| Peer-Reviewed

Coffee Processing Methods, Coffee Quality and Related Environmental Issues

Received: 3 November 2021    Accepted: 23 November 2021    Published: 9 December 2021
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Coffee is among the most valuable agricultural products throughout world. There are over 80 countries that produce and export coffee around the world. Increasing and maintaining coffee quality are of utmost importance due to the fact that the volume of sales depended upon coffee quality. The quality of coffee can be defined as its organoleptic and, physical quality and chemical composition such as sugars, caffeine, volatile and non-volatile phenol contents of a green bean produced. To the coffee industry, quality is of paramount importance. There are various factors affecting coffee quality among which processing methods is one. There are three ways to process coffee: washed, semi-washed and sun-dried. The 60% of coffee quality is determined by this primary and secondary coffee processing. Therefore, to produce coffee of good quality and to remain competitive on the world market, proper processing of coffee is required from both a quality and environmental standpoint in addition to breeding and other pre-harvest activities. However, selection coffee processing methods is not only determined by coffee quality; but also the environmental impact of processing method and accessibility of the methods as well. In this review, the effect of processing methods on coffee quality, environmental issues related to coffee processing, especially wet processing were discussed to identify major research gaps that should be addressed in future research and management practices.

Published in Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences (Volume 9, Issue 6)
DOI 10.11648/j.jfns.20210906.12
Page(s) 144-152
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

BOD, COD, Coffee Processing, Coffee Quality, Semi-washed, Natural, Washed Coffee

References
[1] Chauhan, R., Hooda, M. S. and Tanga, A. A., 2015. Coffee: the backbone of Ethiopian economy. International Journal of Economic Plants, 1 (2), pp. 82-6.
[2] ICO., 2021. International coffee organization (ICO). 2021. All about coffee. Available From https://ico.org/ Accessed on Date Octo. 12/2021.
[3] Anthony, F., Bertrand, B., Quiros, O., Wilches, A., Lashermes, P., Berthaud, J. and Charrier, A., 2001. Genetic diversity of wild coffee (Coffea arabica L.) using molecular markers. Euphytica, 118 (1), pp. 53-65.
[4] Bikila, J. B. and Lalisa, D. A., 2021. The Unexplored Socio-Cultural Benefits of Coffee Plants: Implications for the Sustainable Management of Ethiopia’s Coffee Forests. Sustainability, 13 (7), p. 3912.
[5] Leroy, T., Ribeyre, F., Bertrand, B., Charmetant, P., Dufour, M., Montagnon, C., Marraccini, P. and Pot, D., 2006. Genetics of coffee quality. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 18, pp. 229-242.
[6] Behailu, W., Abrar, S., Nugussie, M., and Solomon, I.,. 2007. Coffee processing and quality research in Ethiopia. Proceedings of a National Work Shop Four Decades of Coffee Research and Development in Ethiopia, pp. 14-17.
[7] Giomo, G. S., Borém, F. M., Saath, R., Mistro, J., Figueiredo, L., Ribeiro, F., Pereira, S. and Bernardi, M., 2012. Evaluation of green bean physical characteristics and beverage quality of Arabica coffee varieties in Brazil. In 24th International Conference on Coffee Science 12th–16th November.
[8] Abrar, S., Mohammed, A. and Endris, S.,. 2014. Processing method, variety and roasting duration effect on physical quality attributes of roasted Arabica coffee beans. Discourse Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 2 (2), pp. 70-75.
[9] Esquivel, P. and Jimenez, V. M., 2012. Functional properties of coffee and coffee by-products. Food Research International, 46 (2), pp. 488-495.
[10] Acchar, W., Dultra, E. J. V. and Segadães, A. M., 2013. Untreated coffee husk ashes used as flux in ceramic tiles. Applied Clay Science, 75, pp. 141-147.
[11] Kassa, H., Suliman, H. and Workayew, T.,. 2011. Evaluation of composting process and quality of compost from coffee by-products (Coffee Husk & Pulp). Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management, 4 (4).
[12] Hernández-Sarabia, M., Sierra-Silva, J., Delgadillo-Mirquez, L., Ávila-Navarro, J. and Carranza, L., 2021. The Potential of the Biodigester as a Useful Tool in Coffee Farms. Applied Sciences, 11 (15), p. 6884.
[13] Slavova, G. and Georgieva, V., 2019. World production of coffee imports and exports in Europe, Bulgaria and USA. Trakia J Sci, 17 (Suppl 1), pp. 619-626.
[14] Sisay, B. T.,. 2018. Coffee production and climate change in Ethiopia. In Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 33 (pp. 99-113). Springer, Cham.
[15] Abebe, Y., Burkhardt, J., Bekele, E., Hundera, K. and Goldbach, H.,. 2020. The major factors influencing coffee quality in Ethiopia: The case of wild Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) from its natural habitat of southwest and southeast afromontane rainforests. African Journal of Plant Science, 14 (6), pp. 213-230.
[16] Hejna, A., 2021. Potential applications of by-products from the coffee industry in polymer technology–Current state and perspectives. Waste Management, 121, pp. 296-330.
[17] Clarke, R. J. ed., 2012. Coffee: Volume 2: Technology (Vol. 2). Springer Science & Business Media.
[18] Paudel, M. and Parajuli, K., 2020. Constraints and Determinants of Coffee Processing Methods in Gulmi District, Nepal. International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 8 (3), pp. 368-373.
[19] Suárez-Quiroz, M., Louise, B. D., Gonzalez-Rios, O., Barel, M., Guyot, B., Schorr-Galindo, S. and Guiraud, J. P., 2005. The impact of roasting on the ochratoxin A content of coffee. International journal of food science & technology, 40 (6), pp. 605-611.
[20] Gonzalez-Rios, O., Suarez-Quiroz, M. L., Boulanger, R., Barel, M., Guyot, B., Guiraud, J. P. and Schorr-Galindo, S., 2007. Impact of “ecological” post-harvest processing on coffee aroma: II. Roasted coffee. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 20 (3-4), pp. 297-307.
[21] Murthy, P. S. and Naidu, M. M., 2012. Sustainable management of coffee industry by-products and value addition—A review. Resources, Conservation and recycling, 66, pp. 45-58.
[22] Rattan, S., Parande, A. K., Nagaraju, V. D. and Ghiwari, G. K., 2015. A comprehensive review on utilization of wastewater from coffee processing. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22 (9), pp. 6461-6472.
[23] Zhang, S. J., De Bruyn, F., Pothakos, V., Contreras, G. F., Cai, Z., Moccand, C., Weckx, S. and De Vuyst, L., 2019. Influence of various processing parameters on the microbial community dynamics, metabolomic profiles, and cup quality during wet coffee processing. Frontiers in microbiology, 10, p. 2621.
[24] Chanakya, H. N. and De Alwis, A. A. P., 2004. Environmental issues and management in primary coffee processing. Process safety and environmental protection, 82 (4), pp. 291-300.
[25] Koskei, K. R., Patrick, M. and Simon, M., 2015. Effects of coffee processing technologies on physico-chemical properties and sensory qualities of coffee. African Journal of Food Science, 9 (4), pp. 230-236.
[26] Mekonen, H. S.,. 2009. Influence of genotype, location and processing methods on the quality of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) (Doctoral dissertation, Hawassa University).
[27] Van der Vossen, H. A. M., 2009. The cup quality of disease-resistant cultivars of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica). Experimental agriculture, 45 (3), pp. 323-332.
[28] Idago, R. G. and Cruz, R. S. D., 2011. Supply Chain Improvement of Arabica Coffee in the Cordillera Region.
[29] Idago, R. G. and Cruz, R. S. D., 2015. Value Chain Improvement of Robusta and Liberica Coffee.
[30] Sunarharum, W. B., Yuwono, S. S., Pangestu, N. B. S. W. and Nadhiroh, H., 2018, March. Physical and sensory quality of Java Arabica green coffee beans. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 131, No. 1, p. 012018). IOP Publishing.
[31] Batista, L. R., Chalfoun, S. M., Silva, C. F., Cirillo, M., Varga, E. A. and Schwan, R. F., 2009. Ochratoxin A in coffee beans (Coffea arabica L.) processed by dry and wet methods. Food control, 20 (9), pp. 784-790.
[32] Demelash T., and Ashenafi A.,. 2019. Mycotoxigenic Moulds Associated with Coffee and Their Management (A Review).
[33] Bucheli, P., Kanchanomai, C., Meyer, I. and Pittet, A., 2000. Development of ochratoxin A during Robusta (Coffea c anephora) coffee cherry drying. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48 (4), pp. 1358-1362.
[34] Detection and enumeration of mycofloral populations associated with Ethiopian Arabica coffee bean contamination. In 21st International Conference on Coffee Science, Montpellier, France, 11-15 September, 2006 (pp. 503-509). Association Scientifique Internationale du Café (ASIC).
[35] Taniwaki, M. H., Pitt, J. I., Teixeira, A. A. and Iamanaka, B. T., 2003. The source of ochratoxin A in Brazilian coffee and its formation in relation to processing methods. International journal of food microbiology, 82 (2), pp. 173-179.
[36] Subedi, R. N., 2011. Comparative analysis of dry and wet processing of coffee with respect to quality and cost in Kavre District, Nepal: A case of Panchkhal Village. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 2 (5), pp. 181-193.
[37] Habtamu D. 2019. Review on Factors which Affect Coffee (Coffea Arabica L.) Quality in South Western, Ethiopia. International Journal of Forestry and Horticulture, 5 (1), pp. 12-19.
[38] Bytof, G., Knopp, S. E., Schieberle, P., Teutsch, I. and Selmar, D., 2005. Influence of processing on the generation of γ-aminobutyric acid in green coffee beans. European Food Research and Technology, 220 (3), pp. 245-250.
[39] Piechaczek, J., 2009. Implications of Quality Based Agri Food Supply Chains on Agri Social Systems: The Case of Smallholder Coffee Growers in South Colombia. Shaker.
[40] Taufik, P. and Ratya, A., 2018. Value chain analysis of coffee industry: a case of java preanger coffee in west java, Indonesia. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 73 (1).
[41] Kleinwächter, M., Bytof, G. and Selmar, D., 2015. Coffee beans and processing. In Coffee in health and disease prevention (pp. 73-81). Academic Press.
[42] Jackels, S. C. and Jackels, C. F., 2005. Characterization of the coffee mucilage fermentation process using chemical indicators: A field study in Nicaragua. Journal of food science, 70 (5), pp. C321-C325.
[43] De Melo Pereira, G. V., de Carvalho Neto, D. P., Júnior, A. I. M., Vásquez, Z. S., Medeiros, A. B., Vandenberghe, L. P. and Soccol, C. R., 2019. Exploring the impacts of postharvest processing on the aroma formation of coffee beans–A review. Food chemistry, 272, pp. 441-452.
[44] Evangelista, S. R., Miguel, M. G. D. C. P., de Souza Cordeiro, C., Silva, C. F., Pinheiro, A. C. M. and Schwan, R. F., 2014. Inoculation of starter cultures in a semi-dry coffee (Coffea arabica) fermentation process. Food Microbiology, 44, pp. 87-95.
[45] Garo, G., Shara, S. and Mare, Y., 2016. Assessment of harvest and post-harvest factors affecting quality of Arabica coffee in Gamo Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 11 (24), pp. 2157-2165.
[46] Geremew, T., Abate, D., Landschoot, S., Haesaert, G. and Audenaert, K., 2016. Occurrence of toxigenic fungi and ochratoxin A in Ethiopian coffee for local consumption. Food Control, 69, pp. 65-73.
[47] Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2005. Global Forest Resources Assessment. Progress towards sustainable forest management. FAO Forestry Paper 147. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy.
[48] Marsh, A., Laak, J. O. D., Winston, E. and Chapman, K., 2006. Special final report–some key findings, future issues and interventions for the Lao coffee industry. FAO-LAO TCP/LAO/2903 (A) Phase I & TCP/LAO/3101 Phase II Coffee Project. FAO Regional Office For Asia and the Pacific.
[49] Cortez, J. G. and Menezez, H. C., 2000. Recent Developments in Brazilian Coffee Quality: New Processing Systems, Beverage Characteristics and Consumer Preferences. In Coffee Biotechnology and Quality (pp. 339-346). Springer, Dordrecht.
[50] Sinaga, S. H. and Julianti, E., 2021, June. Physical characteristics of Gayo arabica coffee with semi-washed processing. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 782, No. 3, p. 032093). IOP Publishing.
[51] Wulandari, S., Ainuri, M. and Sukartiko, A. C., 2021, July. Biochemical content of Robusta coffees under fully-wash, honey, and natural processing methods. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 819, No. 1, p. 012067). IOP Publishing.
[52] Priyadi, D. A., Prayogo, G. S. and Nur, K. M., 2021, March. Smallholder farmers’ perceptions of coffee bean processing using the honey method. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 672, No. 1, p. 012025). IOP Publishing.
[53] Abaya, S. W., 2019. Coffee dust exposure and respiratory health among workers in primary coffee processing factories in Ethiopia.
[54] Oliveira, L. S. and Franca, A. S., 2015. An overview of the potential uses for coffee husks. Coffee in health and disease prevention, pp. 283-291.
[55] Sakwari, G., Mamuya, S. H., Bråtveit, M., Larsson, L., Pehrson, C. and Moen, B. E., 2013. Personal exposure to dust and endotoxin in Robusta and Arabica coffee processing factories in Tanzania. Annals of occupational hygiene, 57 (2), pp. 173-183.
[56] Assefa, A., Kore, S., Matthias, M. and Spliethoff, H., 2013. Steam gasification of coffee husk in bubbling fluidized bed gasifier. In Proceedings of the Fourth Internation Conference on Bioenvironment, Biodiversity and Renewable energies.
[57] Mazzafera, P., 2002. Degradation of caffeine by microorganisms and potential use of decaffeinated coffee husk and pulp in animal feeding. Scientia Agricola, 59, pp. 815-821.
[58] Abebe, B., Yared, K., Teffere, A., Fassil, A., Aklilu, A., Worku, L., Kloos, H. and Triest, L.,. 2012. The impact of traditional coffee processing on river water quality in Ethiopia and the urgency of adopting sound environmental practices. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 184 (11), pp. 7053-7063.
[59] Blog, D. W., 2015. The Difference between Semi-Washed and Fully-Washed Methods.
[60] Asrat G. W., Belay W., and Bhagwan S. C.,. 2015. Wet coffee processing waste management practice in Ethiopia. Asian Journal of Science and Technology, 6 (05), pp. 1467-1471.
[61] Von Enden, J. C., Calvert, K. C., Sanh, K., Hoa, H., Tri, Q., Vietnam, S. R. and Consulting, C. E. O. R., 2002. Review of coffee waste water characteristics and approaches to treatment. Project, Improvement of Coffee Quality and Sustainability of Coffee Production in Vietnam. German Technical Cooperation Agency (GTZ), pp. 1-10.
[62] Anwar, A., 2010. Assessment of coffee quality and its related problems in Jimma Zone of Oromia Regional State (Doctoral dissertation, Jimma University).
[63] Haddis, A. and Devi, R., 2008. Effect of effluent generated from coffee processing plant on the water bodies and human health in its vicinity. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 152 (1), pp. 259-262.
[64] Blinová, L., Sirotiak, M., Bartošová, A. and Soldán, M., 2017. Utilization of waste from coffee production. Vedecké Práce Materiálovotechnologickej Fakulty Slovenskej Technickej Univerzity v Bratislave so Sídlom v Trnave, 25 (40), p. 91.
[65] Bonilla-Hermosa, V. A., Duarte, W. F. and Schwan, R. F., 2014. Utilization of coffee by-products obtained from semi-washed process for production of value-added compounds. Bioresource technology, 166, pp. 142-150.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Misgana Banti, Eba Abraham. (2021). Coffee Processing Methods, Coffee Quality and Related Environmental Issues. Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 9(6), 144-152. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20210906.12

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Misgana Banti; Eba Abraham. Coffee Processing Methods, Coffee Quality and Related Environmental Issues. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 2021, 9(6), 144-152. doi: 10.11648/j.jfns.20210906.12

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Misgana Banti, Eba Abraham. Coffee Processing Methods, Coffee Quality and Related Environmental Issues. J Food Nutr Sci. 2021;9(6):144-152. doi: 10.11648/j.jfns.20210906.12

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.jfns.20210906.12,
      author = {Misgana Banti and Eba Abraham},
      title = {Coffee Processing Methods, Coffee Quality and Related Environmental Issues},
      journal = {Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences},
      volume = {9},
      number = {6},
      pages = {144-152},
      doi = {10.11648/j.jfns.20210906.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20210906.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jfns.20210906.12},
      abstract = {Coffee is among the most valuable agricultural products throughout world. There are over 80 countries that produce and export coffee around the world. Increasing and maintaining coffee quality are of utmost importance due to the fact that the volume of sales depended upon coffee quality. The quality of coffee can be defined as its organoleptic and, physical quality and chemical composition such as sugars, caffeine, volatile and non-volatile phenol contents of a green bean produced. To the coffee industry, quality is of paramount importance. There are various factors affecting coffee quality among which processing methods is one. There are three ways to process coffee: washed, semi-washed and sun-dried. The 60% of coffee quality is determined by this primary and secondary coffee processing. Therefore, to produce coffee of good quality and to remain competitive on the world market, proper processing of coffee is required from both a quality and environmental standpoint in addition to breeding and other pre-harvest activities. However, selection coffee processing methods is not only determined by coffee quality; but also the environmental impact of processing method and accessibility of the methods as well. In this review, the effect of processing methods on coffee quality, environmental issues related to coffee processing, especially wet processing were discussed to identify major research gaps that should be addressed in future research and management practices.},
     year = {2021}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Coffee Processing Methods, Coffee Quality and Related Environmental Issues
    AU  - Misgana Banti
    AU  - Eba Abraham
    Y1  - 2021/12/09
    PY  - 2021
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20210906.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.jfns.20210906.12
    T2  - Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences
    JF  - Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences
    JO  - Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences
    SP  - 144
    EP  - 152
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-7293
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20210906.12
    AB  - Coffee is among the most valuable agricultural products throughout world. There are over 80 countries that produce and export coffee around the world. Increasing and maintaining coffee quality are of utmost importance due to the fact that the volume of sales depended upon coffee quality. The quality of coffee can be defined as its organoleptic and, physical quality and chemical composition such as sugars, caffeine, volatile and non-volatile phenol contents of a green bean produced. To the coffee industry, quality is of paramount importance. There are various factors affecting coffee quality among which processing methods is one. There are three ways to process coffee: washed, semi-washed and sun-dried. The 60% of coffee quality is determined by this primary and secondary coffee processing. Therefore, to produce coffee of good quality and to remain competitive on the world market, proper processing of coffee is required from both a quality and environmental standpoint in addition to breeding and other pre-harvest activities. However, selection coffee processing methods is not only determined by coffee quality; but also the environmental impact of processing method and accessibility of the methods as well. In this review, the effect of processing methods on coffee quality, environmental issues related to coffee processing, especially wet processing were discussed to identify major research gaps that should be addressed in future research and management practices.
    VL  - 9
    IS  - 6
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Food Science and Nutrition Research, Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Assella, Ethiopia

  • Department of Plant Science and Horticulture, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel

  • Sections