Assessment of the Heavy Metals’ Levels, Phytochemical Profiles, Mineral and Proximate Compositions of Four Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Lagos State, Nigeria

Oluwole Surukite Opeolu; Ogun Mautin Lawrence; Adamson Toluwaloju Olamide

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijee.20220701.12

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Assessment of the Heavy Metals’ Levels, Phytochemical Profiles, Mineral and Proximate Compositions of Four Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Lagos State, Nigeria

Oluwole Surukite Opeolu, Ogun Mautin Lawrence, Adamson Toluwaloju Olamide

Published in International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology (Volume 7, Issue 1)

Received: 11 November 2021 Accepted: 1 December 2021 Published: 24 January 2022

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Abstract

Safety of the environments (land, air and water) including plants and animals inhabiting it is a concern for many ecologists nowadays and this is due to human ecosystems’ exploration. Thus, this study aimed at assessing the heavy metals’ levels, phytochemical profiles, mineral and proximate compositions of four commonly consumed vegetables in Lagos State. Leaves of Vernonia amygdalina, Telfairia occidentalis, Gnetum africanum and Parquetina nigrescens were obtained in some major markets in Lagos State; the leaves of the vegetables were subjected to laboratory analysis for the determination of phytochemical, mineral, proximate and heavy metals’ concentrations using standard procedures. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Proximate analysis revealed appreciable amount of protein, carbohydrate, fat, moisture and ash contents in the vegetables. The phytochemical profiling revealed the presence of some vital secondary metabolites viz: tannins, phenols, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, steroid, phlobatanin, alkaloid and sugar except terpenoids within the four vegetables sampled. However, it was observed that T. occidentalis lack saponins; P. nigrescens contain no tannins and phenols while, G. africanum show no steroids and phlobatannins. Also, the analysis of metals revealed the range of minerals- K (27.51-68.09mg/100g), Mg (25.68-27.60mg/100g), Mn (0.31-1.06mg/100g), Zn (0.45-1.42mg/100g), Fe (2.20-6.65mg/100g), P (1.10-1.19mg/100g) and Na (1.36-2.15mg/100g) and heavy metals-Pb (0.10-0.28mg/100g), Ag (0.04-0.57mg/100g), Cd (.01-0.90mg/100g), Cu (2.95-3.35mg/100g), Cr (0.075-2.60mg/100g), Co (0.45-0.95mg/100g) and Ni (1.16-2.60mg/100g) and all these elements were within or below the World Health Organization’s permissible limits for toxicity. Hence, these four vegetables commonly consumed in Lagos are good and toxic free for consumption and continuous check on the consumed vegetables in Lagos to avoid toxicity since it’s a mega city with industrialization is recommended.

Published in	International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology (Volume 7, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijee.20220701.12
Page(s)	8-14
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Vernonia amygdalina, Telfairia occidentalis, Gnetum africanum, Parquetina nigrescens, Heavy Metals, Proximate Composition, Minerals, Phytochemicals

References

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Oluwole Surukite Opeolu, Ogun Mautin Lawrence, Adamson Toluwaloju Olamide. (2022). Assessment of the Heavy Metals’ Levels, Phytochemical Profiles, Mineral and Proximate Compositions of Four Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Lagos State, Nigeria. International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology, 7(1), 8-14. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20220701.12

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Oluwole Surukite Opeolu; Ogun Mautin Lawrence; Adamson Toluwaloju Olamide. Assessment of the Heavy Metals’ Levels, Phytochemical Profiles, Mineral and Proximate Compositions of Four Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Lagos State, Nigeria. Int. J. Ecotoxicol. Ecobiol. 2022, 7(1), 8-14. doi: 10.11648/j.ijee.20220701.12

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AMA Style

Oluwole Surukite Opeolu, Ogun Mautin Lawrence, Adamson Toluwaloju Olamide. Assessment of the Heavy Metals’ Levels, Phytochemical Profiles, Mineral and Proximate Compositions of Four Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Lagos State, Nigeria. Int J Ecotoxicol Ecobiol. 2022;7(1):8-14. doi: 10.11648/j.ijee.20220701.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ijee.20220701.12,
  author = {Oluwole Surukite Opeolu and Ogun Mautin Lawrence and Adamson Toluwaloju Olamide},
  title = {Assessment of the Heavy Metals’ Levels, Phytochemical Profiles, Mineral and Proximate Compositions of Four Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Lagos State, Nigeria},
  journal = {International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {8-14},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijee.20220701.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20220701.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijee.20220701.12},
  abstract = {Safety of the environments (land, air and water) including plants and animals inhabiting it is a concern for many ecologists nowadays and this is due to human ecosystems’ exploration. Thus, this study aimed at assessing the heavy metals’ levels, phytochemical profiles, mineral and proximate compositions of four commonly consumed vegetables in Lagos State. Leaves of Vernonia amygdalina, Telfairia occidentalis, Gnetum africanum and Parquetina nigrescens were obtained in some major markets in Lagos State; the leaves of the vegetables were subjected to laboratory analysis for the determination of phytochemical, mineral, proximate and heavy metals’ concentrations using standard procedures. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Proximate analysis revealed appreciable amount of protein, carbohydrate, fat, moisture and ash contents in the vegetables. The phytochemical profiling revealed the presence of some vital secondary metabolites viz: tannins, phenols, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, steroid, phlobatanin, alkaloid and sugar except terpenoids within the four vegetables sampled. However, it was observed that T. occidentalis lack saponins; P. nigrescens contain no tannins and phenols while, G. africanum show no steroids and phlobatannins. Also, the analysis of metals revealed the range of minerals- K (27.51-68.09mg/100g), Mg (25.68-27.60mg/100g), Mn (0.31-1.06mg/100g), Zn (0.45-1.42mg/100g), Fe (2.20-6.65mg/100g), P (1.10-1.19mg/100g) and Na (1.36-2.15mg/100g) and heavy metals-Pb (0.10-0.28mg/100g), Ag (0.04-0.57mg/100g), Cd (.01-0.90mg/100g), Cu (2.95-3.35mg/100g), Cr (0.075-2.60mg/100g), Co (0.45-0.95mg/100g) and Ni (1.16-2.60mg/100g) and all these elements were within or below the World Health Organization’s permissible limits for toxicity. Hence, these four vegetables commonly consumed in Lagos are good and toxic free for consumption and continuous check on the consumed vegetables in Lagos to avoid toxicity since it’s a mega city with industrialization is recommended.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Assessment of the Heavy Metals’ Levels, Phytochemical Profiles, Mineral and Proximate Compositions of Four Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Lagos State, Nigeria
AU  - Oluwole Surukite Opeolu
AU  - Ogun Mautin Lawrence
AU  - Adamson Toluwaloju Olamide
Y1  - 2022/01/24
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20220701.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijee.20220701.12
T2  - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology
JF  - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology
JO  - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology
SP  - 8
EP  - 14
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1735
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20220701.12
AB  - Safety of the environments (land, air and water) including plants and animals inhabiting it is a concern for many ecologists nowadays and this is due to human ecosystems’ exploration. Thus, this study aimed at assessing the heavy metals’ levels, phytochemical profiles, mineral and proximate compositions of four commonly consumed vegetables in Lagos State. Leaves of Vernonia amygdalina, Telfairia occidentalis, Gnetum africanum and Parquetina nigrescens were obtained in some major markets in Lagos State; the leaves of the vegetables were subjected to laboratory analysis for the determination of phytochemical, mineral, proximate and heavy metals’ concentrations using standard procedures. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Proximate analysis revealed appreciable amount of protein, carbohydrate, fat, moisture and ash contents in the vegetables. The phytochemical profiling revealed the presence of some vital secondary metabolites viz: tannins, phenols, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, steroid, phlobatanin, alkaloid and sugar except terpenoids within the four vegetables sampled. However, it was observed that T. occidentalis lack saponins; P. nigrescens contain no tannins and phenols while, G. africanum show no steroids and phlobatannins. Also, the analysis of metals revealed the range of minerals- K (27.51-68.09mg/100g), Mg (25.68-27.60mg/100g), Mn (0.31-1.06mg/100g), Zn (0.45-1.42mg/100g), Fe (2.20-6.65mg/100g), P (1.10-1.19mg/100g) and Na (1.36-2.15mg/100g) and heavy metals-Pb (0.10-0.28mg/100g), Ag (0.04-0.57mg/100g), Cd (.01-0.90mg/100g), Cu (2.95-3.35mg/100g), Cr (0.075-2.60mg/100g), Co (0.45-0.95mg/100g) and Ni (1.16-2.60mg/100g) and all these elements were within or below the World Health Organization’s permissible limits for toxicity. Hence, these four vegetables commonly consumed in Lagos are good and toxic free for consumption and continuous check on the consumed vegetables in Lagos to avoid toxicity since it’s a mega city with industrialization is recommended.
VL  - 7
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Oluwole Surukite Opeolu

Department of Botany, Lagos State University, Ojo, Nigeria
Ogun Mautin Lawrence

Department of Botany, Lagos State University, Ojo, Nigeria
Adamson Toluwaloju Olamide

Department of Botany, Lagos State University, Ojo, Nigeria

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Oluwole Surukite Opeolu, Ogun Mautin Lawrence, Adamson Toluwaloju Olamide. (2022). Assessment of the Heavy Metals’ Levels, Phytochemical Profiles, Mineral and Proximate Compositions of Four Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Lagos State, Nigeria. International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology, 7(1), 8-14. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20220701.12

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Oluwole Surukite Opeolu; Ogun Mautin Lawrence; Adamson Toluwaloju Olamide. Assessment of the Heavy Metals’ Levels, Phytochemical Profiles, Mineral and Proximate Compositions of Four Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Lagos State, Nigeria. Int. J. Ecotoxicol. Ecobiol. 2022, 7(1), 8-14. doi: 10.11648/j.ijee.20220701.12

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AMA Style

Oluwole Surukite Opeolu, Ogun Mautin Lawrence, Adamson Toluwaloju Olamide. Assessment of the Heavy Metals’ Levels, Phytochemical Profiles, Mineral and Proximate Compositions of Four Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Lagos State, Nigeria. Int J Ecotoxicol Ecobiol. 2022;7(1):8-14. doi: 10.11648/j.ijee.20220701.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijee.20220701.12,
  author = {Oluwole Surukite Opeolu and Ogun Mautin Lawrence and Adamson Toluwaloju Olamide},
  title = {Assessment of the Heavy Metals’ Levels, Phytochemical Profiles, Mineral and Proximate Compositions of Four Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Lagos State, Nigeria},
  journal = {International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {8-14},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijee.20220701.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20220701.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijee.20220701.12},
  abstract = {Safety of the environments (land, air and water) including plants and animals inhabiting it is a concern for many ecologists nowadays and this is due to human ecosystems’ exploration. Thus, this study aimed at assessing the heavy metals’ levels, phytochemical profiles, mineral and proximate compositions of four commonly consumed vegetables in Lagos State. Leaves of Vernonia amygdalina, Telfairia occidentalis, Gnetum africanum and Parquetina nigrescens were obtained in some major markets in Lagos State; the leaves of the vegetables were subjected to laboratory analysis for the determination of phytochemical, mineral, proximate and heavy metals’ concentrations using standard procedures. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Proximate analysis revealed appreciable amount of protein, carbohydrate, fat, moisture and ash contents in the vegetables. The phytochemical profiling revealed the presence of some vital secondary metabolites viz: tannins, phenols, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, steroid, phlobatanin, alkaloid and sugar except terpenoids within the four vegetables sampled. However, it was observed that T. occidentalis lack saponins; P. nigrescens contain no tannins and phenols while, G. africanum show no steroids and phlobatannins. Also, the analysis of metals revealed the range of minerals- K (27.51-68.09mg/100g), Mg (25.68-27.60mg/100g), Mn (0.31-1.06mg/100g), Zn (0.45-1.42mg/100g), Fe (2.20-6.65mg/100g), P (1.10-1.19mg/100g) and Na (1.36-2.15mg/100g) and heavy metals-Pb (0.10-0.28mg/100g), Ag (0.04-0.57mg/100g), Cd (.01-0.90mg/100g), Cu (2.95-3.35mg/100g), Cr (0.075-2.60mg/100g), Co (0.45-0.95mg/100g) and Ni (1.16-2.60mg/100g) and all these elements were within or below the World Health Organization’s permissible limits for toxicity. Hence, these four vegetables commonly consumed in Lagos are good and toxic free for consumption and continuous check on the consumed vegetables in Lagos to avoid toxicity since it’s a mega city with industrialization is recommended.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Assessment of the Heavy Metals’ Levels, Phytochemical Profiles, Mineral and Proximate Compositions of Four Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Lagos State, Nigeria
AU  - Oluwole Surukite Opeolu
AU  - Ogun Mautin Lawrence
AU  - Adamson Toluwaloju Olamide
Y1  - 2022/01/24
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20220701.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijee.20220701.12
T2  - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology
JF  - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology
JO  - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology
SP  - 8
EP  - 14
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1735
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20220701.12
AB  - Safety of the environments (land, air and water) including plants and animals inhabiting it is a concern for many ecologists nowadays and this is due to human ecosystems’ exploration. Thus, this study aimed at assessing the heavy metals’ levels, phytochemical profiles, mineral and proximate compositions of four commonly consumed vegetables in Lagos State. Leaves of Vernonia amygdalina, Telfairia occidentalis, Gnetum africanum and Parquetina nigrescens were obtained in some major markets in Lagos State; the leaves of the vegetables were subjected to laboratory analysis for the determination of phytochemical, mineral, proximate and heavy metals’ concentrations using standard procedures. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Proximate analysis revealed appreciable amount of protein, carbohydrate, fat, moisture and ash contents in the vegetables. The phytochemical profiling revealed the presence of some vital secondary metabolites viz: tannins, phenols, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, steroid, phlobatanin, alkaloid and sugar except terpenoids within the four vegetables sampled. However, it was observed that T. occidentalis lack saponins; P. nigrescens contain no tannins and phenols while, G. africanum show no steroids and phlobatannins. Also, the analysis of metals revealed the range of minerals- K (27.51-68.09mg/100g), Mg (25.68-27.60mg/100g), Mn (0.31-1.06mg/100g), Zn (0.45-1.42mg/100g), Fe (2.20-6.65mg/100g), P (1.10-1.19mg/100g) and Na (1.36-2.15mg/100g) and heavy metals-Pb (0.10-0.28mg/100g), Ag (0.04-0.57mg/100g), Cd (.01-0.90mg/100g), Cu (2.95-3.35mg/100g), Cr (0.075-2.60mg/100g), Co (0.45-0.95mg/100g) and Ni (1.16-2.60mg/100g) and all these elements were within or below the World Health Organization’s permissible limits for toxicity. Hence, these four vegetables commonly consumed in Lagos are good and toxic free for consumption and continuous check on the consumed vegetables in Lagos to avoid toxicity since it’s a mega city with industrialization is recommended.
VL  - 7
IS  - 1
ER  -

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