The Impact of the Bark of Camel’s Foot (<i>Piliostigmathonningii</i>) on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Vulcanizate

Michael Ifeanyichukwu Ugbaja; Kevin Ibe Ejiogu; James Datoegoem Dashe

doi:doi:10.11648/j.jeece.20160101.13

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The Impact of the Bark of Camel’s Foot (Piliostigmathonningii) on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Vulcanizate

Michael Ifeanyichukwu Ugbaja, Kevin Ibe Ejiogu, James Datoegoem Dashe

Published in Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering (Volume 1, Issue 1)

Received: 21 October 2016 Accepted: 12 November 2016 Published: 16 December 2016

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Abstract

A study on the impact of the bark camel’s foot “Piliostigmathonningii” on the physico-mechanical properties of natural rubber vulcanizate when used as filler has been carried out. Laboratory scale two roll mill was used to compound five different formulations of the natural rubber and the camel’s foot bark filler according to the following ratios in grams: 100/0, 70/30, 60/40, 50/50, and 40/60 respectively. From the compounded formulations; test samples were prepared using the laboratory scale hydraulic press machine. Each prepared composite sample was tested for tensile-strength, elongation at break, hardness, abrasion and compression properties, and the result obtained showed that the tensile strength of the vulcanizate increased with increase in filler loading up till 50% of the natural rubber content but decreased when the filler is beyond that. The elongation at break decreased with the control sample having the highest elongation. The hardness of thevulcanizate increased with increase in filler loading. The abrasion resistance did not follow any consistent trend in particular. The compression-set was found to be decreasing with increase in filler loading.

Published in	Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering (Volume 1, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.jeece.20160101.13
Page(s)	19-23
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Bark of Camel’s Foot, Piliostigmathonningii, Physico-Mechanical Properties, Natural Rubber Vulcanizate

References

[1]	Mark H. F. (2001) Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, Interscience, New York Vol. 12: 42.
[2]	Okieimen, F. E. and Imanah, J. E. (2003). TheCharacterisation of Agricultural Waste Products as Fillers in NR Formulation, Nig. J.Polym. Sci. and Tech, Vol. 3, 1: 210-216.
[3]	Danneberg, E. M. (1981), Proceeding of International Rubber Conference, Loughborough.
[4]	Fleminert, G and Bueche, C. (1957); “Light Reinforcement Filler” A Paper presented before the Swedish institute of Rubber Technology.
[5]	Blow, C. and Hepburn, C. (1971); Rubber Technol and Manufacture, Butter Worth Publishers London, 3rd Ed. 188.
[6]	Parkinson, D. (1957); Reinforcement of Rubber, Lakeman and Co. London, 12.
[7]	Hepburn, C. (1984); Filler reinforcement of Rubber Plastic and Rubber international No. 9:11-15.
[8]	Morton, M. (1987); Rubber Technology, 3rdEdn. Van Nostrand, New York; 74.
[9]	Coates Palgrave, M. (2002): Keith Coates Palgrave Trees of Southern Africa, Edn 3. Struik, Capetown.
[10]	Myers M, and Duncan A., (1973): Rubber Recycling, Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 75 (3): 420-474.
[11]	Nasir, M. and Choo, C.H. (1987) Euro. Polym J. 25,355.
[12]	Mehta, P. K. and Pitt, N. (1974) Rice by-Products conference Valencia, 76.
[13]	Rivin, D. (1963); RubbChem& Tech 36, 729.
[14]	Hepburn, C and Blow, C. M. (1971); Rubber Technology and Manufacture 3rd Edition, Butter Worth Publishing 188.

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APA Style

Michael Ifeanyichukwu Ugbaja, Kevin Ibe Ejiogu, James Datoegoem Dashe. (2016). The Impact of the Bark of Camel’s Foot (Piliostigmathonningii) on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Vulcanizate. Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, 1(1), 19-23. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20160101.13

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ACS Style

Michael Ifeanyichukwu Ugbaja; Kevin Ibe Ejiogu; James Datoegoem Dashe. The Impact of the Bark of Camel’s Foot (Piliostigmathonningii) on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Vulcanizate. J. Energy Environ. Chem. Eng. 2016, 1(1), 19-23. doi: 10.11648/j.jeece.20160101.13

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AMA Style

Michael Ifeanyichukwu Ugbaja, Kevin Ibe Ejiogu, James Datoegoem Dashe. The Impact of the Bark of Camel’s Foot (Piliostigmathonningii) on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Vulcanizate. J Energy Environ Chem Eng. 2016;1(1):19-23. doi: 10.11648/j.jeece.20160101.13

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@article{10.11648/j.jeece.20160101.13,
  author = {Michael Ifeanyichukwu Ugbaja and Kevin Ibe Ejiogu and James Datoegoem Dashe},
  title = {The Impact of the Bark of Camel’s Foot (Piliostigmathonningii) on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Vulcanizate},
  journal = {Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  pages = {19-23},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jeece.20160101.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20160101.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jeece.20160101.13},
  abstract = {A study on the impact of the bark camel’s foot “Piliostigmathonningii” on the physico-mechanical properties of natural rubber vulcanizate when used as filler has been carried out. Laboratory scale two roll mill was used to compound five different formulations of the natural rubber and the camel’s foot bark filler according to the following ratios in grams: 100/0, 70/30, 60/40, 50/50, and 40/60 respectively. From the compounded formulations; test samples were prepared using the laboratory scale hydraulic press machine. Each prepared composite sample was tested for tensile-strength, elongation at break, hardness, abrasion and compression properties, and the result obtained showed that the tensile strength of the vulcanizate increased with increase in filler loading up till 50% of the natural rubber content but decreased when the filler is beyond that. The elongation at break decreased with the control sample having the highest elongation. The hardness of thevulcanizate increased with increase in filler loading. The abrasion resistance did not follow any consistent trend in particular. The compression-set was found to be decreasing with increase in filler loading.},
 year = {2016}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Impact of the Bark of Camel’s Foot (Piliostigmathonningii) on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Vulcanizate
AU  - Michael Ifeanyichukwu Ugbaja
AU  - Kevin Ibe Ejiogu
AU  - James Datoegoem Dashe
Y1  - 2016/12/16
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20160101.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.jeece.20160101.13
T2  - Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering
JF  - Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering
JO  - Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering
SP  - 19
EP  - 23
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-434X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20160101.13
AB  - A study on the impact of the bark camel’s foot “Piliostigmathonningii” on the physico-mechanical properties of natural rubber vulcanizate when used as filler has been carried out. Laboratory scale two roll mill was used to compound five different formulations of the natural rubber and the camel’s foot bark filler according to the following ratios in grams: 100/0, 70/30, 60/40, 50/50, and 40/60 respectively. From the compounded formulations; test samples were prepared using the laboratory scale hydraulic press machine. Each prepared composite sample was tested for tensile-strength, elongation at break, hardness, abrasion and compression properties, and the result obtained showed that the tensile strength of the vulcanizate increased with increase in filler loading up till 50% of the natural rubber content but decreased when the filler is beyond that. The elongation at break decreased with the control sample having the highest elongation. The hardness of thevulcanizate increased with increase in filler loading. The abrasion resistance did not follow any consistent trend in particular. The compression-set was found to be decreasing with increase in filler loading.
VL  - 1
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Michael Ifeanyichukwu Ugbaja

Department of Polymer Technology, Nigerian Institute of Leather and Science Technology, Zaria, Nigeria
Kevin Ibe Ejiogu

Department of Polymer Technology, Nigerian Institute of Leather and Science Technology, Zaria, Nigeria
James Datoegoem Dashe

Department of Polymer Technology, Nigerian Institute of Leather and Science Technology, Zaria, Nigeria

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APA Style

Michael Ifeanyichukwu Ugbaja, Kevin Ibe Ejiogu, James Datoegoem Dashe. (2016). The Impact of the Bark of Camel’s Foot (Piliostigmathonningii) on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Vulcanizate. Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, 1(1), 19-23. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20160101.13

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ACS Style

Michael Ifeanyichukwu Ugbaja; Kevin Ibe Ejiogu; James Datoegoem Dashe. The Impact of the Bark of Camel’s Foot (Piliostigmathonningii) on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Vulcanizate. J. Energy Environ. Chem. Eng. 2016, 1(1), 19-23. doi: 10.11648/j.jeece.20160101.13

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AMA Style

Michael Ifeanyichukwu Ugbaja, Kevin Ibe Ejiogu, James Datoegoem Dashe. The Impact of the Bark of Camel’s Foot (Piliostigmathonningii) on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Vulcanizate. J Energy Environ Chem Eng. 2016;1(1):19-23. doi: 10.11648/j.jeece.20160101.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jeece.20160101.13,
  author = {Michael Ifeanyichukwu Ugbaja and Kevin Ibe Ejiogu and James Datoegoem Dashe},
  title = {The Impact of the Bark of Camel’s Foot (Piliostigmathonningii) on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Vulcanizate},
  journal = {Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  pages = {19-23},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jeece.20160101.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20160101.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jeece.20160101.13},
  abstract = {A study on the impact of the bark camel’s foot “Piliostigmathonningii” on the physico-mechanical properties of natural rubber vulcanizate when used as filler has been carried out. Laboratory scale two roll mill was used to compound five different formulations of the natural rubber and the camel’s foot bark filler according to the following ratios in grams: 100/0, 70/30, 60/40, 50/50, and 40/60 respectively. From the compounded formulations; test samples were prepared using the laboratory scale hydraulic press machine. Each prepared composite sample was tested for tensile-strength, elongation at break, hardness, abrasion and compression properties, and the result obtained showed that the tensile strength of the vulcanizate increased with increase in filler loading up till 50% of the natural rubber content but decreased when the filler is beyond that. The elongation at break decreased with the control sample having the highest elongation. The hardness of thevulcanizate increased with increase in filler loading. The abrasion resistance did not follow any consistent trend in particular. The compression-set was found to be decreasing with increase in filler loading.},
 year = {2016}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Impact of the Bark of Camel’s Foot (Piliostigmathonningii) on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Vulcanizate
AU  - Michael Ifeanyichukwu Ugbaja
AU  - Kevin Ibe Ejiogu
AU  - James Datoegoem Dashe
Y1  - 2016/12/16
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20160101.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.jeece.20160101.13
T2  - Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering
JF  - Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering
JO  - Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering
SP  - 19
EP  - 23
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-434X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20160101.13
AB  - A study on the impact of the bark camel’s foot “Piliostigmathonningii” on the physico-mechanical properties of natural rubber vulcanizate when used as filler has been carried out. Laboratory scale two roll mill was used to compound five different formulations of the natural rubber and the camel’s foot bark filler according to the following ratios in grams: 100/0, 70/30, 60/40, 50/50, and 40/60 respectively. From the compounded formulations; test samples were prepared using the laboratory scale hydraulic press machine. Each prepared composite sample was tested for tensile-strength, elongation at break, hardness, abrasion and compression properties, and the result obtained showed that the tensile strength of the vulcanizate increased with increase in filler loading up till 50% of the natural rubber content but decreased when the filler is beyond that. The elongation at break decreased with the control sample having the highest elongation. The hardness of thevulcanizate increased with increase in filler loading. The abrasion resistance did not follow any consistent trend in particular. The compression-set was found to be decreasing with increase in filler loading.
VL  - 1
IS  - 1
ER  -

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