Effect of Herbicides Used in Vegetable and Fruit Crops (2,4-D, Glyphosate and Nicosulfuron) on Earthworms (<i>Eudrilus eugeniae</i>)

Phaceli Aya Elichama Desiree; Kone Mama; Soro Donafologo Baba; Haba Jean Florent; N’guettia Kossonou Roland; Dembele Ardjouma

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijee.20220702.11

Effect of Herbicides Used in Vegetable and Fruit Crops (2,4-D, Glyphosate and Nicosulfuron) on Earthworms (Eudrilus eugeniae)

Phaceli Aya Elichama Desiree, Kone Mama, Soro Donafologo Baba, Haba Jean Florent, N’guettia Kossonou Roland, Dembele Ardjouma

Published in International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology (Volume 7, Issue 2)

Received: 22 March 2022 Accepted: 23 April 2022 Published: 24 May 2022

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Abstract

Horticulture requires a significant use of chemical inputs due to the parasitic pressure to which it is exposed. Among these inputs are the herbicides that are the most used. Due to their mode of action and their selectivity, those based on 2,4-D, glyphosate and nicosulfuron are detected as being the most widely used. This massive use is not without consequences on the environment and particularly on soil. Herbicides are frequently implicated in the reduction of soil fertility and terrestrial biodiversity observed in agricultural areas. This situation requires the greatest caution and clear information on the environmental risks actually incurred by in situ studies. This study was initiated with the aim of evaluating the impact of herbicides on soil life by using Eudrilus eugeniae earthworms as bioindicators. To do this, each experimental plot on which microcosms of earthworms were deposited received a herbicide treatment based on 2,4-D, glyphosate or nicosulfuron at the concentrations recommended by the manufacturer. Parameters such as biomass, number of cocoons, hatching rate and number of individuals per cocoon were evaluated. After 35 days of exposure, no effect was observed on the biomass of earthworms. Reproductive parameters such as number of cocoons, hatching rate and number of individuals per cocoon were strongly reduced by 2,4-D herbicides. Those based on glyphosate and nicosulfuron only reduced to lesser degrees the number of cocoons laid per pair compared to 2,4-D. The acute avoidance reaction test was a function of the herbicide and its concentration used. At the end of this study, it appears that the treatment of 2,4-D, glyphosate or nicosulfuron at the manufacturer's concentrations poses a threat to the specific richness of earthworms; they therefore reduce soil fertility. Those based on 2,4-D exhibit severe toxicity to soil health.

Published in	International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology (Volume 7, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijee.20220702.11
Page(s)	15-23
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Horticulture, Herbicides, 2,4-D, Glyphosate, Nicosulfuron, Soil, Earthworms

References

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Phaceli Aya Elichama Desiree, Kone Mama, Soro Donafologo Baba, Haba Jean Florent, N’guettia Kossonou Roland, et al. (2022). Effect of Herbicides Used in Vegetable and Fruit Crops (2,4-D, Glyphosate and Nicosulfuron) on Earthworms (Eudrilus eugeniae). International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology, 7(2), 15-23. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20220702.11

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ACS Style

Phaceli Aya Elichama Desiree; Kone Mama; Soro Donafologo Baba; Haba Jean Florent; N’guettia Kossonou Roland, et al. Effect of Herbicides Used in Vegetable and Fruit Crops (2,4-D, Glyphosate and Nicosulfuron) on Earthworms (Eudrilus eugeniae). Int. J. Ecotoxicol. Ecobiol. 2022, 7(2), 15-23. doi: 10.11648/j.ijee.20220702.11

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AMA Style

Phaceli Aya Elichama Desiree, Kone Mama, Soro Donafologo Baba, Haba Jean Florent, N’guettia Kossonou Roland, et al. Effect of Herbicides Used in Vegetable and Fruit Crops (2,4-D, Glyphosate and Nicosulfuron) on Earthworms (Eudrilus eugeniae). Int J Ecotoxicol Ecobiol. 2022;7(2):15-23. doi: 10.11648/j.ijee.20220702.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijee.20220702.11,
  author = {Phaceli Aya Elichama Desiree and Kone Mama and Soro Donafologo Baba and Haba Jean Florent and N’guettia Kossonou Roland and Dembele Ardjouma},
  title = {Effect of Herbicides Used in Vegetable and Fruit Crops (2,4-D, Glyphosate and Nicosulfuron) on Earthworms (Eudrilus eugeniae)},
  journal = {International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2},
  pages = {15-23},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijee.20220702.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20220702.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijee.20220702.11},
  abstract = {Horticulture requires a significant use of chemical inputs due to the parasitic pressure to which it is exposed. Among these inputs are the herbicides that are the most used. Due to their mode of action and their selectivity, those based on 2,4-D, glyphosate and nicosulfuron are detected as being the most widely used. This massive use is not without consequences on the environment and particularly on soil. Herbicides are frequently implicated in the reduction of soil fertility and terrestrial biodiversity observed in agricultural areas. This situation requires the greatest caution and clear information on the environmental risks actually incurred by in situ studies. This study was initiated with the aim of evaluating the impact of herbicides on soil life by using Eudrilus eugeniae earthworms as bioindicators. To do this, each experimental plot on which microcosms of earthworms were deposited received a herbicide treatment based on 2,4-D, glyphosate or nicosulfuron at the concentrations recommended by the manufacturer. Parameters such as biomass, number of cocoons, hatching rate and number of individuals per cocoon were evaluated. After 35 days of exposure, no effect was observed on the biomass of earthworms. Reproductive parameters such as number of cocoons, hatching rate and number of individuals per cocoon were strongly reduced by 2,4-D herbicides. Those based on glyphosate and nicosulfuron only reduced to lesser degrees the number of cocoons laid per pair compared to 2,4-D. The acute avoidance reaction test was a function of the herbicide and its concentration used. At the end of this study, it appears that the treatment of 2,4-D, glyphosate or nicosulfuron at the manufacturer's concentrations poses a threat to the specific richness of earthworms; they therefore reduce soil fertility. Those based on 2,4-D exhibit severe toxicity to soil health.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Effect of Herbicides Used in Vegetable and Fruit Crops (2,4-D, Glyphosate and Nicosulfuron) on Earthworms (Eudrilus eugeniae)
AU - Phaceli Aya Elichama Desiree
AU - Kone Mama
AU - Soro Donafologo Baba
AU - Haba Jean Florent
AU - N’guettia Kossonou Roland
AU - Dembele Ardjouma
Y1 - 2022/05/24
PY - 2022
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20220702.11
DO - 10.11648/j.ijee.20220702.11
T2 - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology
JF - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology
JO - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology
SP - 15
EP - 23
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2575-1735
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20220702.11
AB - Horticulture requires a significant use of chemical inputs due to the parasitic pressure to which it is exposed. Among these inputs are the herbicides that are the most used. Due to their mode of action and their selectivity, those based on 2,4-D, glyphosate and nicosulfuron are detected as being the most widely used. This massive use is not without consequences on the environment and particularly on soil. Herbicides are frequently implicated in the reduction of soil fertility and terrestrial biodiversity observed in agricultural areas. This situation requires the greatest caution and clear information on the environmental risks actually incurred by in situ studies. This study was initiated with the aim of evaluating the impact of herbicides on soil life by using Eudrilus eugeniae earthworms as bioindicators. To do this, each experimental plot on which microcosms of earthworms were deposited received a herbicide treatment based on 2,4-D, glyphosate or nicosulfuron at the concentrations recommended by the manufacturer. Parameters such as biomass, number of cocoons, hatching rate and number of individuals per cocoon were evaluated. After 35 days of exposure, no effect was observed on the biomass of earthworms. Reproductive parameters such as number of cocoons, hatching rate and number of individuals per cocoon were strongly reduced by 2,4-D herbicides. Those based on glyphosate and nicosulfuron only reduced to lesser degrees the number of cocoons laid per pair compared to 2,4-D. The acute avoidance reaction test was a function of the herbicide and its concentration used. At the end of this study, it appears that the treatment of 2,4-D, glyphosate or nicosulfuron at the manufacturer's concentrations poses a threat to the specific richness of earthworms; they therefore reduce soil fertility. Those based on 2,4-D exhibit severe toxicity to soil health.
VL - 7
IS - 2
ER -

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Author Information

Phaceli Aya Elichama Desiree

Department of Natural Sciences, Nangui Abrogoua University, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
Kone Mama

Department of Natural Sciences, Nangui Abrogoua University, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
Soro Donafologo Baba

Department of Environmental Sciences and Management, Nangui Abrogoua University, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
Haba Jean Florent

Department of Natural Sciences, Nangui Abrogoua University, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
N’guettia Kossonou Roland

Department of Environmental Sciences and Management, Nangui Abrogoua University, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
Dembele Ardjouma

National Agricultural Development Support Laboratory, Abidjan, Ivory Coast

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APA Style

Phaceli Aya Elichama Desiree, Kone Mama, Soro Donafologo Baba, Haba Jean Florent, N’guettia Kossonou Roland, et al. (2022). Effect of Herbicides Used in Vegetable and Fruit Crops (2,4-D, Glyphosate and Nicosulfuron) on Earthworms (Eudrilus eugeniae). International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology, 7(2), 15-23. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20220702.11

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ACS Style

Phaceli Aya Elichama Desiree; Kone Mama; Soro Donafologo Baba; Haba Jean Florent; N’guettia Kossonou Roland, et al. Effect of Herbicides Used in Vegetable and Fruit Crops (2,4-D, Glyphosate and Nicosulfuron) on Earthworms (Eudrilus eugeniae). Int. J. Ecotoxicol. Ecobiol. 2022, 7(2), 15-23. doi: 10.11648/j.ijee.20220702.11

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Phaceli Aya Elichama Desiree, Kone Mama, Soro Donafologo Baba, Haba Jean Florent, N’guettia Kossonou Roland, et al. Effect of Herbicides Used in Vegetable and Fruit Crops (2,4-D, Glyphosate and Nicosulfuron) on Earthworms (Eudrilus eugeniae). Int J Ecotoxicol Ecobiol. 2022;7(2):15-23. doi: 10.11648/j.ijee.20220702.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijee.20220702.11,
  author = {Phaceli Aya Elichama Desiree and Kone Mama and Soro Donafologo Baba and Haba Jean Florent and N’guettia Kossonou Roland and Dembele Ardjouma},
  title = {Effect of Herbicides Used in Vegetable and Fruit Crops (2,4-D, Glyphosate and Nicosulfuron) on Earthworms (Eudrilus eugeniae)},
  journal = {International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2},
  pages = {15-23},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijee.20220702.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20220702.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijee.20220702.11},
  abstract = {Horticulture requires a significant use of chemical inputs due to the parasitic pressure to which it is exposed. Among these inputs are the herbicides that are the most used. Due to their mode of action and their selectivity, those based on 2,4-D, glyphosate and nicosulfuron are detected as being the most widely used. This massive use is not without consequences on the environment and particularly on soil. Herbicides are frequently implicated in the reduction of soil fertility and terrestrial biodiversity observed in agricultural areas. This situation requires the greatest caution and clear information on the environmental risks actually incurred by in situ studies. This study was initiated with the aim of evaluating the impact of herbicides on soil life by using Eudrilus eugeniae earthworms as bioindicators. To do this, each experimental plot on which microcosms of earthworms were deposited received a herbicide treatment based on 2,4-D, glyphosate or nicosulfuron at the concentrations recommended by the manufacturer. Parameters such as biomass, number of cocoons, hatching rate and number of individuals per cocoon were evaluated. After 35 days of exposure, no effect was observed on the biomass of earthworms. Reproductive parameters such as number of cocoons, hatching rate and number of individuals per cocoon were strongly reduced by 2,4-D herbicides. Those based on glyphosate and nicosulfuron only reduced to lesser degrees the number of cocoons laid per pair compared to 2,4-D. The acute avoidance reaction test was a function of the herbicide and its concentration used. At the end of this study, it appears that the treatment of 2,4-D, glyphosate or nicosulfuron at the manufacturer's concentrations poses a threat to the specific richness of earthworms; they therefore reduce soil fertility. Those based on 2,4-D exhibit severe toxicity to soil health.},
 year = {2022}
}

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