| Peer-Reviewed

Intake and Abuse of Psychoactive Substances and Its Relative Consequences: A Review

Received: 6 April 2021    Accepted: 27 April 2021    Published: 14 May 2021
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Substance abuse has been a thorny public health concern throughout human history. Manifestly, prevention and treatment are the two main strategies commonly adopted to tackle the problem of substance abuse. They are in fact cross-disciplinary, and they relate to the various domains of heredity, biology, psychology, cognitive science, family, social development and cultural structures. Almost everyone, directly or indirectly, comes in contact everyday with drug/substance use or abuse. The drug scene is a varied one that includes licit and illicit drugs, street drugs, prescription drugs, over- the-counter drugs, drugs for pleasure, and drugs to ease pain. This special issue, “psychoactive substance abuse”, has been reviewed going through the global world and Nigeria in particular to enhance a re-think on processes and influences of substance abuse across different domains, through which a multilevel perspective is considered more helpful for analyzing its complex nature, courses and consequences which include mental illness, liver and kidney related diseases, low productivity, child abuse, sexual abuse, loss of individual integrity, destruction of nasal tissues, lesions in lung unpredictable effects such as convulsion, respiratory paralysis and untimely death. This in turn checked the possible negative consequences of excess intake of these psychoactive drugs in order to discourage the users and alert the necessary authorities to seriously act to this effect.

Published in Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry (Volume 9, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.sjac.20210902.12
Page(s) 39-49
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Psychoactive, Substance, Drug, Abuse, Use, Illict

References
[1] Yusuf, F. A. (2010). Factors influencing substance abuse among undergraduate students in Osun State, Nigeria. African Research Review, 4 (17): 330-340.
[2] World Health Organization. (2012). The lCD-b Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Geneva. Retrieved September 3rd 2017 from: https://www.who.int/icd-b/2012
[3] Mersy, D. (2013). Drugs and Alcohol use among School aged Youth. American Academic Pediatrics. 4th Edition. New York. P. 25.
[4] Okogbenin, E. (2008). Prevalence and Correlates of Alcohol Use/Abuse among Adolescents Secondary School Students in Benin City. A Dissertation for West Africa College of Psychiatry. 198pp.
[5] Earl, R. and Weinberg, S. M. (2012), The Study of Social Problem.7th Edition. New York: Oxford University Press. Pp 34-44.
[6] Peacock, A.; Leung, J.; Larney, S.; Colledge, S.; Hickman, M.; Rehm, J.; Giovino, G. A.; West, R., Hall, W., Griths, P. (2018). Global statistics on alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use: 2017 status report. Addiction.
[7] Chun, J. (2020). Public health threat of tobacco and substance use in Asia: An introduction to the theme issue. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 52, 1–4.
[8] Cranford, J. A.; Krentzman, A. R.; Mowbray, O.; Robinson, E. A. R. (2014). Trajectories of alcohol use over time among adults with alcohol dependence. Addiction Behaviour, 39, 1006–1011.
[9] Zhang, Y.; Kabba, J.; Chang, J.; Ji, W. J.; Zhu, S.; Yu, J. L.; Xu, S.; Fang, Y. A (2018). School-based educational intervention for school-aged children and caregivers about rational use of antibiotics in urban areas of Shaanxi province: A study protocol for a randomized controlled research. International Journal of Environmental Research on Public Health, 15, 1912.
[10] Adeyemi F. O. Oheiric B, Pat U. O, and Ogodo O. (2016) prevalence of Drug Abuse Amongst University Students in Benin State City, Nigeria. Journal of public health Research 6 (2): 31-37.
[11] Staff, K. (2012). Drug use on the Risen Among Nigerian Youths. Retrieved on July 7th 2018 from http://newsonlinenigeria.com/news./top-stories/144286-use-on-the-rise-among-nigerianyouth.html.
[12] Onyencho, V. C., Ibrahim, A. M., Ali, A. M., Pindar, S. K., Umeh, C. & Ebele, I. (2020). Personality traits and correlates of substance use among persons with mental health challenges in a psychiatric facility: Implication for counselling. Journal of Psychology and Behavioural Science. (8) 1: 1-9.
[13] Olusola I. A, Adegbogega J. A (2012). Psychoactive Substance Consumption and Awareness of Health Effects among Students in Tertiary Institutions in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies 3(3): 257 - 262.
[14] Hoffman, J. (2009). Children affected by Parental Alcohol Problems (ChAPAPs). A Report on the Research, Policy, Practice and Service Development relating to ChAPAPs across Europe. An ENCARE 5th Project funded by the European Union. England: Brunel University and ENCARE network. Retrieved on April 30th, 2017 from https://www.drugsandalcohol.eureport.com.
[15] Bello, J & Owoaje, E. T. (2010). Psychoactive Substances Use among Undergraduate Students of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Tropical Journal of Health Sciences, 17 (2): 40-46.
[16] Alan, A. V. (2013). Drug Abuse and Prevention.9th Edition. Washington, DC. National Institute on Drug Abuse. P 190.
[17] Egbochukwu, E. O., Akerele, J. O (2007). Stimulant use as Correlate of Abusive Behaviour among Nigerian Undergraduates. College Student Journal, 41: 5058-5065.
[18] World Health Organization (2013). World Drug Report 2013 Retrieved from https://www.wdr-2013 on 20 June, 2018.
[19] United Nation's Office on Drug and Crime; Global overview of drug demand and supply. World drug report. 2019. Pp 9-10.
[20] World Health Organization (2010). Annual Report on Drug Addiction Retrieved from http://www.who.int/topics/substanceabuse/en on 05 May, 2018
[21] World Health Organization (2010). Mephedrone, Critical Review Report, Agenda item 4.12. Retrieved November 30th 2017 from: https://www.wdr.agenda-item-4.12
[22] National institute on drug abuse; national institute of health; US department of health and human services. Drug use and viral infections. 2020. Pp 1-3.
[23] Agwogie M. (2016). Drug Abuse and Nigerian Youths. Retrieved August 4th 2018 from: https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/drug-abuse-and-nigerian-youths.com
[24] Ifijeh, M. Isiguzo, C. Babalola, A. Addeh E. (2017). Rising Drug Abuse. This Day Newspaper. Retrieved on July 2nd, 2020 from: http://www.thisdaylive.rising-drug-abuse.com.
[25] Martin, O. A. (2011). Drug Abuse, Preventions and Management in the Workplace.4th Edition. Nigeria: Fast spread Communication Limited. Pp 16-58.
[26] Robert L. M. (2007). Insect Control. Ullmann's Encyclopaedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th Edition). Wiley. P9.
[27] United Nations Office on Drug and Crime (2014). Global Synthetic Drugs Assessment: Vienna: Retrieved on May 20th, 2018 from: https://www.unodc.org.wdr.2014/en/ats
[28] National Institute on Drug Abuse (2017) Cigarette and other Tobacco Products Use. Department of Health and Human Services. 14th Edition P.107
[29] Pomara, C; Cassano, T; D'Errico, S; Bello, S; Romano, A. D; Riezzo, I; & Serviddio, G. (2012). Data Available on the Extent of Cocaine use and Dependence: Biochemistry, Pharmacologic Effects and Global Burden of Disease of Cocaine Abusers. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 19 (33): 5647–5657.
[30] Bello, J and Owoaje, E. T. (2010). Psychoactive Substances Use among Undergraduate Students of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Tropical Journal of Health Sciences, 17 (2): 40-46.
[31] Glen, G. T. (2013). Addiction and Substance Abuse. Washington, DC: National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved on June 12th 2019 from https://www.nida.org.2013.
[32] Citri A, Soler-Liavina G, Bhattacharyyg S, Malenka RC, (2009). N. methyl-D-aspartate receptor and metabatropicghitamate receptor dependent long-term depression and differential regulated by the ubiquiting-proteasome system. European Journal of Neuroscience 30: 1443-1450.
[33] International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) (2014). Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Introduction. Retrieved on October 4th 2017 from http://www.iuphar-db.org/database/familymenu.
[34] Ndagi, I. Babalola, F. D. Mokwunye, I. U. Anagbogu, C. F. Aderolu, I. A. Ugioro, O. Asogwa, E. U. Idrisu, M. And Mokwunye, F. C. (2012). Potentials and Challenges of Kolanut Production in Niger State, Nigera. ISRN Agronomy. 1: 1-9.
[35] Ekene E. N. Erhirhie E. O. (2016). Garcinia Kola: A Review of its Ethno-medicinal Chemical and Pharmacological Properties. International Journal of Current Research on Rev. 6 (2): 1-7.
[36] Smart L. (2007). Alcohol and Human Health.5th Edition. Oxford. Oxford University Press. Pp 38-52.
[37] National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (2007). Adolescents Health and Information project Produced. Kano: Publisher AhipcentreTarauni Kano Nigeria. 12: 56-64.
[38] Okaza, J. Aluede, O. (2009). Drug Abuse among Students of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria. European Journal of Social Sciences, 10(1):72-86.
[39] Shaul, R., Segal, B., Rhenberg, G., & Sterling, S. (2013). Self-Concept and Drug and Alcohol use in Female College Students. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education. 20 (1): 17-22.
[40] Vonghai L, Leggio L, Ferrulli G, Bertini M, Gasbarrini G, Addolorrata G,. (2008). Acute alcohol intoxication. European Journal of Internal Medicine. 19 (8): 561-567.
[41] Tremlett M, Anderson B J, Wolf A. (2010). Pro-Con Debate: Is Codeine a Drug That Still Has a Useful Role in Pediatric Practice? Pediatric Anaesthesia, 20, 183–194.
[42] Derry S, Moore RA and Mcguay HJ (2013) Single Dose Oral Codeine, As a single Agent for Acute Postoperative Pain in Adults. Cochrane Database Systematic Review (4). 99 – 108.
[43] Atici, S. Ginel, I, Ginel, L, Doruk, N, Eskandari, G. And Oral, V. (2005). Liver and Kidney Toxicity in Chronic use of Opioids. An Experimental Long Term Treatment. Journal of Biosciences 2: 245-252.
[44] Kimergard, A. Deluca, P. Hindersson, P. and Breindahl, T. (2016). How Resistant to Tampering are Codeine Containing Analgesic on the Market? Assessing the Potential for Opioid Extraction. Pain ther.5:187-201.
[45] Davis, W. R., & Johnson, B. D. (2008). Prescription, Opioid Use, Misuse, and Diversion Among Street Drug Users in New York City. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 92, 267–276.
[46] Gerostamoulos, J. B., Burke, M. P., & Drummer, O. H. (1996). Involvement of Codeine in Drug-related Deaths. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 17(4), 327–335.
[47] Romach, M. K. Sproule, B. A. Sellers, E. M., Somer, G, & Busto, U. E. (1999). Long-Term Codeine Use is Associated with Depressive Symptoms. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 19(4), 373-376.
[48] Hou H, Yin S, Jia, S Hu, S, Sun, T, Chen, Q and Fan R. (2011). Decreased Stratial Dopamine Transporters in Codeine. Containing Cough Syrup Abusers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 118: 148 – 151.
[49] Dutch, M. (2008). Nurofen Plus misuse: An Emerging Cause of Perforated Gastric Ulcer. Medical Journal of Australia, 188 (1), 56-57.
[50] Nielsen, S., Cameron, J., & Pahoki, S. (2010). Over the Counter Codeine Dependence.8thEdition. Melbourne, Australia. Turning Point Drug and Alcohol Centre. Pp 89-102.
[51] Robinson, G., Judson, G., Loan, R., Bevin, T, & O’Connor, P. (2011). Patterns of Prescription Drug Misuse Presenting to Provincial Drug Clinics. Journal of the New Zealand Medical Association, 10 (124), 1336.
[52] Ng, J., Morgan, D., Loh, N, Gan, S, Coleman, P., Ong, G., & Prentice, D. (2011). Life-threatening Hypokalaemia Associated with Ibuprofen-Induced Renal Tubular Acidosis. The Medical Journal of Australia. 194 (6), 313-316.
[53] Campbell, W. (2006). Appropriate Drug Treatment of Mild-To-Moderate Pain. Prescriber, 17 (18), 28-38.
[54] Amato, J. N., Sullivan, M., Lelong-Boulouard, V., Paillet-Looilier, M., Berthelon, C., Coquerel, A.,… Bocca, M. L. (2013). Effects of Three Therapeutic Doses of Codeine/Paracetamol on Driving Performance, A Psychomotor Vigilance Test, and Subjective Feelings. Psychopharmacology, 228 (2), 309–320.
[55] McAvoy, B. R., Dobbin, M., & Tobin, C. (2011). Over-the-Counter Codeine Analgesic Misuse and Harm: Characteristics of Cases in Australia and New Zealand. New Zealand Medical Journal, 124(1346), 29-33.
[56] Alvarado C, Guzman A, Diaz E, Patino R (2005). Synthesis of Tramadol and Analogous. Journal of Mexican Chemical Society 49(4): 324-327.
[57] Zhang S, Guan D. W, Wang L, Wang H. X, Zhang G. H, Zhao R, Fan Y. Y (2011). The expression of GABA(A) receptor Alpha1 and GABA(B) receptor 1 in Medulla Oblongata Solitary Nucleus and Ambiguous Nucleus in the Cases of Tramadol Intoxication. Fa Yi XueZaZhi 27(6): 401-404.
[58] Zamora, A. (2007). Drug Rehabilitation and Drug Addiction Treatment.9th Edition. Washington, DC: APA Books. Pp 2031-2041.
[59] Ernest, D, Chia M, and Corallo CE, (2010). Profound Hypoklacaemia Due to Nurofen Plus and Red Bull Misuse. Critical Care Resuscitation 12 (2): 109 – 100.
[60] Doweiko H. E (2011) Concepts of Chemical Dependency.5th Edition. New York. Cengage Learning. P 86.
[61] Kendra, C. (2005). What is CBT? Retrieved from: www.about.com.psychology.on 06/07/2017.
[62] Iversen, L., Gibbons, S., Treble, R., Setola, V., Huang. X-P., & Roth, B. L. (2013). Neurochemical profiles of some novel psychoactive substances. European Journal of Pharmacology. 700 (1–3): 147–151.
[63] Idowu, A. I. and Abolarin, E. E. (2011). Incidence, Causes and Patterns of Drug Abuse in Nigeria. in Obe, E. O. (Ed). School of Indiscipline and Remedies. 6th Edition Lagos: Premier Press Publishers. Pp 78-89.
[64] Gabriel, N. (2008). Foundations and Principles of Health Education. 4th Edition. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Pp 54-58.
[65] Berger, P. A.(2009). Psychoactive Drugs. Retrieved from https://www.microsoft.student.redmond.wa. On 27/11/2018.
[66] Igwe, W. C., Ojinnaka, N., Ejiofor, S. O., Emechebe, G. O. and Ibe, B. C. (2009). Socio-Demographic Correlates of Psychoactive Substance Abuse among Secondary School Students in Enugu, Nigeria. European Journal of Social Sciences.12 (2): 277-283.
[67] De Oliveira, A.; Feitosa, C. D. A.; dos Santos, A.G.; Lima, L. A. D.; Fernandes, M. A.; Monteiro, C. F. D. (2017). Spirituality and religiosity in the context of drug abuse. Rev. Da Rede De Enfermagem Do Nordeste, 18, 283–290.
[68] Whiteford, H. A.; Ferrari, A. J.; Degenhardt, L.; Feigin, V.; Vos, T. (2015). The global burden of mental, neurological and substance use disorders: An analysis from the global burden of disease study 2010. PLoS ONE, 10, e0116820.
[69] National Drug Law Enforcement Agency. (2018). NDLEA 2016 and 2017 Annual Report. National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (Federal Republic of Nigeria).
[70] Ajayi, O. (2020). Drug control officers of Nigeria’s narcotic policy. PhD Thesis. Department of public policy and administration, Walden University, Minnesota. 284pp.
[71] United Nation’s Office on Drug and Crime (2021). Myanmar opium survey 2020 cultivation, production and implications. P 1.
[72] Umhau, J.C. (2020). What are hallucinogens? Retrieved April 25th, 2021 from https://www.verywellmind.com/whatare hallucinogens-63386.
[73] Hilliard, J. (2021). Central nervous system depressants. Retrieved April 25th, 2021 from www.addictioncenter.com/drugs/drugclassifications/centralnervoussystem.
[74] Juergens, J. (2021). Central nervous system depressants. Retrieved April 25th, 2021 from www.addictioncenter.com/drugs/drugclassifications/centralnervoussystem.
[75] Balogun, A. J. (2020). Prevalence of psychoactive substances use and quality of life of adolescencts in secondary schools n Akoko North East Local Government Area Ondo State. Journal of Medicine and Surgical Sciences. (2):1 233 -242.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Anthony Ugbedeojo Atumeyi, Thaddeus Terungwa Ligom, Joseph Terfa Tivkaa. (2021). Intake and Abuse of Psychoactive Substances and Its Relative Consequences: A Review. Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 9(2), 39-49. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20210902.12

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Anthony Ugbedeojo Atumeyi; Thaddeus Terungwa Ligom; Joseph Terfa Tivkaa. Intake and Abuse of Psychoactive Substances and Its Relative Consequences: A Review. Sci. J. Anal. Chem. 2021, 9(2), 39-49. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20210902.12

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Anthony Ugbedeojo Atumeyi, Thaddeus Terungwa Ligom, Joseph Terfa Tivkaa. Intake and Abuse of Psychoactive Substances and Its Relative Consequences: A Review. Sci J Anal Chem. 2021;9(2):39-49. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20210902.12

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.sjac.20210902.12,
      author = {Anthony Ugbedeojo Atumeyi and Thaddeus Terungwa Ligom and Joseph Terfa Tivkaa},
      title = {Intake and Abuse of Psychoactive Substances and Its Relative Consequences: A Review},
      journal = {Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry},
      volume = {9},
      number = {2},
      pages = {39-49},
      doi = {10.11648/j.sjac.20210902.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20210902.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjac.20210902.12},
      abstract = {Substance abuse has been a thorny public health concern throughout human history. Manifestly, prevention and treatment are the two main strategies commonly adopted to tackle the problem of substance abuse. They are in fact cross-disciplinary, and they relate to the various domains of heredity, biology, psychology, cognitive science, family, social development and cultural structures. Almost everyone, directly or indirectly, comes in contact everyday with drug/substance use or abuse. The drug scene is a varied one that includes licit and illicit drugs, street drugs, prescription drugs, over- the-counter drugs, drugs for pleasure, and drugs to ease pain. This special issue, “psychoactive substance abuse”, has been reviewed going through the global world and Nigeria in particular to enhance a re-think on processes and influences of substance abuse across different domains, through which a multilevel perspective is considered more helpful for analyzing its complex nature, courses and consequences which include mental illness, liver and kidney related diseases, low productivity, child abuse, sexual abuse, loss of individual integrity, destruction of nasal tissues, lesions in lung unpredictable effects such as convulsion, respiratory paralysis and untimely death. This in turn checked the possible negative consequences of excess intake of these psychoactive drugs in order to discourage the users and alert the necessary authorities to seriously act to this effect.},
     year = {2021}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Intake and Abuse of Psychoactive Substances and Its Relative Consequences: A Review
    AU  - Anthony Ugbedeojo Atumeyi
    AU  - Thaddeus Terungwa Ligom
    AU  - Joseph Terfa Tivkaa
    Y1  - 2021/05/14
    PY  - 2021
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20210902.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.sjac.20210902.12
    T2  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
    JF  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
    JO  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
    SP  - 39
    EP  - 49
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2376-8053
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20210902.12
    AB  - Substance abuse has been a thorny public health concern throughout human history. Manifestly, prevention and treatment are the two main strategies commonly adopted to tackle the problem of substance abuse. They are in fact cross-disciplinary, and they relate to the various domains of heredity, biology, psychology, cognitive science, family, social development and cultural structures. Almost everyone, directly or indirectly, comes in contact everyday with drug/substance use or abuse. The drug scene is a varied one that includes licit and illicit drugs, street drugs, prescription drugs, over- the-counter drugs, drugs for pleasure, and drugs to ease pain. This special issue, “psychoactive substance abuse”, has been reviewed going through the global world and Nigeria in particular to enhance a re-think on processes and influences of substance abuse across different domains, through which a multilevel perspective is considered more helpful for analyzing its complex nature, courses and consequences which include mental illness, liver and kidney related diseases, low productivity, child abuse, sexual abuse, loss of individual integrity, destruction of nasal tissues, lesions in lung unpredictable effects such as convulsion, respiratory paralysis and untimely death. This in turn checked the possible negative consequences of excess intake of these psychoactive drugs in order to discourage the users and alert the necessary authorities to seriously act to this effect.
    VL  - 9
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria

  • Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria

  • Department of Science Laboratory Technology, School of Technology, Benue State Polytechnic, Ugbokolo, Nigeria

  • Sections