European Journal of Preventive Medicine

| Peer-Reviewed |

Contextual Trend in Preventing Obesity Epidemic in Developing Countries: Role of the Key Players

Received: 29 May 2013    Accepted:     Published: 30 June 2013
Views:       Downloads:

Share This Article

Abstract

Today, the World Health Organization warns that the greater future burden of obesity and diabetes will affect developing countries with the extent doubling with urbanization. Aside from the estimation that, currently, more than 1.6 billion (age 15+ years) adults are overweight and at least 400 million of them are obese, it was also estimated that obesity account for 2-6 % of the total health care cost in several developed countries and some estimates put the figure as high as 7%. The true costs are undoubtedly much greater as not all obesity related conditions are calculated. Some developing countries aim to attain the millennium development goals (MDGs) by 2015, which prospects the reduction in rate of tuberculosis, malaria, maternal and infant mortality rates, and childhood malnutrition, however little or nothing is done to curb the ever-growing obesity epidemic and its accompanying non-communicable diseases (NCDs) burden. The fact therefore is that, the devel-oping countries’ health sector garbles with the double burden of disease from the threat of both NCDs and infectious diseases. This review based on literature search from PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar aims to highlight the prospects of preventing and managing the obesity epidemic in developing countries through a multifactorial, multidimensional and proactive approaches. It concludes on the need for a less cost effective, multi-sectional, far reaching population based intervention plan by the key players of the health sector in such countries which should incorporate the need for regular exercising, good nutritional habits, body weight image assessment and reduced stigmatization of affected individuals.

DOI 10.11648/j.ejpm.20130101.12
Published in European Journal of Preventive Medicine (Volume 1, Issue 1, July 2013)
Page(s) 20-31
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Obesity Prevention, Role Sharing, Developing Countries

References
[1] Skidmore PM, Yarnell JW. The obesity epidemic: prospects for prevention. Q J M. 2004; 97:817-825.
[2] World Health Organization. Diet, Nutrition and Prevention of Chronic Diseases: Report of a joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation, 28 January-1 February 2002, (WHO Technical Report Series 916). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2003.
[3] World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight. Fact sheet No 311. World Health Organization Media Center. September 2006.
[4] Bray GA, Bouchard C, James WT, (eds). Handbook of Obesity. Etiology and Pathophysiology. 2nd Edition. New York. Marcel Dekker, Inc, 2004.
[5] Froguel P, Boutin P. Genetics of pathways regulating body weight in the development of obesity in humans. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2001; 226:991-996.
[6] Rosenbaum M, Liabel HR, Hirch J. Obesity. N Engl Med. 1997; 337:396-407.
[7] Schwartz MW, Baskin DG, Kaiyala KJ, Woods SC. Model for the regulation of energy balance and adiposity by the central nervous system. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 69: 584-596.
[8] Weber J. Energy balance in obesity. Proc Nutr Soc. 2003; 62:539-543.
[9] Marti A, Moreno-Aliaga MJ, Hebebrand and Martinez JA. Genes, lifestyle and obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004, 28 Suppl 3: S29-S36.
[10] Gordon-Larsen P. Obesity-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors in obese and non-obese urban Philadelphia female adolescents. Obes Res. 2001; 9:112-118.
[11] World Health Organization. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic, Report of a WHO Consultation on Obesity, Geneva, 1997 June 3-5. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1998. Document no. WHO/NUT/NCD/98.1.whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1998/WHO_NUT_NCD_98.1_ (p1-158).pdf. Accessed October 12, 2012.
[12] Sturm R. increase in morbid obesity in the USA: 2000-2005. Public Health. 2007; 121 (7): 492–496
[13] Pi-Sunyer FX. Medical hazards of obesity. Ann Intern Med. 1993; 119:655-660.
[14] Oral hCG Research Clinic. Obesity reviews-Estimating fat body content. http://www.hcgobesity.org/research/obesity/obfatcnt.pdf. 27/11/2004. Accessed 17 October 2012.
[15] Larsson B, Svardsudd K, Welin L, Wilhelmsen L, Bjorntorp P, Tibbin G. Abdominal adipose tissue distribution, obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: 13 year follow up of participants in the study of men born in 1913. Br Med J. 1984; 288:1401-1404.
[16] Kaye SA, Folsom AR, Sprafka JM, Prineas RJ, Wallace RB. Increased incidence of diabetes mellitus in relation to abdominal adiposity in older women. J Clin Epidemiol. 1991; 44:329-334.
[17] Lakka HM, Lakka TA, Tuomilehto J, Salonen JT. Abdominal obesity is associated with increased risk of acute coronary events in men. Eur Heart J. 2002; 23:706-713.
[18] Hartz AJ, Rupley DC, Rimm AA. The association of girth measurement with disease in 32, 856 women. Am J Epidemiol. 1984; 119:71-80.
[19] Katzel LI, Busby Whitehead MJ, Goldberg AP. Adverse effects of abdominal obesity on lipoprotein lipids in health older men. Exp Gerontol. 1993; 28:411-420.
[20] Must A, Spadano J, Coakley EH, Field AE, Colditz G, Dietz WH. The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity. JAMA. 1999; 282: 1523-1529.
[21] U.S Department of Health and Human Services. The surgeon General’s call to action to prevent and decrease overweight and obesity. 2001. US Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD. http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/pdf/CalltoAction.pdf. Accessed 12 October 2012.
[22] Department of Health. Health check: on the state of public health. Annual Report of the Chief Medical Officer, 2002. London Department of Health. www.doh.gov.uk/cmo/annualreport2002 . 3 July 2003. Accesed 23 September 2012.
[23] Taras H, Potts-Datema W. Obesity and Student performance at school. J Sch Health. 2005; 75 (8): 291-295.
[24] Stein CJ, Colditz GA. The epidemic of obesity. JCEM. 2004; 89(6):2522-2525.
[25] International Obesity Task Force and European Association for the Study of Obesity. 2002. "Obesity in Europe. The Case for Action." London: International Obesity Task Force and European Association for the Study of Obesity. http://www.iaso.org/site_media/uploads/Sep_2002_Obesity_in_Europe_Case_for_Action_2002.pdf . Accessed 06 October, 2012.
[26] Hill JO, Wyatt HR, Melanson EL. Genetic and environmental contributions to obesity. Med Clin North Am. 2000; 84:333-346.
[27] Hill JO, Wyatt HR, Reed GW, Peter JC. Obesity and the environments: where do we go here? Science. 2003: 299:853-855.
[28] Commuzzie AG, Allison DB. The search for human obesity genes. Science 1998; 280 (5368): 1374-1377.
[29] Damcott CM, Sack P, Shuldiner AR. The genetics of obesity. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2003; 32:761-786.
[30] Martinez-Gonalez MA, Martinez JA, Hu FB, Gibney MJ, Kearney J. Physical inactivity, sedentarism, lifestyle and obesity in the European Union. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999; 23: 1–10
[31] Obesity preventing and managing the global epidemic. World Health Organization Consultation on Obesity. World Health Organization Technical Report 894: Geneva, 2000.
[32] Swinburn BA, Caterson I, Seidell JC, James WR. Diet, nutrition and prevention of excess weight gain and obesity. Public Health Nutr. 2004; 7(1A):123-146.
[33] Maffie C. Aetiology of overweight and obesity in children adolescents. Eur J Pediatr. 2000; 159:535-544.
[34] Lustig RH. The neuroendocrinology of obesity. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2001; 30:765-785.
[35] Whitaker RC, Deitz WH. Role of the prenatal environment in the development of obesity. J Pediatr. 1998; 132:768-776.
[36] Vik T, Jacobson G, Vatten L, Bakketig LS. Pre and post-natal growth in children of women who smoked in pregnancy. Early Hum Dev. 1996; 45:245-255.
[37] Wideroe M, Vik T, Jacobson G, Bakketeig LS. Does maternal smoking during pregnancy causes childhood overweight. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2003; 17:171-179.
[38] Gilman MW, Rifas-Stiman SL, Camargo CA, Jr, Berkey ES, Frazier AL, Rockett HR, Field AE, Colidtz CA. Risk of overweight among adolescents who were breastfed as infants. JAMA. 2001; 285:2461-2467.
[39] Parsons TJ, Power C, Manor O. Infant feeding and obesity through the life course. Arch Dis Child. 2003; 88:793-794.
[40] Ravelli AC, Van der Meulen JH, Osmond C, Barker DJ, Bleker OP. Infant feeding and adult glucose tolerance, lipid profile, blood pressure and obesity. Arch Dis Child. 2000; 82:248-252.
[41] Toschke AM, Vignerova J, Lhotska L, Osancova K, Koletzko B, Von Kries R. Overweight and obesity in 6 to 14 years old Czech children in 1991: protective effect of breast feeding. J Pediatr. 2002; 141:764-769.
[42] Serdula MK, Ivery D, Coates RJ, Freedman DS, Williamson DF, Byers T. Do obese children become obese adults? A review of the literature. Prev Med. 1993: 22:167-177.
[43] Drewnowski A, Popkin BM. The nutrition transition: new trends in the global diet. Nutr Rev.1997; 55(2):31-43.
[44] Popkin BM. Urbanization and nutrition transition. Achieving urban food and nutrition security in the developing world. A 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, and the Environment, Focus 3. Brief 7 of 10, Washington DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), August 2000. Available at http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpuprojects/drivers_urb_change/urb_society/pdf_liveli_vulnera/ifpri_garett_food_security.pdf . Accessed 13 October 2012.
[45] Stubbs CO, Lee AJ. The obesity epidemic: both energy intake and physical activity contribute. Med J Aust. 2004; 181(9):489-491.
[46] National Association of State Boards of Education. The role of schools in preventing childhood obesity. The State Education Standard. December 2004, pp1-12. http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/physicalactivity/pdf/roleofschools_obesity.pdf . Accessed 22 September 2012.
[47] Crawford D. Population strategies to prevent obesity. Br Med J. 2002; 325:728-729.
[48] Noel PH, Pugh JA. Management of overweight and obese adults. Br Med J. 2002; 325: 757–761.
[49] Ekezie J, Anyanwu EG, Danborno B, Anthony U. Impact of urbanization on obesity, anthropometric profile and blood pressure in the Igbos of Nigeria. N Am J Med Sci. 2011; 3(5): 242-246.
[50] Akinpelu AO, Oyewole OO, Oritogun KS. Overweight and obesity: does it occur in Nigerian adolescents in an urban community? Int J Biomed Hlth Sci. 2008; 4 (1): 11-17.
[51] Ogunjimi LO, Ikorok MM, Oluyinka OY. Prevalence of obesity among Nigerian nurses: the Akwa Ibom State experience. Int NGO J. 2010; 5 (2): 45-49.
[52] Omigbodun OO, Adediran KI, Akinyemi JO, Omigbodun AO, Adedokun BO, Esan O. Gender and rural-urban differences in the nutritional status of in-school adolescents in South Western Nigeria. J Biosoc Sci. 2010; 42 (5): 653-676.
[53] Chigbu CO, Aja LO. Obesity in pregnancy in Southeast Nigeria. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2011; 1:135-140.
[54] Ekpenyong CE, Akpan UP, Ibu JO. Relationship of physical activity and gender to incidence of overweight and obesity among civil servants in South Eastern Nigeria. African J Med Sci. 2011:4(1):129-134
[55] World Bank/Department for international development(UK). Country Partnership Strategy for the Federal Republic of Nigeria: Report No. 32412-NG, June 2, 2005. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLICUS/Resources/Nigeria_CPS.pdf . Accessed 10 October 2012.
[56] GAVI Alliance. Country Fact Sheet: Nigeria, 2008. http://www.gathroughlliance.org/resources/Nigeria_GAVI-Alliance-country-fact-sheet-June-2008-eng.pdf>. Accessed 20 May 2009
[57] United Nations & AIDS. Epidemiological fact sheet on HIV and AIDS:core data on epidemiology and response. Nigeria, 2008. UNAIDS/WHO/UNDP. http://apps.who.int/globalatlas/predefinedReports/EFS2008/full/EFS2008_NG.pdf. Accessed 12 October 2012.
[58] World Health Organization. WHO Country Cooperation Strategy: Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2002-2007. WHO Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, 2002. http://www.who.int/countries/en/cooperation_strategy_nga_en.pdf . Accessed 12 October 2012.
[59] Agunwamba A, Bloom D, Friedman A, et al. Nigeria: the Next Generation Project- Literature Review. Harvard School of Public Health, British Council, 2009: pp1-78.
[60] Popkin D, Gordon-Larsen P. The nutrition transition: worldwide obesity dynamics and their determinants. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004; 28 Suppl 3: S2-S9.
[61] Ezzati M, Hoorms V, Lawes CM, et al. Rethinking the "diseases of affluence" paradigm: global patterns of nutritional risk in relation to economic development. PLOS Med. 2005; 2(5): e 133.
[62] Nyaruhucha CN, Achen JH, Msuya JM, Shayo NB, Kulwa K. Prevalence and awareness of obesity among people of different age groups in educational institutions in Morogoro, Tanzania. East Afr Med J. 2003; 80 (2):68-72.
[63] Prentice AM. The emerging epidemic of obesity in developing countries. Int J Epidemiol. 2006; 35:93-99.
[64] Ekpenyong CE, Udokang NE, Akpan EE, Samson TK. Double burden, non-communicable diseases and risk factors evaluation in sub-Saharan Africa. The Nigerian experience. EJSD. 2012; 1(2):249-270.
[65] United Nations General Assembly. United Nations Millennium Declaration. Resolution 55/2. September 08, 2000. http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.htm. Accessed 10 October 2012.
[66] Enabudoso EJ, Gharoro EP, Ikena GO, Abhulimhen-Iyoha, B. Health and the millennium development goals. The Nigerian perspective. BJPM. 2006; 8(1):1-7.
[67] Fry J, Finley W. The prevalence and costs of obesity in the EU. Proc Nutr Soc. 2005; 64: 359–362.
[68] Williams GW. Development and future direction of the world soybean market. Q J Intl Agr. 1984; 23:319-337.
[69] James WP. The epidemiology of obesity: the size of the problem. J Intern Med. 2008:263:336-357.
[70] Brody J. The global epidemic of childhood obesity: poverty, urbanization and the nutrition transition. Nutr Bytes. 2002; 8(2):1-7.
[71] Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Nicklas TA. Atherosclerosis: A nutritional disease of childhood. Am J Cardiol. 1998; 26:22T-29T.
[72] Schnieder D. International trends in adolescent nutrition. Soc Sci Med. 2000; 15: 955-957.
[73] International Monetary Fund. Nigeria: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper-Progress Report. IMF Country Report 07/270, June 13 2007. www.imf.org/external/ns/ . Accessed 12 October 2012.
[74] Fox KR. Riddoch CJ. Changing the physical activity patterns of contemporary children and adolescents. Proc Nutr Soc. 2000; 59: 497-504.
[75] Grant Makers in Health. Weighing in obesity. American’s growing health epidemic. Issue briefs no 11. Washington DC, Grant Makers in Health, 2001. Accessed 12 October 2012 from www.gih.org/files/usrdoc/Obesity.pdf .
[76] Pate RR, Trost SG, Levin S, Dowda M. Sport Participation and health related behaviors among US youth. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000; 154: 904-911.
[77] Emiola L. Physical fitness: Definition and measurement. In: Amusa, L.O, Udoh CO. (eds). Dynamics of physical fitness. Osogbo. Adebara Pub. Ltd, 1982.
[78] Texas Department of Agriculture, Texas Public School Nutrition Policy, 2004. www.agr.state.tx.us/foodnutrition/policy/food_nutrition_policy.pdf. Accessed 15 October 2012
[79] Binkley JK, Eales J, Jekanowski M. the relation between dietary change and rising obesity. Int J Obesity Relat Metab Disord. 2000; 24: 1032-1039.
[80] Smiciklas-Wright H, Mitchell DC, Mickel SJ, Glodman JD, Cook A. food commonly eaten in the United States, 1989-1991 and 1994-1996; are the portion size changing? J Am Diet Assoc. 2003; 103:41-47.
[81] French SA, Lin BH, Guthrie JF. National trends in soft drink consumption among children and adolescents age 6 to 17 years. Prevalence amounts and sources, 1977/1987 to 1994/1998. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003; 103: 1326-1331.
[82] The International Walk to School Project.www.iwalktoschool.org. Accessed 27 September 2012.
[83] Wang YL, Tussing A, Odoms-Young C, et al. Obesity prevention in low socio-economic status urban African American adolescent: study design and preliminary findings of the HEALTH-KIDS Study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006; 60 (1):92-103.
[84] Yang W, Kelly T, He J. Genetic epidemiology of obesity. Epidemiol Rev. 2007; 29:49-61.
[85] Andreoli TE, Carpenter CJ, Griggs RC, Loscalzo J. Cecil Essential of Medicine. 6th edition. Philadelphia. WB Saunders. 2004, pp 551-555.
[86] Ebbeling CB, Pawlak DB, Ludwig DS. Childhood Obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure. Lancet. 2002; 360:473-482.
[87] National Institutes of Health. The practical guide: Identification, Evaluation and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Bethesda, MD: North American Association for the study of obesity, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute 2000. NIH Publication 00-4048. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/practgde.htm. Accessed 18 October 2012.
[88] Power C, Moynihan C. Social class and changes in weight for height between childhood and early adulthood. Int J Obes. 1988; 12:445-53.
[89] Padez G, Mourao I, Moreida P, Rosado Vitor. Prevalence and risk factors for overweight and obesity in Portuguese children. Acta Paediatrica. 2005; 94:1550-1557.
[90] Arenz S, Ruckerl R, Koletzko B, Von Kries R. Breast-feeding and childhood obesity-a systematic review. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 2004; 28:1247-1256.
[91] American Heart Association. Exercise (Physical Activity) and Children. http://www.heart.org/heartorg/gettinghealthy/physical-activity-and-children_ucm_304053_article.jsp. Accessed 5 October 2012
[92] Bergmann KE, Begmann RL, von Kries R, et al. Early determinants of childhood overweight and adiposity in a birth cohort study: role of breast-feeding. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003; 27:162-172.
[93] Robinson TN. Reducing children’s television viewing to prevent obesity. A randomized controlled trail. JAMA. 1999; 282:1561-1567.
[94] Golan M, Fainaru M, Weizman A. role of behavior modification in the treatment of childhood obesity with the parents as the exclusive agents of change. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998; 22:1217-24.
[95] Choi B, Schnall PL, Yang H, Dobson M, Landsbergis P, Israel L, Karasek R Baker D. Sedentary work, low physical job demand and obesity in US workers. Am J Ind Med. 2010; 53 (11):1088-101.
[96] Coakley EH, Kawachi I, Manson JE, Speizer FE, Willet WC, Colditz GA. Lower levels of physical functioning are associated with higher body weight among middle-aged and older women. Int J. Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998; 22:958-965.
[97] Fine JT, Colditz GA, Coakley EH, Moseley G, Manson JE, Willet WC, Kawachi I. A prospective study of weight change and health-related quality of life in women. JAMA.1999; 282:2136-2142.
[98] Sleep deprivation doubles risks of obesity in both children and adults. Science Daily, July 13, 2006. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/07/060713081140.htm. Accessed 1 October 2012.
[99] Taheri S. The link between short sleep duration and obesity: we should recommend more sleep to prevent obesity. Arch Dis Child. 2006; 91(11): 881–884.
[100] Kristen LK, Speigel K, Penev P, Van Cauter E. Metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation. Sleep Med Rev. 2007; 11(3): 163–178.
[101] Knutson KL. Does inadequate sleep play a role in vulnerability to obesity? Am J Hum Biol. 2012; 24(3):361-371.
[102] Nitert MD, Foxcroft KF, Lust K, Fagernio N, Lawlor DA, O’ Callaghan M, Mcintyre and Callaway LK. Overweight and obesity knowledge prior to pregnancy: a survey study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2011; 11.96.
[103] World Health Organization Report: Workshop on obesity prevention and control strategies in the pacific Apia, Samoa; 26-29 September 2000. World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines, 2002.
[104] BBC News. The fattening rooms of Calabar, 19th July 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6904640.stm. Accessed 12 October 2012.
[105] Brinks PJ. The fattening room among the Annangs of Nigeria. Med Anthropology.1989; 12 (1):131-143.
[106] Bourdieu P. Distinction: a social critique of judgment of taste. London, United Kingdom, Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd, 1984.
[107] Power EM. An introduction to Pierre Bourdieu’s key theoretical concepts. J Study Food Soc. 1999; 3:48-52.
[108] Campbell K, Engel H, Timperio A, Catherine C, Crawford D. Obesity management: Australian General Practitioners’ attitude and practices. Obes Res. 2000; 8:459-466.
[109] Ojwang AA. Aspects of knowledge, attitude and practices of medical practitioners on obesity and weight management in three urban centers in Kenya. Thesis: Department of Human Nutrition of the University of Stellenbosch, 2005.
[110] Schwartz JS, Lewis CE, Clancy C, Kinosian MS, Radany MH, Koplan JP. Internist’ practices in health promotion and diseases. A survey. Ann Intern Med. 1991; 114:46-53.
[111] Jean LK, Robert AH. Physicians’ attitudes towards managing obesity: differences among six specialty group. Prev Med. 1997; 26:542-549.
[112] Nitert MD, Foxcroft KF, Lust K, Fagermo N, Lawlor DA, O'Callaghan M, Mcintyre HD, Callaway LK. Overweight and obesity knowledge prior to pregnancy: a survey study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2011; 11: 96.
[113] Education and Training Experience. Queensland, Australia, 2005 (cat No. 6278.0). Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2005. www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@archive.nsf/.../62780_qld.xls. Accessed 10 October 2012.
[114] Luo ZC, Wilkins R, and Kramer MS. Effect of neighborhood income and maternal education on birth outcomes: a population based study. CMAJ. 2006; 174(10):1415-1420.
[115] Hagger MS, Orbell S. A meta-analytic review of the common-sense model of illness representations. Psychol Health. 2003; 18(2):141-184.
[116] Reaven G, Segal K, Hauptman J, Boldrin M, et al. Effect of Orlistat-assisted weight loss in decreasing coronary heart disease risk in patients with syndrome X. Am J Cardiol. 2001; 87:827-831.
[117] Cohen DA, Babey SH. Contextual influences on eating behaviors: heuristic processing and dietary choices. Obes Rev. 2012; 13(9): 766–779.
Author Information
  • Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

  • Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Christopher Ekpenyong, Ernest Akpan. (2013). Contextual Trend in Preventing Obesity Epidemic in Developing Countries: Role of the Key Players. European Journal of Preventive Medicine, 1(1), 20-31. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20130101.12

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Christopher Ekpenyong; Ernest Akpan. Contextual Trend in Preventing Obesity Epidemic in Developing Countries: Role of the Key Players. Eur. J. Prev. Med. 2013, 1(1), 20-31. doi: 10.11648/j.ejpm.20130101.12

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Christopher Ekpenyong, Ernest Akpan. Contextual Trend in Preventing Obesity Epidemic in Developing Countries: Role of the Key Players. Eur J Prev Med. 2013;1(1):20-31. doi: 10.11648/j.ejpm.20130101.12

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ejpm.20130101.12,
      author = {Christopher Ekpenyong and Ernest Akpan},
      title = {Contextual Trend in Preventing Obesity Epidemic in Developing Countries: Role of the Key Players},
      journal = {European Journal of Preventive Medicine},
      volume = {1},
      number = {1},
      pages = {20-31},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ejpm.20130101.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20130101.12},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ejpm.20130101.12},
      abstract = {Today, the World Health Organization warns that the greater future burden of obesity and diabetes will affect developing countries with the extent doubling with urbanization. Aside from the estimation that, currently, more than 1.6  billion (age 15+ years) adults are overweight and at least 400 million of them are obese, it  was also estimated that obesity account for 2-6 % of the total health care cost in several developed countries and some estimates put the figure as high as 7%. The true costs are undoubtedly much greater as not all obesity related conditions are calculated. Some developing countries aim to attain the millennium development goals (MDGs) by 2015, which prospects the reduction in rate of tuberculosis, malaria, maternal and infant mortality rates, and childhood malnutrition, however little or nothing is done to curb the ever-growing obesity epidemic and its accompanying non-communicable diseases (NCDs) burden. The fact therefore is that, the devel-oping countries’ health sector garbles with the double burden of disease from the threat of both NCDs and infectious diseases. This review based on literature search from PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar aims to highlight the prospects of preventing and managing the obesity epidemic in developing countries through a multifactorial, multidimensional and proactive approaches. It concludes on the need for a less cost effective, multi-sectional, far reaching population based intervention plan by the key players of the health sector in such countries which should incorporate the need for regular exercising, good nutritional habits, body weight image assessment and reduced stigmatization of affected individuals.},
     year = {2013}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Contextual Trend in Preventing Obesity Epidemic in Developing Countries: Role of the Key Players
    AU  - Christopher Ekpenyong
    AU  - Ernest Akpan
    Y1  - 2013/06/30
    PY  - 2013
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20130101.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ejpm.20130101.12
    T2  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
    JF  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
    JO  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
    SP  - 20
    EP  - 31
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-8230
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20130101.12
    AB  - Today, the World Health Organization warns that the greater future burden of obesity and diabetes will affect developing countries with the extent doubling with urbanization. Aside from the estimation that, currently, more than 1.6  billion (age 15+ years) adults are overweight and at least 400 million of them are obese, it  was also estimated that obesity account for 2-6 % of the total health care cost in several developed countries and some estimates put the figure as high as 7%. The true costs are undoubtedly much greater as not all obesity related conditions are calculated. Some developing countries aim to attain the millennium development goals (MDGs) by 2015, which prospects the reduction in rate of tuberculosis, malaria, maternal and infant mortality rates, and childhood malnutrition, however little or nothing is done to curb the ever-growing obesity epidemic and its accompanying non-communicable diseases (NCDs) burden. The fact therefore is that, the devel-oping countries’ health sector garbles with the double burden of disease from the threat of both NCDs and infectious diseases. This review based on literature search from PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar aims to highlight the prospects of preventing and managing the obesity epidemic in developing countries through a multifactorial, multidimensional and proactive approaches. It concludes on the need for a less cost effective, multi-sectional, far reaching population based intervention plan by the key players of the health sector in such countries which should incorporate the need for regular exercising, good nutritional habits, body weight image assessment and reduced stigmatization of affected individuals.
    VL  - 1
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

  • Sections