Three indicators are employed including the Enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation (I geo), and potential ecological risk assessment (PERI) to measure the degree of contamination of As, Co, and Hg in soils. The objective of this investigation is to evaluate the concentration of As, Co, and Hg in the soils of Iowa (IA), Kansas (KS), and Nebraska (NE). Study of the spatial distribution of chemicals was carried out as part of the investigation, which leads to the suggestion of the potential source of the elements. EF, I geo and PERI indexes, As and Co contain minimal enrichment, and Hg is high. EF of As and Hg are similarly classified with minimal contamination as well as EF of Co in NE. EF can be ordered Hg > As > Co. PERI values of As and Co are classified as a low risk. PERI values of Hg are higher than As and Co. I geo values of As and Co indicate uncontaminated to moderately contaminated soil. I geo of Hg is highest of three chemicals order Hg > As > Co. However, I geo degree of As is approximately similar in the three states and it is higher than Co, which indicate as uncontaminated to moderately contaminated. PERI show serious ecological risk pollution of Hg in the soils. These investigations indicate minimal to moderate soil contamination with As and Co in the three states. The spatial distribution is widespread and continuous. Point source maps are compared with this present product. The nature of the spatial distribution correlates with the major human activity on the land, agriculture. The As, Co, and Hg chemistry of the soil is due to the intense fertilization that accompanies such successful agriculture, which originates from anthropogenic sources that require continuous monitoring.
| Published in | American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering (Volume 5, Issue 2) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ajese.20210502.13 |
| Page(s) | 35-52 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Chemical Elements, Soil Contamination, PERI, EF, I Geo, Regional Geochemical Mapping (RGM)
| [1] | Adeyeye, E. I., Shittu, O. S., Ayodele, O. J., Ilori, A. O. A. (2018). Heavy metal pollution potential in soil influenced by sawmill operations at Ado-ekiti, Nigeria. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 53 (1), 29-34. |
| [2] | Adriano, D. (1992). Biogeochemistry of Trace Metals. Lewis Publishers. p. 63. |
| [3] | Aiman, U., Mahmood, A., Waheed, S., Malik, R. N. (2016). Enrichment, geo-accumulation, and risk surveillance of toxic metals for different environmental compartments from Mehmood Booti dumping site, Lahore city, Pakistan. Chemosphere. 144: 2229-2237. |
| [4] | Amadi, A. N., Nwankwoala, H. O. (2013). Evaluation of heavy metal in soils from Enyimba Dumpsite in Aba, southeastern Nigeria using contamination factor and geo-accumulation index. Energy Environ. Sc. 3 (1), 125-134. |
| [5] | Anderson, R. H., Kravitz, M. J (2009). Evaluation of geochemical associations as a screening tool for identifying anthropogenic trace metal contamination. Environ Monit Assess, 167, 631–641. |
| [6] | Arias, M. E. M., Perez, J. A. G., Vila, F. J. G., Ball, A. (2005). Soil health a new challenge for microbiologists and chemists. Int Microbiol, 8 (1), 13-21. |
| [7] | Barbieri, M. (2016). The importance of enrichment factor (EF) and geoaccumulation index (I geo) the evaluate the soil contamination. Geol Geophysics, 5 (1). |
| [8] | Bern, C. R., Walton-Day, K., Naftz, D. L. (2019). Improved enrichment factor calculations through principal component analysis: Examples from soils near breccia pipe uranium mines, Arizona, USA. Environ. Pollut. 248 (2019), 90-100. |
| [9] | Blaser, P., Zimmermann, S., Luster, J., Shoty, K. W. (2000). Critical examination of trace element enrichment and depletions in soils; As, Cr, Cu, Ni Pb and Zn in Swiss forest soil. Sci Total Environ. 249, 257-280. |
| [10] | Bourennane, H., Douay, F., Sterckeman, T., Villanneau, E., Ciesielski, H., King, D., Baize, D. (2010). Mapping of anthropogenic trace elements inputs in agricultural topsoil from northern France using enrichment factors. Geoderma, 157, 165-174. |
| [11] | Darko, G., Dodd, M., Nkansah, M. A., Aduse-Poku, Y., Ansah, E., Wemegah, D. D., Borquaye, L. S. (2017). Distribution, and ecological risks of toxic metals in the topsoils in the Kumasi etropolis, Ghana. Cogent Environ. Sci, Jul 25, 3 (1), 1354965. |
| [12] | Desaules A. (2012). Critical evaluation of soil contamination assessment methods for trace metals. Sci Total Environ. 426, 120-131. |
| [13] | Dragovic, S., Mihailovic, N. (2009). Analysis of mosses and topsoils for detecting sources of heavy metal pollution: multivariate and enrichment factor analysis. Environ Monit Assess. 157 (1-4), 383–390. |
| [14] | Dragun, J., & Chiasson, A. D. (1991). Elements in North American soils. Greenbelt, Md: Hazardous Materials Control Resources Institute. p. 230. |
| [15] | Frye J. C. and Fent, O. S. (1947). The Late Pleistocene Loesses of Central Kansas. Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 70, Part 3. |
| [16] | Hakanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control, a sediment-ecological approach. Water Res. 14 (8), 975-1001. |
| [17] | Hasan, A. B., Kabir, S., Selim, Reza, A. H. M., Zaman, M. N., Ahsan, A., Rashid, M. (2013). Enrichment factor and geoaccuumulagtion index of trace metals in sediments of the ship breaking area of Sitakund Upazilla (Bhatiary –Kumira), Chittagong, Bangladesh. J Geochem Explor. 125, 130-137. |
| [18] | https://serc.carleton.edu/11693. Microbial life Educational Resources. October 15, 2019. |
| [19] | https://www.currentresults.com/Weather/US/average-annual-state-precipitation.php. Current Results weather and science facts, 2021. |
| [20] | http://geology.teacherfriendlyguide.org/downloads/mw/tfggmw_8_soils_lr.pdf. Chapter 8: Soils of the Midwestern US. |
| [21] | Huang, S. H., Yang, Y., Yuan, C. Y., Li, Q., Ouyang, K., Wang, B., Wang, Z. X. (2017). Pollution evaluation of Heavy Metals in soil near smelting area by index of Geoaccumulation (I geo). Earth Environ Sci 52, China. |
| [22] | Ismaeel, W. A., Kusag, A. D. (2015). Enrichment Factor and Geo-accumulation Index for Heavy Metals at Industrial Zone in Iraq. J. Appl. Geol Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG), (2015), 3 (3), p. 26-32. |
| [23] | Izah, S. C., Bassey, S. E., Ohimain, E. (2017). Geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor and quantification of concentration of heavy metals in soil receiving cassava mill effluents in a rural community in the Niger Delt Region of Nigeria. Mol Soil Biol. 8 (2), 7-20. |
| [24] | Jena, V., Ghosh, S., Pande, A., Maldini, K. d., Matic, N. (2019). Geo-accumulation index of heavy metals in pond water sediment of Raipur. Biosci Biotech Res Commun. 12 (3), 585-588. |
| [25] | Jiang, X., Lu, W. X., Zhao, H. Q., Yang, Q. C., Yang, Z. P. (2014). Potential ecological risk assessment and prediction of soil heavy metal pollution around coal gangue dump. Nat Hazard Earth Sys. 14, 1599-1610. |
| [26] | Jiao, X., Teng, Y., Zhan, Y., Wu, J., Lin, X. (2015). Soil heavy metal pollution and risk assessment in Shenyang Industrial District, northeast China. Plos One. 21, 10 (5). |
| [27] | Kabata-Pendias, A. (2010). Trace elements in soils and plants. CRC Press. 4th edition. (p 505). |
| [28] | Kang, Z., Wang, S., Qin, J., Wu, R., Li, H. (2020). Pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in paddy fields of Fujian province, China. Sci Rep Nat Res. 10, 12244. |
| [29] | Kang, Z., Wang, S., Qin, J., Wu, R., Li, H. (2020). Pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in paddy fields of Fujian province, China. Scientific Reports, 2020, 10: 12244. |
| [30] | Kansas State Soil Harney Silt Loam, USDA, 2006. www.ks.nrcs.usda.gov. |
| [31] | Kong, C., Zhang, S. (2021). Security Regional Division of Farmland Soil Heavy Metal Elements in North of the North China Plain. Front. Environ. Sci. 9: 639460. |
| [32] | Kowalska, J. B., Mazurek, R., Gasiorek, M., Zaleski, T. (2018). Pollution indices as useful tools for the comprehensive evaluation of the degree of soil contamination–A review. Environ Geochem Health. 40, 2395–2420. |
| [33] | Looi, L. J., Aris, A. Z., Yusoff, F. M., Isa, N. M., Haris, H. (2018). Application of enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index, and ecological risk index in assessing the elemental pollution status of surface sediments. Environ Geochem Health (2019) 41: 27–42. |
| [34] | Maina, C. W., Sang, J. K., Raude, J. M., Mutua, B. M. (2019). Geochronological and spatial distribution of heavy metal contamination in sediment from Lake Naivasha, Kenya. J Radiat Res Appl Sci. 2 (1), 37–54. |
| [35] | Maina, D. M., Ndirangu, D. M., Mangala, M. M., Boman, J., Shepherd, K., Gatari, M. J. (2016). Environmental implications of high metal content in soils of a titanium mining zone in Kenya. Environ Sci Pollut R Int. 23 (21), 21431-21440. |
| [36] | Mehr, M. R., Keshavarzi, B., Moore, F., Sharifi, R. (2017). Distribution, source identification and health risk assessment of soil heavy metals in urban area of Isfahan province, Iran. J. African Earth Sci. 132 (2017), 16-26. |
| [37] | Mohr, M. R., Keshavarzi, B., Moore, F., Sharifi, R., Lahijanzadeh, A., Kermani, M. (2017). Distribution, source identification and health risk assessment of soil heavy metals in urban areas of Isfahan province, Iran. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 132, 16-26. |
| [38] | Muhs, D. R. (2018). The geochemistry of loess: Asian and North American deposits compared. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 155 (2018) 81-115. |
| [39] | Muller, G. (1969). Index of geo accumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geo J, 2, 108-118. |
| [40] | Muzerengi, C. (2017). Enrichment and geoacculmualtion of Pb, Zn, As, Cd, and Cr in soils near new union gold mine, Limpopo Province of South Africa. Mine Water and Circ Econ, 720-727. |
| [41] | National centers for Environmental Information (NOAA) (2017). Formerly the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov. |
| [42] | Naveedullah, M. Z. H., Chunna, Y., Hui, S., Dechao, D., Chaofeng, S., Liping, L., Yingxu, C. (2013). Risk assessment of heavy metals pollution in agricultural soils of siling reservoir watershed in Zheiiang province, China. BioMed Res Int. 1-10. |
| [43] | Nweke, M. O., & Ukpai S. N. (2016). Use of enrichment, ecological risk, and contamination factors with geoaccumulation indexes to evaluate heavy metal contents in the soils around Ameka mining area, south of Abakaliki, Nigeria. J Geogr, 5 (4), 1-13. |
| [44] | Odat, S. (2015). Application of Geoaccumulation Index and Enrichment Factors on the Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution along Irbid/zarqa Highway-Jordan. J. Appl. Sci. 15 (11): 1318-1321, 2015. |
| [45] | Oliveira, M., Usuall, J., Viñas, I., Solsona, C., Abadias, M. (2011). Transfer of Listeria innocua from contaminated compost and irrigation water to lettuce leaves. Food Microbiol. 28 (3), 590-596. |
| [46] | Pierzynski, G. M., Sims, J. T., Vance, G. F. (2005). Soils and environmental quality III. CRC Press. 2-22, 82-127, 334-434. |
| [47] | Poh, S-C., & Tahir, N. M. (2017). The common pitfall of using enrichment factor in assessing soil heavy metal pollution. Malays J Anal Sci. 21 (1), 52-59. |
| [48] | Proshad, R., Kormoker, T., Islam, M. S., Abu Hanif, M., Chandra, K. (2018). Chronic exposure assessment of toxic elements from agricultural soils around the industrial areas of Tangail district, Bangladesh. Archi. J. Agric. Environ. Sci. 3 (4): 317-336 (2018). |
| [49] | Reiman, C., Caritat, P. D. (2005). Distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic sources of element in the environment: regional geochemical surveys versus enrichment factors. Sci Total Environ. 337 (1-3), 91-107. |
| [50] | Reiman, C., Decarital, P. (2000). Intrinsic flaws of element enrichment factors (EFs) in environmental geochemistry. Envir Sci Tech. 34, 5084-5091. |
| [51] | Saldana-Robles, A., Abraham-Juarez, M. R., Saldana-Robles, A. L., Saldana-Robles, N., Ozuna, C., Gutierrez-Chavez, A. J. (2017). The negative effect of arsenic in agriculture: Irrigation water, soil and crops, state of the art. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 16 (2): 1533-1551. |
| [52] | Smith, D. B., Cannon, W. F., Woodruff, L. G., Solano Federico., Kilburn, J. E., & Fey, D. L. (2013). Geochemical and mineralogical data for soils of the conterminous United States: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 801, 2013; 19. https://doi.org/10.3133/ds801. |
| [53] | Smith, D. B., Federico Solano., Woodruff, L. G., Cannon, W. F., and Ellefsen, K. J. (2017). Geochemical and mineralogical maps, with interpretation, for soils of the conterminous United States. Scientific Investigations Report 2017-5118. Updated Nov 12, 2019. J Geochem Explor, 154, 49-60. |
| [54] | Soliman, N. F., Nasr, S. M., Okbah, M. A. (2015). Potential ecological risk of heavy metals in sediments from the Mediterranean coast, Egypt. J Environ Health Sci. 10, 13- 70. |
| [55] | Sutherland, R. A., Tolosa, C. A., Tack, F. M. G., Verloo, M. G. (2000). Characterization of selected element concentrations and enrichment ratios in background and anthropogenically impacted roadside areas. Arch Environ Con Tox. 38, 428-438. |
| [56] | Swanson, C. O. (1914). Chemical Analyses of Some Kansas Soils. Kansas State Agricultural College. Agriculture Experiment Station. Bulletin, No. 199. |
| [57] | Szolnoki, Z., Farsang, A., Puskas, I. (2013). Cumulative impacts of human activities on urban garden soil: origin and accumulation of metals. Elsevier Ltd. Environ Pollut. 177, 106-115. |
| [58] | Tepanosyan, G., Sahakyan, L., Belyaeva, O., Maghakyan, N. (2017). Human health risk assessment and riskiest heavy metal origin identification in urban soils of Yerevan, Armenia. Elsevier. Chemosphere. 184, 1230-1240. |
| [59] | Uduma, A. U., & Awagu, E. F. (2013). Application of Enrichment Factor for assessment of Zinc enrichment and depletion in farming soils of Nigeria. Am J Environ, Energy and Power Research. 1 (8), 166-173. |
| [60] | United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service Soils. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/class/taxonomy. |
| [61] | United States Environmental Protection Agency. Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) Program (2017) Jun 19. www.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program. |
| [62] | United States Natural Library of Medicine (2012). TOXMAP Environmental Health e-Maps. Modified 2020. http://toxmap.nlm.nih.gov. |
| [63] | Varol, M. (2011). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediments of the Tigris River (Turkey) using pollution indices and multivariate statistical techniques. J Hazard Mater. 195, 355–364. |
| [64] | Wilson, C. A., Davidson, D. A. (2008). Cresser MS. Multi-element soil analysis: an assessment of its potential as an aid to archaeological interpretation. J Archaeol Sci, 35 (2), 412-424. |
| [65] | Xu, Z. Q., Tuo, X. G., Ni Shijun., Zhang, C. J. (2008). Calculation of heavy metal’s toxicity coefficient in the evaluation of potential ecological risk index. Envir Sci Tech. 31 (2), 112-115. |
| [66] | Zhang, H., Chen, J., Zhu, L., Yang, G., Li, D. (2014). Anthropogenic mercury enrichment factors and contributions in soils of Guangdong Province, South China. J Geochem Explor. 144, Part B, 312-319. |
| [67] | Zhu, H-N., Yuan, X-Z., Zeng, G-Z., Iang, M., Liang, J., Zhang, C., Yinj, Huang. H -J., Liu, Z., Jiang, W. (2012). Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Xiawan Port based on modified potential ecological risk index. T Nonferr Metal Soc. 22 (6), 1470-1477. |
APA Style
Almesleh Najwah Alssaeidi Ahmed, Philip Goodell, Ziwu Felix Dziedzorm, Kappus Eric. (2021). Distribution of Natural and Anthropogenic Sources, and Mapping of As, Co, and Hg by Three Ecological Risk Indices in the Mid-continent of the USA. American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 5(2), 35-52. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20210502.13
ACS Style
Almesleh Najwah Alssaeidi Ahmed; Philip Goodell; Ziwu Felix Dziedzorm; Kappus Eric. Distribution of Natural and Anthropogenic Sources, and Mapping of As, Co, and Hg by Three Ecological Risk Indices in the Mid-continent of the USA. Am. J. Environ. Sci. Eng. 2021, 5(2), 35-52. doi: 10.11648/j.ajese.20210502.13
AMA Style
Almesleh Najwah Alssaeidi Ahmed, Philip Goodell, Ziwu Felix Dziedzorm, Kappus Eric. Distribution of Natural and Anthropogenic Sources, and Mapping of As, Co, and Hg by Three Ecological Risk Indices in the Mid-continent of the USA. Am J Environ Sci Eng. 2021;5(2):35-52. doi: 10.11648/j.ajese.20210502.13
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ajese.20210502.13,
author = {Almesleh Najwah Alssaeidi Ahmed and Philip Goodell and Ziwu Felix Dziedzorm and Kappus Eric},
title = {Distribution of Natural and Anthropogenic Sources, and Mapping of As, Co, and Hg by Three Ecological Risk Indices in the Mid-continent of the USA},
journal = {American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering},
volume = {5},
number = {2},
pages = {35-52},
doi = {10.11648/j.ajese.20210502.13},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20210502.13},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajese.20210502.13},
abstract = {Three indicators are employed including the Enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation (I geo), and potential ecological risk assessment (PERI) to measure the degree of contamination of As, Co, and Hg in soils. The objective of this investigation is to evaluate the concentration of As, Co, and Hg in the soils of Iowa (IA), Kansas (KS), and Nebraska (NE). Study of the spatial distribution of chemicals was carried out as part of the investigation, which leads to the suggestion of the potential source of the elements. EF, I geo and PERI indexes, As and Co contain minimal enrichment, and Hg is high. EF of As and Hg are similarly classified with minimal contamination as well as EF of Co in NE. EF can be ordered Hg > As > Co. PERI values of As and Co are classified as a low risk. PERI values of Hg are higher than As and Co. I geo values of As and Co indicate uncontaminated to moderately contaminated soil. I geo of Hg is highest of three chemicals order Hg > As > Co. However, I geo degree of As is approximately similar in the three states and it is higher than Co, which indicate as uncontaminated to moderately contaminated. PERI show serious ecological risk pollution of Hg in the soils. These investigations indicate minimal to moderate soil contamination with As and Co in the three states. The spatial distribution is widespread and continuous. Point source maps are compared with this present product. The nature of the spatial distribution correlates with the major human activity on the land, agriculture. The As, Co, and Hg chemistry of the soil is due to the intense fertilization that accompanies such successful agriculture, which originates from anthropogenic sources that require continuous monitoring.},
year = {2021}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Distribution of Natural and Anthropogenic Sources, and Mapping of As, Co, and Hg by Three Ecological Risk Indices in the Mid-continent of the USA AU - Almesleh Najwah Alssaeidi Ahmed AU - Philip Goodell AU - Ziwu Felix Dziedzorm AU - Kappus Eric Y1 - 2021/07/09 PY - 2021 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20210502.13 DO - 10.11648/j.ajese.20210502.13 T2 - American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering JF - American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering JO - American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering SP - 35 EP - 52 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2578-7993 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20210502.13 AB - Three indicators are employed including the Enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation (I geo), and potential ecological risk assessment (PERI) to measure the degree of contamination of As, Co, and Hg in soils. The objective of this investigation is to evaluate the concentration of As, Co, and Hg in the soils of Iowa (IA), Kansas (KS), and Nebraska (NE). Study of the spatial distribution of chemicals was carried out as part of the investigation, which leads to the suggestion of the potential source of the elements. EF, I geo and PERI indexes, As and Co contain minimal enrichment, and Hg is high. EF of As and Hg are similarly classified with minimal contamination as well as EF of Co in NE. EF can be ordered Hg > As > Co. PERI values of As and Co are classified as a low risk. PERI values of Hg are higher than As and Co. I geo values of As and Co indicate uncontaminated to moderately contaminated soil. I geo of Hg is highest of three chemicals order Hg > As > Co. However, I geo degree of As is approximately similar in the three states and it is higher than Co, which indicate as uncontaminated to moderately contaminated. PERI show serious ecological risk pollution of Hg in the soils. These investigations indicate minimal to moderate soil contamination with As and Co in the three states. The spatial distribution is widespread and continuous. Point source maps are compared with this present product. The nature of the spatial distribution correlates with the major human activity on the land, agriculture. The As, Co, and Hg chemistry of the soil is due to the intense fertilization that accompanies such successful agriculture, which originates from anthropogenic sources that require continuous monitoring. VL - 5 IS - 2 ER -
Information
Email: