 (2010) 342-350. |
| [59] | A. Seigworth, R. Ludlum, E. Reahl, Case study: integrating membrane processes with evaporation to achieve economical zero liquid discharge at the Doswell combined cycle facility, Desalination 102 (1995) 81-86. |
| [60] | M. Ahmed, A. Arakel, D. Hoey, M. R. Thumarukudy, M. F. A. Goosen, M. Al-Haddabi, A. Al-Belushi, Feasibility of salt production from inland RO desalination plant reject brine: a case study, Desalination 158 (2003) 109-117. |
| [61] | M. Ahmad, P. Williams, Assessment of desalination technologies for high saline brine applications-discussion paper, Desalin. Water Treat. 30 (2011) 22-36. |
| [62] | B. S. Kolluri, Silica reduction via lime treatment of brine concentrates, M. Sc. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, Texas, 2003. |
| [63] | A. J. Tarquin, J. Balliew, Volume reduction of high silica RO concentrate, in Membrane Treatment for Drinking Water and Reuse Applications: A Compendium of Peer-reviewed Papers, K. J. Howe (Ed.), American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado, 2006, 611-632. |
| [64] | C. Gabelich, M. D. Williams, A. Rahardianto, J. C. Franklin, Y. Cohen, High recovery reverse osmosis desalination using intermediate chemical demineralization, J. Membr. Sci. 301 (2007) 131-141. |
| [65] | C. J. Gabelich, P. Xu, Y. Cohen, Concentrate treatment for inland desalting, Sustain. Sci. Eng. 2 (2010) 295-326. |
| [66] | B. Ghernaout, D. Ghernaout, A. Saiba, Algae and cyanotoxins removal by coagulation/flocculation: A review, Desalin. Water Treat. 20 (2010) 133-143. |
| [67] | S. Vigneswaran, C. Visvanathan, Water treatment processes: Simple options, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995. |
| [68] | J. Duan, J. Gregory, Coagulation by hydrolyzing metal salts, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 100-102 (2003) 475-502. |
| [69] | D. Ghernaout, A. Mariche, B. Ghernaout, A. Kellil, Electromagnetic treatment-bi-electrocoagulation of humic acid in continuous mode using response surface method for its optimization and application on two surface waters, Desalin. Water Treat. 22 (2010) 311-329. |
| [70] | M. Kabsch-Korbutowicz, Effect of Al coagulant type on natural organic matter removal efficiency in coagulation/ultrafiltration process, Desalination 185 (2005) 327-333. |
| [71] | D. Ghernaout, M. W. Naceur, A. Aouabed, On the dependence of chlorine by-products generated species formation of the electrode material and applied charge during electrochemical water treatment, Desalination 270 (2011) 9-22. |
| [72] | M. Umar, F. Roddick, L. Fan, Comparison of coagulation efficiency of aluminium and ferric-based coagulants as pre-treatment for UVC/H2O2 treatment of wastewater RO concentrate, Chem. Eng. J. 284 (2016) 841-849. |
| [73] | E. Dialynas, D. Mantzavinos, E. Diamadopoulos, Advanced treatment of the reverse osmosis concentrate produced during reclamation of municipal wastewater, Water Res. 42 (2008) 4603-4608. |
| [74] | T. Zhou, T. T. Lim, S. S. Chin, A. G. Fane, Treatment of organics in reverse osmosis concentrate from a municipal wastewater reclamation plant: feasibility test of advanced oxidation processes with/without pretreatment, Chem. Eng. J. 166 (2011) 932-939. |
| [75] | H. K. Shon, S. Vigneswaran, S. A. Snyder, Effluent organic matter (EfOM) in wastewater: constituents, effects, and treatment, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36 (2006) 327-374. |
| [76] | Z. Al-Qodah, M. Al-Shannag, Heavy metal ions removal from wastewater using electrocoagulation processes: A comprehensive review, Sep. Sci. Technol. 52 (2017) 2649-2676. |
| [77] | C. Baudequin, E. Couallier, M. Rakib, I. Deguerry, R. Severac, M. Pabon, Purification of firefighting water containing a fluorinated surfactant by reverse osmosis coupled to electrocoagulation-filtration, Sep. Purif. Technol. 76 (2011) 275-282. |
| [78] | D. Ghernaout, A. Badis, B. Ghernaout, A. Kellil, Application of electrocoagulation in Escherichia Coli culture and two surface waters, Desalination 219 (2008) 118-125. |
| [79] | D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, A. Saiba, A. Boucherit, A. Kellil, Removal of humic acids by continuous electromagnetic treatment followed by electrocoagulation in batch using aluminium electrodes, Desalination 239 (2009) 295-308. |
| [80] | D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, A. Boucherit, Effect of pH on electrocoagulation of bentonite suspensions in batch using iron electrodes, J. Disper. Sci. Technol. 29 (2008) 1272-1275. |
| [81] | A. Saiba, S. Kourdali, B. Ghernaout, D. Ghernaout, In Desalination, from 1987 to 2009, the birth of a new seawater pretreatment process: Electrocoagulation-an overview, Desalin. Water Treat. 16 (2010) 201-217. |
| [82] | W. Den, C. J. Wang, Removal of silica from brackish water by electrocoagulation pretreatment to prevent fouling of reverse osmosis membranes, Sep. Purif. Technol. 59 (2008) 318-325. |
| [83] | R. Broséus, S. Vincent, K. Aboulfadl, A. Daneshvar, S. Sauvé, B. Barbeau, M. Prévost, Ozone oxidation of pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors and pesticides during drinking water treatment, Water Res. 43 (2009) 4707-4717. |
| [84] | A. These, T. Reemtsma, Structure-dependent reactivity of low molecular weight fulvic acid molecules during ozonation, Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (2005) 8382-8387. |
| [85] | L. Y. Lee, H. Y. Ng, S. L. Ong, J. Y. Hu, G. Tao, K. Kekre, B. Viswanath, W. Lay, H. Seah, Ozone-biological activated carbon as a pretreatment process for reverse osmosis brine treatment and recovery, Water Res. 43 (2009) 3948-3955. |
| [86] | Y. Zhang, K. Ghyselbrecht, B. Meesschaert, L. Pinoy, B. van der Bruggen, Electrodialysis on RO concentrate to improve water recovery in wastewater reclamation, J. Membr. Sci. 378 (2011) 101-110. |
| [87] | J. Thomson, A. Parkinson, F. A. Roddick, Depolymerization of chromophoric natural organic matter, Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (2004) 3360-3369. |
| [88] | F. H. Frimmel, S. Hesse, G. Kleiser, Characterisation and control in drinking water, in Natural organic matter and disinfection byproducts, S. E. Barrett, S. W. Krasner, G. L. Amy (Eds.), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 2000, ACS symposium series 761, pp. 84-95. |
| [89] | M. V. G. Vallero, L. W. Hulshoff Pol, G. Lettinga, P. N. L. Lens, Effect of NaCl on thermophilic (55°C) methanol degradation in sulfate reducing granular sludge reactors, Water Res. 37 (2003) 2269-2280. |
| [90] | K. Häyrynen, J. Langwaldt, E. Pongrácz, V. Väisänen, M. Mänttäri, R. L. Keiski, Separation of nutrients from mine water by reverse osmosis for subsequent biological treatment, Miner. Eng. 21 (2008) 2-9. |
| [91] | M. V. Patel, G. Leslie, J. Yanguba, M. Pirbazari, I. Ersever, Options for treatment and disposal of residues by membrane processes in the reclamation of municipal wastewater, in Membrane Practices for Water Treatment, S. J. Duranceau (Ed.), American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado, 2001, 541-557. |
| [92] | H. Yang, Z. Zhan, Y. Yao, Z. Sun, Influence of gravity-induced brine drainage on seawater ice desalination, Desalination 407 (2017) 33-40. |
| [93] | F. Ohashi, Y. Tai, Lithium adsorption from natural brine using surface-modified manganese oxide adsorbents, Mater. Lett. 251 (2019) 214-217. |
| [94] | J. Dirach, S. Le Nisan, C. Poletiko, Extraction of strategic materials from the concentrated brine rejected by integrated nuclear desalination systems, Desalination 182 (2005) 449-460. |
| [95] | T. A. Buscheck, J. M. Bielicki, J. A. White, Y. Sun, Y. Hao, W. L. Bourcier, S. A. Carroll, R. D. Aines, Pre-injection brine production in CO2 storage reservoirs: An approach to augment the development, operation, and performance of CCS while generating water, Int. J. Greenh. Gas Con. 54 (2016) 499-512. |
| [96] | H. A. Balogun, R. Sulaiman, S. S. Marzouk, A. Giwa, S. W. Hasan, 3D printing and surface imprinting technologies for water treatment: A review, J. Water Process Eng. 31 (2019) 100786. |
| [97] | M. C. Hacıfazlıoğlu, H. R. Tomasini, L. Bertin, T. Ö. Pek, N. Kabay, Concentrate reduction in NF and RO desalination systems by membrane-in-series configurations-evaluation of product water for reuse in irrigation, Desalination 466 (2019) 89-96. |
| [98] | J. D. Englehardt, T. Wu, G. Tchobanoglous, Urban net-zero water treatment and mineralization: Experiments, modeling and design, Water Res. 47 (2013) 4680-4691. |
| [99] | A. F. Mohammad, M. H. El-Naas, A. H. Al-Marzouqi, M. I. Suleiman, M. Al Musharfy, Optimization of magnesium recovery from reject brine for reuse in desalination post-treatment, J. Water Process Eng. 31 (2019) 100810. |
| [100] | USGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries, United States Geological Survey, Available at: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2012/mcs2012.pdf (Accessed on 15/05/19), 2012. |
| [101] | T. S. Chung, S. Zhang, K. Y. Wang, J. Su, M. M. Ling, Forward osmosis processes: Yesterday, today and tomorrow, Desalination 287 (2012) 78-81. |
| [102] | A. Neilly, V. Jegatheesan, L. Shu, Evaluating the potential for zero discharge from reverse osmosis desalination using integrated processes-a review, Desalin. Water Treat. 11 (2009) 58-65. |
| [103] | N. T. Hancock, N. D. Black, T. Y. Cath, A comparative life cycle assessment of hybrid osmotic dilution desalination and established seawater desalination and wastewater reclamation processes, Water Res. 46 (2012) 1145-1154. |
| [104] | B. Mi, M. Elimelech, Organic fouling of forward osmosis membranes: fouling reversibility and cleaning without chemical reagents, J. Membr. Sci. 348 (2010) 337-345. |
| [105] | D. Ghernaout, Y. Alshammari, A. Alghamdi, M. Aichouni, M. Touahmia, N. Ait Messaoudene, Water reuse: Extenuating membrane fouling in membrane processes, Intern. J. Environ. Chem. 2 (2018) 1-12. |
| [106] | C. R. Martinetti, A. E. Childress, T. Y. Cath, High recovery of concentrated RO brines using forward osmosis and membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci. 331 (2009) 31-39. |
| [107] | Z. D. Hendren, J. Brant, M. R. Wiesner, Surface modification of nanostructured ceramic membranes for direct contact membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci. 331 (2009) 1-10. |
| [108] | M. Qtaishat, M. Khayet, T. Matsuura, Guidelines for preparation of higher flux hydrophobic/hydrophilic composite membranes for membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci. 329 (2009) 193-200. |
| [109] | S. T. Bouguecha, S. E. Aly, M. H. Al-Beirutty, M. M. Hamdi, A. Boubakri, Solar driven DCMD: performance evaluation and thermal energy efficiency, Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 100 (2015) 331-340. |
| [110] | Y. D. Kim, K. Thu, N. Ghaffour, K. C. Ng, Performance investigation of a solar assisted direct contact membrane distillation system, J. Membr. Sci. 427 (2013) 345-364. |
| [111] | C. M. Tun, A. M. Groth, Sustainable integrated membrane contactor process for water reclamation, sodium sulfate salt and energy recovery from industrial effluent, Desalination 283 (2011) 187-192. |
| [112] | A. Janson, S. Adham, F. Benyahia, R. Dores, A. Husain, J. Minier-Matar, Membrane distillation of high salinity brines using low grade waste heat, in Proceedings of the Membrane Technology Conference, American Membrane Technology Association (AMTA)/American Water Works Association (AWWA), Phoenix, Arizona, February 25-28, 2013. |
| [113] | X. Ji, E. Curcio, S. Al Obaidani, G. Di Profio, E. Fontananova, E. Drioli, Membrane distillation crystallization of seawater reverse osmosis brines, Sep. Purif. Technol. 71 (2010) 76-82. |
| [114] | A. Zarebska, D. R. Nieto, K. V. Christensen, B. Norddahl, Ammonia recovery from agricultural wastes by membrane distillation: fouling characterization and mechanism, Water Res. 56 (2014) 1-10. |
| [115] | Y. Zhao, Y. Wang, R. Wang, Y. Wu, S. Xu, J. Wang, Performance comparison and energy consumption analysis of capacitive deionization and membrane capacitive deionization processes, Desalination 324 (2013) 127-133. |
| [116] | Z. P. Zhao, L. Xu, X. Shang, K. Chen, Water regeneration from human urine by vacuum membrane distillation and analysis of membrane fouling characteristics, Sep. Purif. Technol. 118 (2013) 369-376. |
| [117] | M. S. El-Bourawi, M. Khayet, R. Ma, Z. Ding, Z. Li, X. Zhang, Application of vacuum membrane distillation for ammonia removal, J. Membr. Sci. 301 (2007) 200-209. |
| [118] | J. P. Mericq, S. Laborie, C. Cabassud, Vacuum membrane distillation of seawater reverse osmosis brines, Water Res. 44 (2010) 5260-5273. |
| [119] | C. R. Martinetti, T. Y. Cath, A. E. Childress, Novel application of membrane distillation and forward osmosis for brackish water desalination, in AWWA Membrane Technology Conference and Exposition, American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado, 2007. |
| [120] | N. Ait Messaoudene, M. W. Naceur, D. Ghernaout, A. Alghamdi, M. Aichouni, On the validation perspectives of the proposed novel dimensionless fouling index, Int. J. Adv. Appl. Sci. 5 (2018) 116-122. |
| [121] | R. E. Reahl, Half a century of desalination with electrodialysis, Technical Paper, GE Water & Process Technologies, 2006. |
| [122] | Y. Zhang, K. Ghyselbrecht, R. Vanherpe, B. Meesschaert, L. Pinoy, B. van der Bruggen, RO concentrate minimization by electrodialysis: techno-economic analysis and environmental concerns, J. Environ. Manage. 107 (2012) 28-36. |
| [123] | V. F. Medina, J. L. Johnson, S. A. Waisner, R. Wade, J. Mattei-Sosa, Development of a treatment process for electrodialysis reversal concentrate with intermediate softening and secondary reverse osmosis to approach 98-percent water recover, J. Environ. Eng. 141 (2015) 1-10. |
| [124] | C. He, G. Carpenter, P. Westerhoff, Demonstrating and innovative combination of ion exchange pretreatment and electrodialysis reversal for reclaimed water reverse osmosis concentrate minimization, Final Report, Water Reuse Research Foundation, 2013. |
| [125] | Aquasel Desalination System, http://www.gewater.com/products/aquaseldesalination.html (Accessed on 02.08.13), 2013. |
| [126] | E. García-Quismondo, R. Gómez, F. Vaquero, A. L. Cudero, J. Palma, M. Anderson, New testing procedures of a capacitive deionization reactor, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15 (2013) 7648-7656. |
| [127] | J. Drewes, An integrated framework for treatment and management of produced water, Technical Assessment of Produced Water Technologies (1st Ed.), RPSEA Project 07122-12, Colorado, School of Mines, 2009. |
| [128] | M. Xie, L. D. Nghiem, W. E. Price, M. Elimelech, A forward osmosis-membrane distillation hybrid process for direct sewer mining: system performance and limitations, Environ. Sci. Technol. 47 (2013) 13486-13493. |
| [129] | M. Xie, L. D. Nghiem, W. E. Price, M. Elimelech, Toward resource recovery from wastewater: extraction of phosphorus from digested sludge using a hybrid forward osmosis-membrane distillation process, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 1 (2014) 191-195. |
| [130] | A. D'Haese, P. Le-Clech, S. Van Nevel, K. Verbeken, E. R. Cornelissen, S. J. Khan, A. R. D. Verliefde, Trace organic solutes in closed-loop forward osmosis applications: Influence of membrane fouling and modeling of solute buildup, Water Res. 47 (2013) 5232-5244. |
| [131] | B. D. Coday, N. Almaraz, T. Y. Cath, Forward osmosis desalination of oil and gas wastewater: Impacts of membrane selection and operating conditions on process performance, J. Membr. Sci. 488 (2015) 40-55. |
| [132] | N. T. Hancock, P. Xu, M. J. Roby, J. D. Gomez, T. Y. Cath, Towards direct potable reuse with forward osmosis: technical assessment of long-term process performance at the pilot scale, J. Membr. Sci. 445 (2013) 34-46. |
| [133] | P. Balasubramanian, A brief review on best available technologies for reject water (brine) management in industries, Intern. J. Environ. Sci. 3 (2013) 2010-2018. |
| [134] | J. Morillo, J. Usero, D. Rosado, H. El Bakouri, A. Riaza, F.-J. Bernaola, Comparative study of brine management technologies for desalination plants, Desalination 336 (2014) 32-49. |
APA Style
Djamel Ghernaout. (2019). Brine Recycling: Towards Membrane Processes as the Best Available Technology. Applied Engineering, 3(2), 71-84. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ae.20190302.11
ACS Style
Djamel Ghernaout. Brine Recycling: Towards Membrane Processes as the Best Available Technology. Appl. Eng. 2019, 3(2), 71-84. doi: 10.11648/j.ae.20190302.11
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ae.20190302.11,
author = {Djamel Ghernaout},
title = {Brine Recycling: Towards Membrane Processes as the Best Available Technology},
journal = {Applied Engineering},
volume = {3},
number = {2},
pages = {71-84},
doi = {10.11648/j.ae.20190302.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ae.20190302.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ae.20190302.11},
abstract = {For supplying drinking water throughout the world, there has been a huge growth in the usage of desalination factories. Nevertheless, the formation of brine (concentrate) is a complete side of the working of the desalination factory and encounters serious ecological defiance due to its elevated salinity. Thus, a cost-effective and environmentally friendly concentrate handling equipment is needed before its appropriate elimination. Presently, many elimination choices comprising surface water discharge, deep well injection, and evaporation ponds have been employed. Nevertheless, such methods are unsustainable and their application is restricted by an elevated capital cost and exclusive usages. Different traditional techniques comprising physicochemical, oxidation and biological methods with changing degrees of organics elimination have been noted. These days, membrane-based techniques seem to be cost-effective tools for treating brine since they could recuperate worthy resources and generate clean water with elevated recuperation. This review contributes to discussing the actual techniques for brine handling, comprising elimination usages and treatment methods. The features of the concentrate in a matter of water nature and its effect on open water bodies are reviewed. This work presents emerging membrane processes like forward osmosis, membrane distillation, and electrodialysis that are encouraging for reducing brine quantities, in recuperating worthy metals and enhancement of water recuperation. This discussion as well focuses on the reality that integrated membrane processes are better for concentrate handling for metals recuperation jointly with water decontamination in wastewater treatment factories and could attain a zero liquid discharge.},
year = {2019}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Brine Recycling: Towards Membrane Processes as the Best Available Technology AU - Djamel Ghernaout Y1 - 2019/07/24 PY - 2019 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ae.20190302.11 DO - 10.11648/j.ae.20190302.11 T2 - Applied Engineering JF - Applied Engineering JO - Applied Engineering SP - 71 EP - 84 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2994-7456 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ae.20190302.11 AB - For supplying drinking water throughout the world, there has been a huge growth in the usage of desalination factories. Nevertheless, the formation of brine (concentrate) is a complete side of the working of the desalination factory and encounters serious ecological defiance due to its elevated salinity. Thus, a cost-effective and environmentally friendly concentrate handling equipment is needed before its appropriate elimination. Presently, many elimination choices comprising surface water discharge, deep well injection, and evaporation ponds have been employed. Nevertheless, such methods are unsustainable and their application is restricted by an elevated capital cost and exclusive usages. Different traditional techniques comprising physicochemical, oxidation and biological methods with changing degrees of organics elimination have been noted. These days, membrane-based techniques seem to be cost-effective tools for treating brine since they could recuperate worthy resources and generate clean water with elevated recuperation. This review contributes to discussing the actual techniques for brine handling, comprising elimination usages and treatment methods. The features of the concentrate in a matter of water nature and its effect on open water bodies are reviewed. This work presents emerging membrane processes like forward osmosis, membrane distillation, and electrodialysis that are encouraging for reducing brine quantities, in recuperating worthy metals and enhancement of water recuperation. This discussion as well focuses on the reality that integrated membrane processes are better for concentrate handling for metals recuperation jointly with water decontamination in wastewater treatment factories and could attain a zero liquid discharge. VL - 3 IS - 2 ER -
Information
Email: