Long-Term Weight Gain and Prevalence of Obesity in General Adult Psychiatric Inpatients

Carlo Lazzari; Ahmed Shoka; Basavaraja Papanna; Marco Rabottini

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajpn.20180603.16

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Long-Term Weight Gain and Prevalence of Obesity in General Adult Psychiatric Inpatients

Carlo Lazzari, Ahmed Shoka, Basavaraja Papanna, Marco Rabottini

Published in American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience (Volume 6, Issue 3)

Received: 25 July 2018 Accepted: 27 August 2018 Published: 6 October 2018

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Abstract

Weight gain is a common concern in general adult psychiatry. However, there are no extensive and longitudinal studies to show how weight gain variates and if it does so in the inpatient population. We collected the electronic data of the weights from a sample of 186 psychiatric and non-forensic inpatients hospitalized in Essex, United Kingdom, these data being relative to a period from one to ten years. Statistical methods included the coefficient of determination R2 for progressive measures of weight, Cohen’s d for R², and meta-analysis to calculate the coefficient of heterogeneity I² of individual R² and mean weights. Subsequently, the body weights were compared with the national Body Mass Index (BMI = Kg/m²). The results showed that the time variation of body weight was low to medium for male patients (R² = 0.17; d = 0.44), and medium to high for female patients (R² = 0.27; d = 0.74). Additionally, the average BMI for female patients was 31.21 (SD = ±7.73) corresponding to the WHO Class I Obesity spectrum while for males it was 27.05 (SD = ±5.92) corresponding to the WHO Overweight Class spectrum. In conclusion, overweight in males and obesity in females are commonly found in psychiatric non-forensic inpatients. However, in our study, only 27% of the females’ and 17% of the males’ variation in body weight was explained by the time variable. Consequently, one conclusion is that increased BMI might be comorbid with psychiatric disorders although the direction of the reciprocal influence should be investigated.

Published in	American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience (Volume 6, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajpn.20180603.16
Page(s)	86-94
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Psychiatry, Inpatients, Body Mass Index, Obesity, Weight-Gain, Meta-Analysis, Borderline Personality Disorder

References

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APA Style

Carlo Lazzari, Ahmed Shoka, Basavaraja Papanna, Marco Rabottini. (2018). Long-Term Weight Gain and Prevalence of Obesity in General Adult Psychiatric Inpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 6(3), 86-94. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpn.20180603.16

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ACS Style

Carlo Lazzari; Ahmed Shoka; Basavaraja Papanna; Marco Rabottini. Long-Term Weight Gain and Prevalence of Obesity in General Adult Psychiatric Inpatients. Am. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 2018, 6(3), 86-94. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpn.20180603.16

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AMA Style

Carlo Lazzari, Ahmed Shoka, Basavaraja Papanna, Marco Rabottini. Long-Term Weight Gain and Prevalence of Obesity in General Adult Psychiatric Inpatients. Am J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2018;6(3):86-94. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpn.20180603.16

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@article{10.11648/j.ajpn.20180603.16,
  author = {Carlo Lazzari and Ahmed Shoka and Basavaraja Papanna and Marco Rabottini},
  title = {Long-Term Weight Gain and Prevalence of Obesity in General Adult Psychiatric Inpatients},
  journal = {American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {86-94},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajpn.20180603.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpn.20180603.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpn.20180603.16},
  abstract = {Weight gain is a common concern in general adult psychiatry. However, there are no extensive and longitudinal studies to show how weight gain variates and if it does so in the inpatient population. We collected the electronic data of the weights from a sample of 186 psychiatric and non-forensic inpatients hospitalized in Essex, United Kingdom, these data being relative to a period from one to ten years. Statistical methods included the coefficient of determination R2 for progressive measures of weight, Cohen’s d for R2, and meta-analysis to calculate the coefficient of heterogeneity I2 of individual R2 and mean weights. Subsequently, the body weights were compared with the national Body Mass Index (BMI = Kg/m2). The results showed that the time variation of body weight was low to medium for male patients (R2 = 0.17; d = 0.44), and medium to high for female patients (R2 = 0.27; d = 0.74). Additionally, the average BMI for female patients was 31.21 (SD = ±7.73) corresponding to the WHO Class I Obesity spectrum while for males it was 27.05 (SD = ±5.92) corresponding to the WHO Overweight Class spectrum. In conclusion, overweight in males and obesity in females are commonly found in psychiatric non-forensic inpatients. However, in our study, only 27% of the females’ and 17% of the males’ variation in body weight was explained by the time variable. Consequently, one conclusion is that increased BMI might be comorbid with psychiatric disorders although the direction of the reciprocal influence should be investigated.},
 year = {2018}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Long-Term Weight Gain and Prevalence of Obesity in General Adult Psychiatric Inpatients
AU  - Carlo Lazzari
AU  - Ahmed Shoka
AU  - Basavaraja Papanna
AU  - Marco Rabottini
Y1  - 2018/10/06
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpn.20180603.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajpn.20180603.16
T2  - American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
JF  - American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
JO  - American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
SP  - 86
EP  - 94
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-426X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpn.20180603.16
AB  - Weight gain is a common concern in general adult psychiatry. However, there are no extensive and longitudinal studies to show how weight gain variates and if it does so in the inpatient population. We collected the electronic data of the weights from a sample of 186 psychiatric and non-forensic inpatients hospitalized in Essex, United Kingdom, these data being relative to a period from one to ten years. Statistical methods included the coefficient of determination R2 for progressive measures of weight, Cohen’s d for R2, and meta-analysis to calculate the coefficient of heterogeneity I2 of individual R2 and mean weights. Subsequently, the body weights were compared with the national Body Mass Index (BMI = Kg/m2). The results showed that the time variation of body weight was low to medium for male patients (R2 = 0.17; d = 0.44), and medium to high for female patients (R2 = 0.27; d = 0.74). Additionally, the average BMI for female patients was 31.21 (SD = ±7.73) corresponding to the WHO Class I Obesity spectrum while for males it was 27.05 (SD = ±5.92) corresponding to the WHO Overweight Class spectrum. In conclusion, overweight in males and obesity in females are commonly found in psychiatric non-forensic inpatients. However, in our study, only 27% of the females’ and 17% of the males’ variation in body weight was explained by the time variable. Consequently, one conclusion is that increased BMI might be comorbid with psychiatric disorders although the direction of the reciprocal influence should be investigated.
VL  - 6
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Carlo Lazzari

Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust (EPUT), Colchester, United Kingdom; Department of Statistical Modelling, International Centre for Healthcare and Medical Education (ICHME), Bristol, United Kingdom
Ahmed Shoka

Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust (EPUT), Colchester, United Kingdom
Basavaraja Papanna

Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust (EPUT), Colchester, United Kingdom
Marco Rabottini

Department of Statistical Modelling, International Centre for Healthcare and Medical Education (ICHME), Bristol, United Kingdom

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Carlo Lazzari, Ahmed Shoka, Basavaraja Papanna, Marco Rabottini. (2018). Long-Term Weight Gain and Prevalence of Obesity in General Adult Psychiatric Inpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 6(3), 86-94. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpn.20180603.16

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ACS Style

Carlo Lazzari; Ahmed Shoka; Basavaraja Papanna; Marco Rabottini. Long-Term Weight Gain and Prevalence of Obesity in General Adult Psychiatric Inpatients. Am. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 2018, 6(3), 86-94. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpn.20180603.16

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AMA Style

Carlo Lazzari, Ahmed Shoka, Basavaraja Papanna, Marco Rabottini. Long-Term Weight Gain and Prevalence of Obesity in General Adult Psychiatric Inpatients. Am J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2018;6(3):86-94. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpn.20180603.16

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@article{10.11648/j.ajpn.20180603.16,
  author = {Carlo Lazzari and Ahmed Shoka and Basavaraja Papanna and Marco Rabottini},
  title = {Long-Term Weight Gain and Prevalence of Obesity in General Adult Psychiatric Inpatients},
  journal = {American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {86-94},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajpn.20180603.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpn.20180603.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpn.20180603.16},
  abstract = {Weight gain is a common concern in general adult psychiatry. However, there are no extensive and longitudinal studies to show how weight gain variates and if it does so in the inpatient population. We collected the electronic data of the weights from a sample of 186 psychiatric and non-forensic inpatients hospitalized in Essex, United Kingdom, these data being relative to a period from one to ten years. Statistical methods included the coefficient of determination R2 for progressive measures of weight, Cohen’s d for R2, and meta-analysis to calculate the coefficient of heterogeneity I2 of individual R2 and mean weights. Subsequently, the body weights were compared with the national Body Mass Index (BMI = Kg/m2). The results showed that the time variation of body weight was low to medium for male patients (R2 = 0.17; d = 0.44), and medium to high for female patients (R2 = 0.27; d = 0.74). Additionally, the average BMI for female patients was 31.21 (SD = ±7.73) corresponding to the WHO Class I Obesity spectrum while for males it was 27.05 (SD = ±5.92) corresponding to the WHO Overweight Class spectrum. In conclusion, overweight in males and obesity in females are commonly found in psychiatric non-forensic inpatients. However, in our study, only 27% of the females’ and 17% of the males’ variation in body weight was explained by the time variable. Consequently, one conclusion is that increased BMI might be comorbid with psychiatric disorders although the direction of the reciprocal influence should be investigated.},
 year = {2018}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Long-Term Weight Gain and Prevalence of Obesity in General Adult Psychiatric Inpatients
AU  - Carlo Lazzari
AU  - Ahmed Shoka
AU  - Basavaraja Papanna
AU  - Marco Rabottini
Y1  - 2018/10/06
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpn.20180603.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajpn.20180603.16
T2  - American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
JF  - American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
JO  - American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
SP  - 86
EP  - 94
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-426X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpn.20180603.16
AB  - Weight gain is a common concern in general adult psychiatry. However, there are no extensive and longitudinal studies to show how weight gain variates and if it does so in the inpatient population. We collected the electronic data of the weights from a sample of 186 psychiatric and non-forensic inpatients hospitalized in Essex, United Kingdom, these data being relative to a period from one to ten years. Statistical methods included the coefficient of determination R2 for progressive measures of weight, Cohen’s d for R2, and meta-analysis to calculate the coefficient of heterogeneity I2 of individual R2 and mean weights. Subsequently, the body weights were compared with the national Body Mass Index (BMI = Kg/m2). The results showed that the time variation of body weight was low to medium for male patients (R2 = 0.17; d = 0.44), and medium to high for female patients (R2 = 0.27; d = 0.74). Additionally, the average BMI for female patients was 31.21 (SD = ±7.73) corresponding to the WHO Class I Obesity spectrum while for males it was 27.05 (SD = ±5.92) corresponding to the WHO Overweight Class spectrum. In conclusion, overweight in males and obesity in females are commonly found in psychiatric non-forensic inpatients. However, in our study, only 27% of the females’ and 17% of the males’ variation in body weight was explained by the time variable. Consequently, one conclusion is that increased BMI might be comorbid with psychiatric disorders although the direction of the reciprocal influence should be investigated.
VL  - 6
IS  - 3
ER  -

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