Biochar and Animal Manures Increased Yield of Three Varieties of Turnips

George Fouad Antonious; Mohammad Hasan Dawood; Eric Todd Turley; Rance Bradley Paxton

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijaas.20220801.16

| Peer-Reviewed

Biochar and Animal Manures Increased Yield of Three Varieties of Turnips

George Fouad Antonious, Mohammad Hasan Dawood, Eric Todd Turley, Rance Bradley Paxton

Published in International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences (Volume 8, Issue 1)

Received: 13 November 2021 Accepted: 8 December 2021 Published: 9 February 2022

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Biochar, a product of incineration of biomass is proposed for use as a soil amendment (SA) to enhance soil water holding capacity, increase soil microbial community, and plant nutrients availability. We studied the effect of six SA (sewage sludge SS, horse manure HM, chicken manure CM, vermicompost Vermi, commercial inorganic fertilizer (19N-19P-19K), commercial organic fertilizer (Nature Safe 10N-2P-8K), and biochar added to SA on the root, shoot, and plant weight of three varieties of field-grown turnips (Purple Top White Globe PTWG, Scarlet Queen Red SQR, and Tokyo Cross TC. Regardless of SA type used in this investigation, results revealed that varieties grown in soil treated with biochar had significantly greater root, shoot, and plant weight compared to similar varieties grown in SA not treated with biochhar. SQR significantly increased turnip yield compared to PTWG and TC varieties Overall turnip shoot, root, and plant weight obtained from CM amended soil not treated with biochar was significantly greater (295.9, 524.4, and 820.3 g, respectively) compared to yield obtained from the no-amendment (NM) control treatments (147.3, 242.5, and 389.8 g, respectively). Biochar added to SS, Org, Vermi, and HM significantly increased plant weight from 522.3, 482.5, 476.5, and 450.2 g to 737.5, 701.9, 673.3, and 640.8 g, respectively. This increase represents 41, 46, 41, and 42% increase in plant weight, respectively due to the addition of biochar. Regardless of biochar application to growing plants, variety SQR is recommend for growing turnips in CM amended soil. Substitution of inorganic fertilizer by animal manure mixed with biochar may help limited-resource farmers in growing turnips at affordable costs.

Published in	International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences (Volume 8, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijaas.20220801.16
Page(s)	50-56
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Brassica rapa, Chicken Manure, Sewage Sludge, Organic Fertilizer, Vermicompost, Horse Manure

References

[1]	Fernandes, F., Valentão, P., Sousa, V., Pereira, J. A., Seabra, R. M., Andrade, P. B. (2007). Chemical and antioxidative assessment of dietary turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa L.). Food Chemistry 105 (3), 1003-1010.
[2]	Igarashi, K., Itoh, M, Harada, T. (1990). Major antioxidative substances in leaves of Atsumikabu (Red Turnip, Brassica campestris L.). Agric. Biological Chem. 54 (4), 1053-1055.
[3]	Jahangir, M.; Kim, H. K.; Choi, Y. H.; Verpoorte, R. (2009). Health affecting compounds in Brassicaceae. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 8, 31-43.
[4]	Fließbach, A., Oberholzer, H. R., Gunst, L., Mäder, P. (2007). Soil organic matter and biological soil quality indicators after 21 years of organic and conventional farming. Agric. Ecosystem Environ. 118, 273–284.
[5]	Haipeng, W., L., Cui, Z., Guangming, L., Jie, C., Jin, X., Jijun, D., Juan, L., Xiaodong, L. Junfeng C., Ming, L., Lunhui L, H., Liang, Jia, W. (2017). The interactions of composting and biochar and their implications for soil amendment and pollution remediation: A review. Cri. Rev. Biotechnol. 37: 754-764.
[6]	Renner, R. (2007). Rethinking biochar. Environmental Science Technology 41 (17), 5932-5933.
[7]	Ferreira C., F., Verheijen, K., Puga, J., Keizer, Ferreira, A. (2017). Biochar in vineyards: impact on soil quality and crop yield four years after the application. 19th EGU General Assembly, EGU2017, proceedings from the conference held 23-28 April 2017 in Vienna, Austria, p. 1600.
[8]	Lehmann, J., M. C., Rillig, J. Thies, C. A., Masiello, W. C., Hockaday, Crowley, D. (2011). Biochar effects on soil biota - A review. Soil Biol. Biochem. 43, 1812–1836.
[9]	Antonious, G. F., Turley, E. T., Shrestha D. S., Dawood, M. H. (2021). Variability of biochar performance among soil amendments and enzymes activity. International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences (IJAAS), 7 (1), 66-76.
[10]	Weber, K.; Quicker, P. (2018). Properties of biochar. Fuel, 217, 240–261.
[11]	Pariyar, P.; Kumari, K.; Jain, M. K.; Jadhao, P. S. (2020). Evaluation of change in biochar properties derived from different feedstock and pyrolysis temperature for environmental and agricultural application. Sci. Total Environ. 713, 136433.
[12]	Fang C, Smith P, Moncrieff JB, Smith J. U. (2005). Similar response of labile and resistant soil organic matter pools to changes in temperature. Nature 433, 57–59.
[13]	Bonanomi, G., Ippolito, F., Cesarano, G., Nanni, B., Lombardi, N., Rita, A., Saracino, A., Scala, F. (2017). Biochar as plant growth promoter: Better off alone or mixed with organic amendments? Front. Plant Sci. 8, 1570.
[14]	Rawat, J.; Saxena, J.; Sanwal, P. Biochar: A sustainable approach for improving plant growth and soil properties. In Biochar—An Imperative Amendment for Soil and the Environment; IntechOpen: London, UK, 2019.
[15]	Abujabhah, I. S. D. Investigating the effect of biochar on microbial activities and biological processes in soil. Master of Sciences Thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia, 2017.
[16]	Dias, B. O., Silva, C. A., Higashikawa, F. S., Roig, A., Sanchez-Monedero, M. A. (2010). Use of biochar as bulking agent for the composting of poultry manure: Effect on organic matter degradation and humification. Bioresour. Technol. 101, 1239–1246.
[17]	Guo, X, Liu, H., Zhang, J. (2020). The role of biochar in organic waste composting and soil improvement: A review. Waste Management 102, 884–899.
[18]	Shen, Z., A. M, Som, F., Wang, F., Jin, O., Mcmillan, Al-Tabbaa, A. (2016). Long-term impact of biochar on the immobilisation of nickel (II) and zinc (II) and the revegetation of a contaminated site. Sci. Total Enviro. 542, 771-776.
[19]	Fraser, B. (2010). High-tech charcoal fights climate change. Environmental Science & Technology. 44: 548-549.
[20]	Pujiastuti, E. S., Tarigan, J. R., Sianturi, E. G., Benny, B (2018). The effect of chicken manure and beneficial microorganisms of EM-4 on growth and yield of kale (Brassica oleraceae acephala) grown on Andisol. International Conference on Agribusiness, Food and Agro-Technology. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 205.
[21]	Dikinya, O., Mufwanzala, N. (2010). Chicken manure-enhanced soil fertility and productivity: Effects of application rates. J. Soil Sci. Environ. Management 1 (3), 46-54.
[22]	Weil R R Brady N C. 2014. The Nature and Properties of Soils. 14th Edition. Delhi: Pearson, India.
[23]	Warman, P. R. (1986). The effect of fertilizer, chicken manure and dairy manure on Timothy yield, tissue composition and soil fertility. Agric. Wastes 18, 289-298.
[24]	Schjegel, A. J. (1992). Effect of composted manure on soil chemical properties and nitrogen use by grain sorghum. J. Prod. Agric. 5, 153-157.
[25]	Khaliq SJA, Al-Busaidi A, Ahmed M, Al-Wardy M, Agrama H, Choudri, B. S. (2017). The effect of municipal sewage sludge on the quality of soil and crops. Intern. J. Recycling Organic Waste in Agri. 6 (4), 289-299.
[26]	Zafar, S., Farooq, S., Khursheed, I., Hussain, K., Qazi, H. A., Jaweed4, T. H., Lone, F. A. (2021). Sewage sludge and NPK application to enhance growth, yield and quality of kale and spinach crops. J. Soil Sci. Environ. Management. 12 (4), 132-142.
[27]	Sreesai, S., Peapueng, P., Tippayamongkonkun, T., Sthiannopkao, S. (2013). Assessment of a potential agricultural application of Bangkok-digested sewage sludge and finished compost products. Waste Management and Research 31 (9), 925-936.
[28]	Singh, R. P., Agrawal, M. (2008). Potential benefits and risks of land application of sewage sludge. Waste Management 28 (2), 347-358.
[29]	Alam, M. N., M. S. Jahan, and A. Ashraf. (2007). Effect of Vermicompost and Chemical Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Yield Components of Potato in Barind Soils of Bangladesh. J. Applied Sciences Research. 3 (12), 1879-1888.
[30]	Yadav, A., R. Gupta, Garg, V. K. (2013). Organic manure production from cow dung and biogas plant slurry by vermicomposting under field conditions. International J. Recycling of Organic Waste in Agri. 2: 3-7.
[31]	Kumar, A. Gupta, R. K. (2018). The effects of vermicompost on growth and yield parameters of vegetable crop radish (Raphanus sativus). J. Pharmacology and Phytochemistry. 7 (2), 589-592.
[32]	Tekulu, K., Tadele, T, Berhe, T., Gebrehiwot, W., Kahsu, G., Mebrahtom, S., Aregawi, G., Tasew, C. (2019). Effect of vermicompost and blended fertilizers rates on yield and yield components of Tef (Eragrostis tef Zucc.). J. Soil Sci. Environ. Management 10 (6), 130-141.
[33]	Galderon, E., Mortley, D. G. (2021). Vermicompost soil amendment influences yield, growth responses and nutritional value of Kale (Brassica oleracea Acephala group), Radish (Raphanus sativus) and Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L). J. Soil Science and Environmental Management. 12 (2), pp. 86-93.
[34]	Lundgren, J., Pettersson, E. (2009). Combustion of horse manure for heat production. Bioresour. Technol. 100, 3121–3126.
[35]	Rudolph, R., Pfeufer, E., Bessin, R., Wright, S., Strang, J. (2021). Vegetable Production Guide for Commercial Growers. University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Cooperative Extension Service.
[36]	SAS Institute Inc. SAS/STAT Guide, Version 9.4 SAS 2016 Inc., Campus Drive, Cary, NC 27513.
[37]	Lehmann, J., Gaunt, J., Rondon, M. (2006). Biochar sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems – A Review. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 11, 403-427.
[38]	Biochar Network. (2008). What are the likely benefits of biochar? Retrieved from http://www.anzbiochar.org/biocharbasics.html.
[39]	Demisie, W., Zhang, M. (2015). Effect of biochar application on microbial biomass and enzymatic activities in degraded red soil. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 10 (8), 755-766.
[40]	USDA/NRCS (U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservative Service) Soils. (1999). Liming to improve soil quality in acid soils. Retrieved from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_053252.pdf.
[41]	Paul S, Geng CA, Yang TH, Yang YP, Chen J. J. (2019). Phytochemical and health-beneficial progress of turnip (Brassica rapa). J. Food Sci. 84 (1): 19–30.
[42]	Zhou, M. H., Zhu, B., Wang, S. J., Zhu, X. Y., Vereecken, H., Brüggemann, N. (2017). Stimulation of N2O emission by manure application to agricultural soils may largely offset carbon benefits: A global meta-analysis. Global Change Biology, 23 (10), 4068–4083.
[43]	Fan, J., Xiao, J., Liu, D., Ye, G., Luo, J., Houlbrooke, D., Ding, W. (2017). Effect of application of dairy manure, effluent and inorganic fertilizer on nitrogen leaching in clayey fluvo-aquic soil: A lysimeter study. Science of the Total Environment 592, 206–214.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

George Fouad Antonious, Mohammad Hasan Dawood, Eric Todd Turley, Rance Bradley Paxton. (2022). Biochar and Animal Manures Increased Yield of Three Varieties of Turnips. International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences, 8(1), 50-56. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20220801.16

Copy | Download

ACS Style

George Fouad Antonious; Mohammad Hasan Dawood; Eric Todd Turley; Rance Bradley Paxton. Biochar and Animal Manures Increased Yield of Three Varieties of Turnips. Int. J. Appl. Agric. Sci. 2022, 8(1), 50-56. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaas.20220801.16

Copy | Download

AMA Style

George Fouad Antonious, Mohammad Hasan Dawood, Eric Todd Turley, Rance Bradley Paxton. Biochar and Animal Manures Increased Yield of Three Varieties of Turnips. Int J Appl Agric Sci. 2022;8(1):50-56. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaas.20220801.16

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijaas.20220801.16,
  author = {George Fouad Antonious and Mohammad Hasan Dawood and Eric Todd Turley and Rance Bradley Paxton},
  title = {Biochar and Animal Manures Increased Yield of Three Varieties of Turnips},
  journal = {International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {50-56},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijaas.20220801.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20220801.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijaas.20220801.16},
  abstract = {Biochar, a product of incineration of biomass is proposed for use as a soil amendment (SA) to enhance soil water holding capacity, increase soil microbial community, and plant nutrients availability. We studied the effect of six SA (sewage sludge SS, horse manure HM, chicken manure CM, vermicompost Vermi, commercial inorganic fertilizer (19N-19P-19K), commercial organic fertilizer (Nature Safe 10N-2P-8K), and biochar added to SA on the root, shoot, and plant weight of three varieties of field-grown turnips (Purple Top White Globe PTWG, Scarlet Queen Red SQR, and Tokyo Cross TC. Regardless of SA type used in this investigation, results revealed that varieties grown in soil treated with biochar had significantly greater root, shoot, and plant weight compared to similar varieties grown in SA not treated with biochhar. SQR significantly increased turnip yield compared to PTWG and TC varieties Overall turnip shoot, root, and plant weight obtained from CM amended soil not treated with biochar was significantly greater (295.9, 524.4, and 820.3 g, respectively) compared to yield obtained from the no-amendment (NM) control treatments (147.3, 242.5, and 389.8 g, respectively). Biochar added to SS, Org, Vermi, and HM significantly increased plant weight from 522.3, 482.5, 476.5, and 450.2 g to 737.5, 701.9, 673.3, and 640.8 g, respectively. This increase represents 41, 46, 41, and 42% increase in plant weight, respectively due to the addition of biochar. Regardless of biochar application to growing plants, variety SQR is recommend for growing turnips in CM amended soil. Substitution of inorganic fertilizer by animal manure mixed with biochar may help limited-resource farmers in growing turnips at affordable costs.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Biochar and Animal Manures Increased Yield of Three Varieties of Turnips
AU  - George Fouad Antonious
AU  - Mohammad Hasan Dawood
AU  - Eric Todd Turley
AU  - Rance Bradley Paxton
Y1  - 2022/02/09
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20220801.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijaas.20220801.16
T2  - International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
JF  - International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
JO  - International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
SP  - 50
EP  - 56
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2469-7885
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20220801.16
AB  - Biochar, a product of incineration of biomass is proposed for use as a soil amendment (SA) to enhance soil water holding capacity, increase soil microbial community, and plant nutrients availability. We studied the effect of six SA (sewage sludge SS, horse manure HM, chicken manure CM, vermicompost Vermi, commercial inorganic fertilizer (19N-19P-19K), commercial organic fertilizer (Nature Safe 10N-2P-8K), and biochar added to SA on the root, shoot, and plant weight of three varieties of field-grown turnips (Purple Top White Globe PTWG, Scarlet Queen Red SQR, and Tokyo Cross TC. Regardless of SA type used in this investigation, results revealed that varieties grown in soil treated with biochar had significantly greater root, shoot, and plant weight compared to similar varieties grown in SA not treated with biochhar. SQR significantly increased turnip yield compared to PTWG and TC varieties Overall turnip shoot, root, and plant weight obtained from CM amended soil not treated with biochar was significantly greater (295.9, 524.4, and 820.3 g, respectively) compared to yield obtained from the no-amendment (NM) control treatments (147.3, 242.5, and 389.8 g, respectively). Biochar added to SS, Org, Vermi, and HM significantly increased plant weight from 522.3, 482.5, 476.5, and 450.2 g to 737.5, 701.9, 673.3, and 640.8 g, respectively. This increase represents 41, 46, 41, and 42% increase in plant weight, respectively due to the addition of biochar. Regardless of biochar application to growing plants, variety SQR is recommend for growing turnips in CM amended soil. Substitution of inorganic fertilizer by animal manure mixed with biochar may help limited-resource farmers in growing turnips at affordable costs.
VL  - 8
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

George Fouad Antonious

Division of Environmental Studies, College of Agriculture, Community, and the Sciences, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, USA
Mohammad Hasan Dawood

Department of Horticulture and Landscape, College of Agriculture, University of Kufa, El-Najaf, Iraq
Eric Todd Turley

Division of Environmental Studies, College of Agriculture, Community, and the Sciences, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, USA
Rance Bradley Paxton

Division of Environmental Studies, College of Agriculture, Community, and the Sciences, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, USA

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

George Fouad Antonious, Mohammad Hasan Dawood, Eric Todd Turley, Rance Bradley Paxton. (2022). Biochar and Animal Manures Increased Yield of Three Varieties of Turnips. International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences, 8(1), 50-56. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20220801.16

Copy | Download

ACS Style

George Fouad Antonious; Mohammad Hasan Dawood; Eric Todd Turley; Rance Bradley Paxton. Biochar and Animal Manures Increased Yield of Three Varieties of Turnips. Int. J. Appl. Agric. Sci. 2022, 8(1), 50-56. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaas.20220801.16

Copy | Download

AMA Style

George Fouad Antonious, Mohammad Hasan Dawood, Eric Todd Turley, Rance Bradley Paxton. Biochar and Animal Manures Increased Yield of Three Varieties of Turnips. Int J Appl Agric Sci. 2022;8(1):50-56. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaas.20220801.16

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijaas.20220801.16,
  author = {George Fouad Antonious and Mohammad Hasan Dawood and Eric Todd Turley and Rance Bradley Paxton},
  title = {Biochar and Animal Manures Increased Yield of Three Varieties of Turnips},
  journal = {International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {50-56},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijaas.20220801.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20220801.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijaas.20220801.16},
  abstract = {Biochar, a product of incineration of biomass is proposed for use as a soil amendment (SA) to enhance soil water holding capacity, increase soil microbial community, and plant nutrients availability. We studied the effect of six SA (sewage sludge SS, horse manure HM, chicken manure CM, vermicompost Vermi, commercial inorganic fertilizer (19N-19P-19K), commercial organic fertilizer (Nature Safe 10N-2P-8K), and biochar added to SA on the root, shoot, and plant weight of three varieties of field-grown turnips (Purple Top White Globe PTWG, Scarlet Queen Red SQR, and Tokyo Cross TC. Regardless of SA type used in this investigation, results revealed that varieties grown in soil treated with biochar had significantly greater root, shoot, and plant weight compared to similar varieties grown in SA not treated with biochhar. SQR significantly increased turnip yield compared to PTWG and TC varieties Overall turnip shoot, root, and plant weight obtained from CM amended soil not treated with biochar was significantly greater (295.9, 524.4, and 820.3 g, respectively) compared to yield obtained from the no-amendment (NM) control treatments (147.3, 242.5, and 389.8 g, respectively). Biochar added to SS, Org, Vermi, and HM significantly increased plant weight from 522.3, 482.5, 476.5, and 450.2 g to 737.5, 701.9, 673.3, and 640.8 g, respectively. This increase represents 41, 46, 41, and 42% increase in plant weight, respectively due to the addition of biochar. Regardless of biochar application to growing plants, variety SQR is recommend for growing turnips in CM amended soil. Substitution of inorganic fertilizer by animal manure mixed with biochar may help limited-resource farmers in growing turnips at affordable costs.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Biochar and Animal Manures Increased Yield of Three Varieties of Turnips
AU  - George Fouad Antonious
AU  - Mohammad Hasan Dawood
AU  - Eric Todd Turley
AU  - Rance Bradley Paxton
Y1  - 2022/02/09
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20220801.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijaas.20220801.16
T2  - International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
JF  - International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
JO  - International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
SP  - 50
EP  - 56
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2469-7885
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20220801.16
AB  - Biochar, a product of incineration of biomass is proposed for use as a soil amendment (SA) to enhance soil water holding capacity, increase soil microbial community, and plant nutrients availability. We studied the effect of six SA (sewage sludge SS, horse manure HM, chicken manure CM, vermicompost Vermi, commercial inorganic fertilizer (19N-19P-19K), commercial organic fertilizer (Nature Safe 10N-2P-8K), and biochar added to SA on the root, shoot, and plant weight of three varieties of field-grown turnips (Purple Top White Globe PTWG, Scarlet Queen Red SQR, and Tokyo Cross TC. Regardless of SA type used in this investigation, results revealed that varieties grown in soil treated with biochar had significantly greater root, shoot, and plant weight compared to similar varieties grown in SA not treated with biochhar. SQR significantly increased turnip yield compared to PTWG and TC varieties Overall turnip shoot, root, and plant weight obtained from CM amended soil not treated with biochar was significantly greater (295.9, 524.4, and 820.3 g, respectively) compared to yield obtained from the no-amendment (NM) control treatments (147.3, 242.5, and 389.8 g, respectively). Biochar added to SS, Org, Vermi, and HM significantly increased plant weight from 522.3, 482.5, 476.5, and 450.2 g to 737.5, 701.9, 673.3, and 640.8 g, respectively. This increase represents 41, 46, 41, and 42% increase in plant weight, respectively due to the addition of biochar. Regardless of biochar application to growing plants, variety SQR is recommend for growing turnips in CM amended soil. Substitution of inorganic fertilizer by animal manure mixed with biochar may help limited-resource farmers in growing turnips at affordable costs.
VL  - 8
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download