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Laboratory Synthesis and Titrations of IronIIchloride-FeCl2 and IronII Ethoxide-Fe(OEt)2 Using Ethanol-90° - Hexane and Sodium Ethoxide-Na(OEt)
Nambinina Richard Randriana,
Avotra Marson Randrianomenjanahary,
Andry Tahina Rabeharitsara
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 5, October 2021
Pages:
123-130
Received:
11 August 2021
Accepted:
20 August 2021
Published:
6 September 2021
Abstract: Laboratory synthesis of IronIIchloride-FeCl2 at approximately 200[°C] to 250[°C] using hydrochloric acid-HCl-(33%) and fine iron filament (purity>99%) was done with respecting the reaction stoichiometric. A titration procedure with NaOH-0.05N was established and allowed to titrate the FeCl2 synthesized in solution. Thus, the mass yield against raw materials (Iron and HCl) was 67.22[%]. Then, this synthesized FeCl2 solution suffered an evaporation-crystallization-drying thermic treatment procedure which efficiency evaluated with NaOH-0.05N titration was up to 98[%]. Secondly, laboratory synthesis procedure of IronIIEthoxide-Fe(OEt)2 or FeO2C4H10 by reflux during 150[mn] at approximately 90[°C] to 115[°C] (maximally) using the previous synthesized FeCl2, sodium ethoxide-Na(OEt) and ethanol with pure hexane as solvent was carried out. The molar ratios (Iron/Ethanol) and (Ethanol/Hexane/Na(OEt)/Iron) were respectively (0.4775/1) and (1/2.5/0.96/0.4775) and permitted to acquire a heterogeneous phases which extraction with a washing-extracting mixed solvent; composed with Ethanol 90°-Pure Hexane-Toluene and another solvent composed only with Ethanol90°-Pure Hexane without ethanol such as the molar ratios of (Ethanol/Hexane), (Hexane/Toluene), (Ethanol/Toluene) and (Ethanol/Hexane)/Na(OEt) were respectively 1.27, 20.19, 26.55 and 14.02; followed by a crystallization procedure permitted to obtain pure IronIIEthoxide-Fe(OEt)2 liquid phases on top and solid grey graphite fine powders with eventually the FeCl2 representative-by-product on the bottom solution which concentrations were quantified and evaluated by a titration procedure using NaOH-0.05N and hexane as additive in titrated solution. It was noticed that the concentration of pure IronIIEthoxide-Fe(OEt)2 in liquid phases increased from the top to the bottom between respectively 1.458E-2 [mol/L] to 1.667E-1 [mol/L]. Then, an evaporation-crystallization procedure to concentrate the previous heterogeneous phases was established and carried out in order to crystalize a large part of the IronIIEthoxide-Fe(OEt)2 to the solid grey graphite fine powders, the mass yield quantified by the previous titration was up to 97[%]. The grey graphite fine powders was filtered and washed with a washing procedure using water and pure hexane such as (H2O/FeCl2) and (Hexane/H2O) molar ratios were respectively 221 and 14 which efficacy to retain alkenes-ethylene and to extract FeCl2 was very high respectively 99.15[%] and 97.07[%] as molars rates with 86.08[%] retention rate of Fe(OEt)2. Finally, the washed grey graphite fine powders suffered a thermic treatment which permitted to increase its purity 99.75[%] with 75[%] as porosity evaluated with acetone.
Abstract: Laboratory synthesis of IronIIchloride-FeCl2 at approximately 200[°C] to 250[°C] using hydrochloric acid-HCl-(33%) and fine iron filament (purity>99%) was done with respecting the reaction stoichiometric. A titration procedure with NaOH-0.05N was established and allowed to titrate the FeCl2 synthesized in solution. Thus, the mass yield against raw ...
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Characterization of Wastewater Used for Irrigation and Other Purposes in Chad
Gamar Mahamat Gamar,
Izzat Mirgani Taha,
Mohagir Ahmed Mohammed
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 5, October 2021
Pages:
131-137
Received:
17 August 2021
Accepted:
8 September 2021
Published:
16 September 2021
Abstract: This research work was based on recommendations of a number of researchers stating that pollution has appeared in the Chadian capital, N'Djamena, as a result of the liquid waste being thrown out from some private and public sectors before being treated. This study is a follow-up to research, some of which have been published and some not yet completed. The current article was focused on the determination of some physicochemical characteristics of wastewater in the capital of Chad N’Djamena and to assess their environmental impact. These characteristics were: Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, TDS, Cu, Zn, Al, Fe, Mn, NO3-, PO43-, HCO3-, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and total dissolved solids. Samples were taken from four different effluent streams and analyzed according to the standard methods. The results of the evaluation were: pH (4.26 ± 0.06 - 8.57 ± 0.06), temperature (23.17 ± 0.21 - 33.60 ± 0.10°C), electrical conductivity [EC] (212 ± 0.01 - 1997 ± 10 µs/cm), the total dissolved solids TDS (1.42 ± 0.01 - 906.63 ± 1.21 mg/l), chemical oxygen demand COD (30 - 1170 mg/L), biological oxygen demand BOD (26 - 228 mg/L), Cu (0.11 - 6.20 mg/L), Zn (0.02 - 3.53 mg/L), Mn (0.003 - 6.77 mg/L), Al (0.10 -1.12 mg/L), Fe (0.39 - 3.43 mg/L), bicarbonate (23.67 - 853.33 mg/L), phosphate (0.023 - 333.67 mg/L) and nitrate (0.98 - 127.0 mg/L). These results revealed that the values of some parameters are exceeded the limit recommended by the World Health Organization for wastewater discharge. We conclude that this untreated wastewater are sources of pollution to the daily consumed legumes and vegetables.
Abstract: This research work was based on recommendations of a number of researchers stating that pollution has appeared in the Chadian capital, N'Djamena, as a result of the liquid waste being thrown out from some private and public sectors before being treated. This study is a follow-up to research, some of which have been published and some not yet comple...
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Extraction and Characterization of Biosilica from Raphia Africana Fruit Shells and Borassus aethiopum Leaves
Esther Nguumbur Iornumbe,
Orseer Sarwuan,
Raymond Ahulle Wuana
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 5, October 2021
Pages:
138-144
Received:
15 August 2021
Accepted:
1 September 2021
Published:
23 September 2021
Abstract: Agricultural wastes which include leaves, shells, husk, stalks, bagasse and ash of plants are often residues of processing or growing of raw agricultural products [1]. These wastes may contain materials that are beneficial to man despite their contribution to environmental pollution. Increase in human population has led to increase in agricultural expansion with exponential increase in waste generation [2]. Converting these wastes to useful forms is of great significance. In this study, biosilica was extracted from the ash of Borassus aethiopum leaves (BALA) and Raphia africana fruit shells (RASA) using precipitation method. The ashes obtained were characterized using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) were used to characterize the extracted silica. Morphology of the extracted biosilica using SEM revealed fine globules of various sizes formed from aggregates of biosilica at different magnifications: 150x, 500x and 1000x. FTIR spectra of the extracted biosilica revealed the presence of hydroxyl (OH), silanol (Si-O-H) and siloxane (Si-O-Si) functional groups recorded at absorption bands: 3395.6, 1636.3 and 1062.3 cm-1 respectively for BALA and 3388.2, 1640.0 and 1058.6 cm-1 respectively for RASA. XRF of the extracted biosilica showed two major peaks which correspond to the presence of silicon and oxygen atoms respectively. Percentage extraction of biosilica from the two precursors was between 70-90%. AAS result revealed that BALA had biosilica 67% while RASA showed 82% biosilica content. This study revealed that the leaves of BALA and fruit shells of RASA are good sources of silica and as such, converting waste to wealth thereby reducing green-house gases like CO2 released into the atmosphere when left to decompose naturally.
Abstract: Agricultural wastes which include leaves, shells, husk, stalks, bagasse and ash of plants are often residues of processing or growing of raw agricultural products [1]. These wastes may contain materials that are beneficial to man despite their contribution to environmental pollution. Increase in human population has led to increase in agricultural ...
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Anthelmintic and Antimicrobial Activities of Tannin Extracts of Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) Kuntze (Rubiaceae) and Combretum glutinosum Perr. ex DC (Combretaceae)
Eléonore Chikani Ladekan-Yayi,
Placide Mahougnan Toklo,
Durand Dah-Nouvlessounon,
Mahoudo Fidèle Assogba,
Steven Collins Njonté Wouamba,
Billy Toussie Tchegnitegni,
Géorcelin Goué Alowanou,
Lamine Baba-Moussa,
Sylvie Hounzangbe-Adote,
Bruno Ndjakou Lenta,
Siméon Fogue Kouam,
Gbenou Joachim Djimon
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 5, October 2021
Pages:
145-153
Received:
30 August 2021
Accepted:
15 September 2021
Published:
26 September 2021
Abstract: Combretum glutinosum and Mitragyna inermis are two plants used in Benin as a dewormer and antibiotic in traditional human and veterinary medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the both plants tannin extracts. The extracts were tested in vitro on Haemonchus contortus larvae and worms and on the growth of 11 reference strains by agar medium diffusion method. Their chemical compositions were determined by UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS. It was found that total tannins extracted from plant leaves showed a strong inhibition on H. contortus larvae and adult worms compared to the negative control. Concerning the antimicrobial activity, M. inermis extract had an effect only on Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a MIC of 2.5 mg/mL. C. glutinosum extract inhibited the growth of most microbial strains with MIC values ranging from 1.25 to 20 mg/mL. The DPPH test showed that the extracts of C. glutinosum (IC50 = 8.04 µg/mL) and M. inermis (IC50 = 11.21 µg/mL) have good antioxidant activity and these results are confirmed by the FRAP method. Four (4) compounds could be identified in the tannin extract of C. glutinosum and could explain its activities. The results obtained from this work revealed that the tannins extracted from C. glutinosum showed better anthelmintic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities compared to the extracts from M. inermis.
Abstract: Combretum glutinosum and Mitragyna inermis are two plants used in Benin as a dewormer and antibiotic in traditional human and veterinary medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the both plants tannin extracts. The extracts were tested in vitro on Haemonchus contortus larvae and worms and ...
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A Systematic Review of Biodiesel Production with Sustainable Feedstock Using Assorted Catalyst
Chinwe Priscilla Okonkwo,
Vincent Ishmael Egbulefu Ajiwe,
Matthew Chiemezie Obiadi,
Modestus Okwu
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 5, October 2021
Pages:
154-163
Received:
29 August 2021
Accepted:
28 September 2021
Published:
12 October 2021
Abstract: This research is focused on methodical appraisal and long lasting use of feed stocks for manufacture of biodiesel. Biodiesel is a good substitute to petroleum diesel because of its environmentally friendly constituents. They are renewable, sustainable with high oxygen content. Production of biodiesel form various feedstock’s using a suitable and affordable catalyst have also been reported in this review. They are produced by the reaction of a free fatty acid with an alcohol using a suitable catalyst at appropriate conditions with suitable parameters. Consideration of sundry or assorted materials for production of biodiesel became necessary in order to have an idea of quality yield of biodiesel from different materials. It is equally important to note that one of the most common input parameters for accelerating the yield of biodiesel is feed stocks. The most prevalent is catalyst, which vary for biodiesel production. There are various catalyst for biodiesel production ranging from base catalyst, acid catalyst and many more. This research delves into sustainable production of biodiesel from diverse categories and the effects of the produced biodiesel on the fuel properties. Various breakthroughs have been recorded from different researchers to increase biodiesel as a vital fuel for engines. In addition to its tremendous capacity to evacuate various problems from the environment like the greenhouse gases and global warming, they are also very affordable and renewable. Biodiesel will play a vital role in the energy investment and contribute tremendously to the increase in the local and industrial automobile economy for the future.
Abstract: This research is focused on methodical appraisal and long lasting use of feed stocks for manufacture of biodiesel. Biodiesel is a good substitute to petroleum diesel because of its environmentally friendly constituents. They are renewable, sustainable with high oxygen content. Production of biodiesel form various feedstock’s using a suitable and af...
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Sub-acute Oral Toxicity of Pancratium trianthum Herb. (Amaryllidaceae) Bulb’s Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts in Wistar Rat
Arnaud Davo,
Mahoudo Fidèle Assogba,
Judith Ahounou Aïkpe,
Djidénou Ahoton,
Djidénou Ahoton,
Eleonore Yayi Ladekan,
Joachim Djimon Gbenou
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 5, October 2021
Pages:
164-170
Received:
28 September 2021
Accepted:
18 October 2021
Published:
30 October 2021
Abstract: Pancratium trianthum Herb. is a herb whose leaves and seeds are reportedly highly toxic. However, the bulb is used in the form of aqueous decoctions, orally, in the treatment of cough and asthma in traditional medicine in southern Benin. The interest in the use of Pancratium trianthum Herb. bulb requires that an approach of its toxicity be undertaken in order to establish the safety of this treatment. Larval and acute toxicity tests were conducted. The larval toxicity test showed that the mortality of the larvae followed a dose-response relationship in that the number of dead larvae increased with increasing concentration using the logarithmic adjustment performed. For the acute toxicity test on rats, due to the doses administered and the treatments carried out, we obtained for the bulb of Pancratium trianthum Herb. an MTD of about 290 mg/kg.bw, an LD50 of 275 mg/kg.bw for the ethanolic extract and an LD50 of 365 mg/kg.bw for the aqueous extract. We thus retain that the bulb of Pancratium trianthum Herb. is not devoid of toxicity. It is slightly toxic and can be classified, especially its aqueous extract, as a product of category 4 of plant extracts according to the OECD guidelines (2008). However, these results reassure us about the safety of the plant when used at a suitable dose and the analysis of biochemical parameters further confirms the relative safety of the plant. Phytochemical studies revealed that the plant has a heterogeneity of chemical groups and a significant antioxidant activity, which could be responsible for its anti-asthmatic properties.
Abstract: Pancratium trianthum Herb. is a herb whose leaves and seeds are reportedly highly toxic. However, the bulb is used in the form of aqueous decoctions, orally, in the treatment of cough and asthma in traditional medicine in southern Benin. The interest in the use of Pancratium trianthum Herb. bulb requires that an approach of its toxicity be undertak...
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