Occupational Health and Safety: Provision of Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs) for Mechanical Welding and Carpentry Workers in Mbala District of Zambia

Ebenezer Obi Daniel; Moses Mutyoka; Paul Olaiya Abiodun; Israel Olukayode Popoola; Kabir Yunusa Amari; Ahmed Mamuda Bello; Oluwole Victor Oluwalomola; Christie Omolola Adams; Olayinka Victor Ojo

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.13

Occupational Health and Safety: Provision of Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs) for Mechanical Welding and Carpentry Workers in Mbala District of Zambia

Ebenezer Obi Daniel, Moses Mutyoka, Paul Olaiya Abiodun, Israel Olukayode Popoola, Kabir Yunusa Amari, Ahmed Mamuda Bello, Oluwole Victor Oluwalomola, Christie Omolola Adams, Olayinka Victor Ojo

Published in European Journal of Preventive Medicine (Volume 8, Issue 4)

Received: 11 July 2020 Accepted: 30 July 2020 Published: 13 August 2020

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Abstract

Small-scale enterprises and the informal sector such as mechanical, welding and carpentry workshops constitute the fastest growing economic sectors and represent the most realistic form of employment creation. These occupations are vulnerable and prone to concern themselves with survival rather than improving health and safety and as such health risks remain high in their workplaces. The objectives of this study was to assess the provision of PPEs to employees and level of enforcement of Occupational Health and Safety Act of 2010 with other regulations, guidelines and standard operational procedures in mechanical, welding and carpentry workshops in Mbala District of Northern province in the Republic of Zambia. A descriptive survey of 75 employees from small scale industries or workshops was conducted and data was collected using a questionnaire in line with key ILO thematic areas for workplaces. The results showed that the employees in these workshops were generally not complying with requirements for provision of PPEs with 28% of employees reported not being provided with PPEs. Emergency preparedness and prevention in the workplaces was also poor as none of the employees reported being trained or inducted in first aid management and 0% had first aid kit at their workshop as only 8% were inducted. It was also revealed that employees in Mechanical, Welding and Carpentry workshops in Mbala District of Zambia mostly are not complying with the provisions of the Occupational Health and Safety Act 2010 on general provisions including regulation 22 on provision and use of PPEs leading to dangerous and highly risky workplace environment. It was further revealed that all the employees from workshops interviewed have never been inspected or audited by Factory Inspectors from the Ministry of Labor and Social Services or from any other authorized bodies leading to lack of legal enforcement. The findings of this study can be used to update the health and safety conditions at different workplaces, achieving many socio-economic benefits for Zambia. Intervention plans like education, awareness, and regular medical checkups should be advocated which help in prevention and minimizing workplace exposures to occupational hazards. The identification and prevention of work-related health costs could result in substantial savings for the national health system, leading to the more sustainable social system. This study provides the baseline for elaborative studies in the future.

Published in	European Journal of Preventive Medicine (Volume 8, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.13
Page(s)	48-55
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Occupational Health and Safety, Personal Protective Equipment, Prevention, Emergency Preparedness

References

[1]	Occupational Health and Safety Act, 2010. www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3409.
[2]	The Personal Protective Equipment Regulations 2002. www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2002/1144/contents.
[3]	RIDDOR (2015). www.hse.gov.uk/pubus/indg453.htm.
[4]	N. Ali, I. M. I. Ismail, S. A. M. A. S. Eqani, G. Malarvannan, M. W. Kadi, M. Rehan, A. Covaci (2016). Brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust of Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: implications for human exposure Sci. Total Environ., 569, pp. 269-277.
[5]	I. Monney, B. Dwumfour-Asare, I. Owusu-Mensah, R. A. Kuffour (2008) Occupational health and safety practices among vehicle repair artisans in an urban area in Ghana.
[6]	I. Ahmad, M. Rehan, M. Balkh your, M. Abbas, J. Basahi, T. Almeelbi, I. M. Ismail (2016) Review of environmental pollution and health risks at motor vehicle repair workshops challenges and perspectives for Saudi Arabia.
[7]	Zgambo, J., (2015) Occupational hazards and use of personal protective equipment among small scale welders in Lusaka, Zambia (Master's thesis, The University of Bergen).
[8]	Australian Bureau of Statistics. www.abs.gov.au.
[9]	Gabe SG, (2010). Occupational Health and Safety Survey in small Scale Clothing Enterprises in Gaborone (Botswana). University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus).
[10]	Health and Safety Executive (UK): Health and Safety in Motor Vehicle Repair and associated industries. HSG 261, HSE Books, 2009, ISSBN 9780717663088.
[11]	T. Acheampong and R. Akumperigya, (2018). “Offshore risk regulation: a comparative analysis of regulatory framework in Ghana, the United Kingdom and Norway,” Energy Policy, vol. 113, pp. 701–710.
[12]	H. Toseafa, R. Bata, and E. Toseafa, (2018). “Incidence of occupational health hazards and safety culture at Tema Oil Refinery (TOR) in Ghana: exploring the symbiotic relationship,” British Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 58–74.
[13]	F. Laal, R. Mirzaei, M. S. Behdani, M. Mohammadi, and K. Khodami, (2017) “Evaluation of the influence of ergonomic intervention on the musculoskeletal disorders of Zahedan tailors,” International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 380–385.
[14]	Dong, F. Wang, H. Li, L. Ding, and H. Luo (2018). “Knowledge dynamics-integrated map as a blueprint for system development: applications to safety risk management in Wuhan metro project,” Automation in Construction, vol. 93, pp. 112–122.
[15]	A. Lette, A. Ambelu, T. Getahun, and S. Mekonen, (2018). “A survey of work-related injuries among building construction workers in southwestern Ethiopia,” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, vol. 68, pp. 57–64.

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Ebenezer Obi Daniel, Moses Mutyoka, Paul Olaiya Abiodun, Israel Olukayode Popoola, Kabir Yunusa Amari, et al. (2020). Occupational Health and Safety: Provision of Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs) for Mechanical Welding and Carpentry Workers in Mbala District of Zambia. European Journal of Preventive Medicine, 8(4), 48-55. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.13

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ACS Style

Ebenezer Obi Daniel; Moses Mutyoka; Paul Olaiya Abiodun; Israel Olukayode Popoola; Kabir Yunusa Amari, et al. Occupational Health and Safety: Provision of Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs) for Mechanical Welding and Carpentry Workers in Mbala District of Zambia. Eur. J. Prev. Med. 2020, 8(4), 48-55. doi: 10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.13

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AMA Style

Ebenezer Obi Daniel, Moses Mutyoka, Paul Olaiya Abiodun, Israel Olukayode Popoola, Kabir Yunusa Amari, et al. Occupational Health and Safety: Provision of Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs) for Mechanical Welding and Carpentry Workers in Mbala District of Zambia. Eur J Prev Med. 2020;8(4):48-55. doi: 10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.13,
  author = {Ebenezer Obi Daniel and Moses Mutyoka and Paul Olaiya Abiodun and Israel Olukayode Popoola and Kabir Yunusa Amari and Ahmed Mamuda Bello and Oluwole Victor Oluwalomola and Christie Omolola Adams and Olayinka Victor Ojo},
  title = {Occupational Health and Safety: Provision of Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs) for Mechanical Welding and Carpentry Workers in Mbala District of Zambia},
  journal = {European Journal of Preventive Medicine},
  volume = {8},
  number = {4},
  pages = {48-55},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ejpm.20200804.13},
  abstract = {Small-scale enterprises and the informal sector such as mechanical, welding and carpentry workshops constitute the fastest growing economic sectors and represent the most realistic form of employment creation. These occupations are vulnerable and prone to concern themselves with survival rather than improving health and safety and as such health risks remain high in their workplaces. The objectives of this study was to assess the provision of PPEs to employees and level of enforcement of Occupational Health and Safety Act of 2010 with other regulations, guidelines and standard operational procedures in mechanical, welding and carpentry workshops in Mbala District of Northern province in the Republic of Zambia. A descriptive survey of 75 employees from small scale industries or workshops was conducted and data was collected using a questionnaire in line with key ILO thematic areas for workplaces. The results showed that the employees in these workshops were generally not complying with requirements for provision of PPEs with 28% of employees reported not being provided with PPEs. Emergency preparedness and prevention in the workplaces was also poor as none of the employees reported being trained or inducted in first aid management and 0% had first aid kit at their workshop as only 8% were inducted. It was also revealed that employees in Mechanical, Welding and Carpentry workshops in Mbala District of Zambia mostly are not complying with the provisions of the Occupational Health and Safety Act 2010 on general provisions including regulation 22 on provision and use of PPEs leading to dangerous and highly risky workplace environment. It was further revealed that all the employees from workshops interviewed have never been inspected or audited by Factory Inspectors from the Ministry of Labor and Social Services or from any other authorized bodies leading to lack of legal enforcement. The findings of this study can be used to update the health and safety conditions at different workplaces, achieving many socio-economic benefits for Zambia. Intervention plans like education, awareness, and regular medical checkups should be advocated which help in prevention and minimizing workplace exposures to occupational hazards. The identification and prevention of work-related health costs could result in substantial savings for the national health system, leading to the more sustainable social system. This study provides the baseline for elaborative studies in the future.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Occupational Health and Safety: Provision of Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs) for Mechanical Welding and Carpentry Workers in Mbala District of Zambia
AU  - Ebenezer Obi Daniel
AU  - Moses Mutyoka
AU  - Paul Olaiya Abiodun
AU  - Israel Olukayode Popoola
AU  - Kabir Yunusa Amari
AU  - Ahmed Mamuda Bello
AU  - Oluwole Victor Oluwalomola
AU  - Christie Omolola Adams
AU  - Olayinka Victor Ojo
Y1  - 2020/08/13
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.13
T2  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
JF  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
JO  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
SP  - 48
EP  - 55
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8230
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.13
AB  - Small-scale enterprises and the informal sector such as mechanical, welding and carpentry workshops constitute the fastest growing economic sectors and represent the most realistic form of employment creation. These occupations are vulnerable and prone to concern themselves with survival rather than improving health and safety and as such health risks remain high in their workplaces. The objectives of this study was to assess the provision of PPEs to employees and level of enforcement of Occupational Health and Safety Act of 2010 with other regulations, guidelines and standard operational procedures in mechanical, welding and carpentry workshops in Mbala District of Northern province in the Republic of Zambia. A descriptive survey of 75 employees from small scale industries or workshops was conducted and data was collected using a questionnaire in line with key ILO thematic areas for workplaces. The results showed that the employees in these workshops were generally not complying with requirements for provision of PPEs with 28% of employees reported not being provided with PPEs. Emergency preparedness and prevention in the workplaces was also poor as none of the employees reported being trained or inducted in first aid management and 0% had first aid kit at their workshop as only 8% were inducted. It was also revealed that employees in Mechanical, Welding and Carpentry workshops in Mbala District of Zambia mostly are not complying with the provisions of the Occupational Health and Safety Act 2010 on general provisions including regulation 22 on provision and use of PPEs leading to dangerous and highly risky workplace environment. It was further revealed that all the employees from workshops interviewed have never been inspected or audited by Factory Inspectors from the Ministry of Labor and Social Services or from any other authorized bodies leading to lack of legal enforcement. The findings of this study can be used to update the health and safety conditions at different workplaces, achieving many socio-economic benefits for Zambia. Intervention plans like education, awareness, and regular medical checkups should be advocated which help in prevention and minimizing workplace exposures to occupational hazards. The identification and prevention of work-related health costs could result in substantial savings for the national health system, leading to the more sustainable social system. This study provides the baseline for elaborative studies in the future.
VL  - 8
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Ebenezer Obi Daniel

Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana
Moses Mutyoka

Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana
Paul Olaiya Abiodun

Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana
Israel Olukayode Popoola

Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
Kabir Yunusa Amari

Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria
Ahmed Mamuda Bello

Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana
Oluwole Victor Oluwalomola

Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana
Christie Omolola Adams

Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana
Olayinka Victor Ojo

Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana

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APA Style

Ebenezer Obi Daniel, Moses Mutyoka, Paul Olaiya Abiodun, Israel Olukayode Popoola, Kabir Yunusa Amari, et al. (2020). Occupational Health and Safety: Provision of Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs) for Mechanical Welding and Carpentry Workers in Mbala District of Zambia. European Journal of Preventive Medicine, 8(4), 48-55. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.13

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ACS Style

Ebenezer Obi Daniel; Moses Mutyoka; Paul Olaiya Abiodun; Israel Olukayode Popoola; Kabir Yunusa Amari, et al. Occupational Health and Safety: Provision of Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs) for Mechanical Welding and Carpentry Workers in Mbala District of Zambia. Eur. J. Prev. Med. 2020, 8(4), 48-55. doi: 10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.13

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AMA Style

Ebenezer Obi Daniel, Moses Mutyoka, Paul Olaiya Abiodun, Israel Olukayode Popoola, Kabir Yunusa Amari, et al. Occupational Health and Safety: Provision of Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs) for Mechanical Welding and Carpentry Workers in Mbala District of Zambia. Eur J Prev Med. 2020;8(4):48-55. doi: 10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.13,
  author = {Ebenezer Obi Daniel and Moses Mutyoka and Paul Olaiya Abiodun and Israel Olukayode Popoola and Kabir Yunusa Amari and Ahmed Mamuda Bello and Oluwole Victor Oluwalomola and Christie Omolola Adams and Olayinka Victor Ojo},
  title = {Occupational Health and Safety: Provision of Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs) for Mechanical Welding and Carpentry Workers in Mbala District of Zambia},
  journal = {European Journal of Preventive Medicine},
  volume = {8},
  number = {4},
  pages = {48-55},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ejpm.20200804.13},
  abstract = {Small-scale enterprises and the informal sector such as mechanical, welding and carpentry workshops constitute the fastest growing economic sectors and represent the most realistic form of employment creation. These occupations are vulnerable and prone to concern themselves with survival rather than improving health and safety and as such health risks remain high in their workplaces. The objectives of this study was to assess the provision of PPEs to employees and level of enforcement of Occupational Health and Safety Act of 2010 with other regulations, guidelines and standard operational procedures in mechanical, welding and carpentry workshops in Mbala District of Northern province in the Republic of Zambia. A descriptive survey of 75 employees from small scale industries or workshops was conducted and data was collected using a questionnaire in line with key ILO thematic areas for workplaces. The results showed that the employees in these workshops were generally not complying with requirements for provision of PPEs with 28% of employees reported not being provided with PPEs. Emergency preparedness and prevention in the workplaces was also poor as none of the employees reported being trained or inducted in first aid management and 0% had first aid kit at their workshop as only 8% were inducted. It was also revealed that employees in Mechanical, Welding and Carpentry workshops in Mbala District of Zambia mostly are not complying with the provisions of the Occupational Health and Safety Act 2010 on general provisions including regulation 22 on provision and use of PPEs leading to dangerous and highly risky workplace environment. It was further revealed that all the employees from workshops interviewed have never been inspected or audited by Factory Inspectors from the Ministry of Labor and Social Services or from any other authorized bodies leading to lack of legal enforcement. The findings of this study can be used to update the health and safety conditions at different workplaces, achieving many socio-economic benefits for Zambia. Intervention plans like education, awareness, and regular medical checkups should be advocated which help in prevention and minimizing workplace exposures to occupational hazards. The identification and prevention of work-related health costs could result in substantial savings for the national health system, leading to the more sustainable social system. This study provides the baseline for elaborative studies in the future.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Occupational Health and Safety: Provision of Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs) for Mechanical Welding and Carpentry Workers in Mbala District of Zambia
AU  - Ebenezer Obi Daniel
AU  - Moses Mutyoka
AU  - Paul Olaiya Abiodun
AU  - Israel Olukayode Popoola
AU  - Kabir Yunusa Amari
AU  - Ahmed Mamuda Bello
AU  - Oluwole Victor Oluwalomola
AU  - Christie Omolola Adams
AU  - Olayinka Victor Ojo
Y1  - 2020/08/13
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.13
T2  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
JF  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
JO  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
SP  - 48
EP  - 55
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8230
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.13
AB  - Small-scale enterprises and the informal sector such as mechanical, welding and carpentry workshops constitute the fastest growing economic sectors and represent the most realistic form of employment creation. These occupations are vulnerable and prone to concern themselves with survival rather than improving health and safety and as such health risks remain high in their workplaces. The objectives of this study was to assess the provision of PPEs to employees and level of enforcement of Occupational Health and Safety Act of 2010 with other regulations, guidelines and standard operational procedures in mechanical, welding and carpentry workshops in Mbala District of Northern province in the Republic of Zambia. A descriptive survey of 75 employees from small scale industries or workshops was conducted and data was collected using a questionnaire in line with key ILO thematic areas for workplaces. The results showed that the employees in these workshops were generally not complying with requirements for provision of PPEs with 28% of employees reported not being provided with PPEs. Emergency preparedness and prevention in the workplaces was also poor as none of the employees reported being trained or inducted in first aid management and 0% had first aid kit at their workshop as only 8% were inducted. It was also revealed that employees in Mechanical, Welding and Carpentry workshops in Mbala District of Zambia mostly are not complying with the provisions of the Occupational Health and Safety Act 2010 on general provisions including regulation 22 on provision and use of PPEs leading to dangerous and highly risky workplace environment. It was further revealed that all the employees from workshops interviewed have never been inspected or audited by Factory Inspectors from the Ministry of Labor and Social Services or from any other authorized bodies leading to lack of legal enforcement. The findings of this study can be used to update the health and safety conditions at different workplaces, achieving many socio-economic benefits for Zambia. Intervention plans like education, awareness, and regular medical checkups should be advocated which help in prevention and minimizing workplace exposures to occupational hazards. The identification and prevention of work-related health costs could result in substantial savings for the national health system, leading to the more sustainable social system. This study provides the baseline for elaborative studies in the future.
VL  - 8
IS  - 4
ER  -

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