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Salt Tolerance of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Varieties Grown Under Laboratory and Field Conditions
Fedoreyeva Larisa Ivanovna,
Besaliev Ishen Nasanovich,
Kononenko Neonila Vasilevna
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, December 2021
Pages:
74-80
Received:
13 April 2021
Accepted:
5 May 2021
Published:
5 November 2021
Abstract: High salt concentration limits plant growth. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is sensitive to toxic levels of mineral salts. Therefore, studies of the level of salt tolerance of various wheat varieties are of crucial importance. Plant resistance to stress factors is often controlled not by one, but by several factors. In this study, we carried out a thorough characterization of two wheat varieties, Uchitel and Orenburgskaya 22, which exhibit different levels of salt tolerance in laboratory and field conditions. The biomass of wheat cultivar Orenburgskaya 22 when grown in field conditions under salinity is higher than that of cultivar Uchitel, although the length of the root system decreases compared to cultivar Uchitel. The use of the methods of fluorescence and light-optical microscopy made it possible to obtain more complete information on the salt sensitivity of wheat. Variety Orenburgskaya 22 is more resistant to the negative effect of sodium chloride in comparison with variety Uchitel. The plant response to abiotic stress is a complex process in which many genes are involved. We analyzed the expression of genes for transporters (HKT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and MYB genes. Under the influence of sodium chloride, the level of expression of genes of the MYB family increased, while the level of expression of genes of the HKT family decreased in both Uchitel and Orenburgskaya 22 both in the laboratory and in the field. Our results indicate that in-depth analysis under various growing conditions is important for studying wheat tolerance to salt stress.
Abstract: High salt concentration limits plant growth. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is sensitive to toxic levels of mineral salts. Therefore, studies of the level of salt tolerance of various wheat varieties are of crucial importance. Plant resistance to stress factors is often controlled not by one, but by several factors. In this study, we carried out a thoro...
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Effect of Fresh and Fermented Olive Solid Waste and Cow Manure on Zinc Forms in Calcareous Soil and Wheat Plant Productivity
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, December 2021
Pages:
81-87
Received:
10 October 2020
Accepted:
21 October 2020
Published:
5 November 2021
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at the farm of Abu Jarash in Agricultural College, using different rates of olive solid waste and cow manure, as follows: (control, Mineral fertilizer +NPK, fresh olive solid waste100%, fresh olive solid waste 75%+ cow manure 25%, fresh olive solid waste 50%+ cow manure 50%, fermented olive solid waste 100%, fermented olive solid waste 75%+ cow manure 25%, fermented olive solid waste 50%+ cow manure 50%, cow manure 100%) the Zink ground fertilizers added for all previous treatments, and cultivation of wheat, the forms of zinc were followed by serial extraction and the study led to the following results: the fermented olive solid waste 100% treatment was Superiority in the amount of zinc forms as following: (total, soluble, exchanged, linked with carbonate, linked with organic matter linked with iron and manganese oxides and residual) the amounts of Zinc were (114.14, 0.19048, 1.0710, 6.329, 9.433, 21.04, 76.10) mg/kg in the same previous order. While the zinc values in the control treatment were (62.90, 0.03847, 0.6081, 3.29, 6.083, 15.03, 37.2) mg/kg for the same forms and in the same previous order. The fermented olive solid waste treatment 100% had the highest yield (5.980) ton/h. The control treatment had the lowest value (3.987) ton/h.
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at the farm of Abu Jarash in Agricultural College, using different rates of olive solid waste and cow manure, as follows: (control, Mineral fertilizer +NPK, fresh olive solid waste100%, fresh olive solid waste 75%+ cow manure 25%, fresh olive solid waste 50%+ cow manure 50%, fermented olive solid waste 100%, ferment...
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Stock Assessment of Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus from River Hadejia, Jigawa State
Kabir Muhammad,
Nasir Mudassir,
Tahir Abubakar Tahir,
Ashiru Rabi Muhammad,
Isah Zakar Muhammad,
Umar Auwal Malam Madori,
Ibrahim Umar
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, December 2021
Pages:
88-93
Received:
28 March 2021
Accepted:
10 May 2021
Published:
5 November 2021
Abstract: The study aimed at assessing the fisheries potentials of Hadejia River. Data on the captured of the fishes were collected over a period of five weeks using gill nets of various mesh sizes, with the assistance of the fishermen. A total of twenty five different fish species belonging to 14 families were identified. The family Cichlidae dominated the fish fauna with 54%. The families Claridae constituted 20%, while the others were the least with only 26%. The fish caught per day was about 1,308 from six landing sites, with 14 fishermen operating averagely from each site. The study also revealed that the river was partially over-fished. Fish samples were collected weekly for five weeks period, from the sampling station using fishing gears of various mesh sizes (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 centimeters), with the assistance of the fishermen. Fish samples were identify and weighed fresh, at landing sites to the nearest gram. Standard and total lengths were taken using a measuring board and also the diversity of fish recorded in this study indicates that the River has relatively high fish diversity. The number and biomass of fish caught during the study is considered high, when compared to other Nigerian Rivers. The sizes of fish recorded also indicate that the River is been over fished. It is therefore recommended that the government and other donor agencies should provide support for research and studies to collect analyze and synthesize information and harmonize existing policies, edicts and byelaws that conform to Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) principles, including establishing criteria for water use. The artisanal fishermen should also be encouraged to maintain the use of mesh size regulation.
Abstract: The study aimed at assessing the fisheries potentials of Hadejia River. Data on the captured of the fishes were collected over a period of five weeks using gill nets of various mesh sizes, with the assistance of the fishermen. A total of twenty five different fish species belonging to 14 families were identified. The family Cichlidae dominated the ...
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Formulation Design and in vitro-in vivo Evaluation of Sustained Release Aspirin Microparticles Based on PEGylated Lipids
Chekwube Andrew Ezegbe,
Salome Amarachi Chime,
Lydia Onyinyechi Ugorji,
Calister Elochukwu Ugwu,
Amarachi Kalu Agu,
Oluebube Chisom Onyia,
Godswill Onunkwo
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, December 2021
Pages:
94-103
Received:
10 November 2021
Accepted:
27 November 2021
Published:
2 December 2021
Abstract: Background: PEGylation is a strategy that on therapeutic molecules such as drugs, proteins and macromolecules, in order to improve their delivery. It has this unique property of increasing the size and molecular weight of biomolecules that are conjugated in nature in order to improve water solubility, reduction in renal clearance and protects the drug from enzymatic degradation. Objectives: The objectives of this work was to formulate sustained release aspirin-loaded solid lipid microparticles based on PEGylated lipid matrix, to evaluate the in-vitro properties of the SLM and to study the anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic properties of the SLM. Methods: Aspirin-loaded solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) were formulated by cold homogenization method. Furthermore, they were analyzed for the encapsulation efficiency, in-vitro release, particle size, anti-inflammatory and ulcer inhibition properties. Results: Particle size ranged from 9.36±2.63 to 16.77±5.80 µm for batches B1 to D1 SLMs loaded with 10% LM, 5% PEG 4000 and 0.25-1% aspirin respectively, while batches B2 to D2 formulated with 10% LM, 10% PEG and 0.25 -1% aspirin had particle size range of 9.09±4.03 to 15.71±10.09 µm. Batches D1 containing 1% of aspirin had the highest encapsulation efficiency of 58%. Maximum in-vitro release of 29.20% and 15.85% were obtained at 6 h for batches D1 and B2 respectively. SLMs showed an average of 66.67 – 83.3% oedema inhibition, while the reference had 50%, and ulcer inhibition of 75% for batch D1. Conclusion: Due to the good properties exhibited by the aspirin-loaded SLMS, they could be used for the treatment of inflammation.
Abstract: Background: PEGylation is a strategy that on therapeutic molecules such as drugs, proteins and macromolecules, in order to improve their delivery. It has this unique property of increasing the size and molecular weight of biomolecules that are conjugated in nature in order to improve water solubility, reduction in renal clearance and protects the d...
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Losses Caused by Stem Rust (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici) on Durum Wheat in Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, December 2021
Pages:
104-110
Received:
15 November 2021
Accepted:
30 November 2021
Published:
11 December 2021
Abstract: Stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici is one of the major biotic constraints of wheat production. The disease may cause substantial quantitative and qualitative yield losses but much of the work in Ethiopia on this pathosystem focuses on quantitative yield loss of durum wheat. This work was carried out at Debre Zeit Agriculture Research Centre during 2015/16 and 2016/17 main and off seasons. Hence the current study was conducted with the objectives to quantify the amount of loss in grain yield due to stem rust and assess the relationship between disease parameters, grain yield and physical quality parameters of improved durum wheat varieties grown in Ethiopia. Artificial inoculation was performed using a mixture of different dominant stem rust races. There were treated and untreated plots by fungicide that serves as protected and unprotected plots, respectively. Disease severity was recorded each 10 days interval and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), terminal severity and coefficient of infection were calculated. The tested cultivars exhibited different disease severity level, having the mean value of 6.7-76%. High values of area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) were detected on Hitossa, Utuba (1225.7, 585.9). Whereas the lowest values of yield loss were recorded on cvs. Mangudo and Utuba having the mean value of yield loss 40.2 and 44.8%, respectively. The highest yield loss was observed on susceptible variety Hitosa showing the mean value of 70%. Correlation coefficients were tested between yield losses and values of AUDPC, final stem rust severity, coefficient of infection and rate of infection of the tested cultivars. There was strong correlation coefficients among disease parameters (r=0.72-0.99). There was also moderate strong negative correlation coefficient among disease parameters and yield, hectoliter weight and 1000-kernel weight of the test cultivars (r=-0.53 to -0.81). The current study indicated that application of Rex Duo can be used in minimizing yield losses caused by stem rust disease of durum wheat. Therefore, supporting the released durum wheat cultivars with fungicide application is the most pertinent issue in Ethiopia as most of the durum wheat cultivars in farmers hand were moderately susceptible to susceptible cultivars Pgt races.
Abstract: Stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici is one of the major biotic constraints of wheat production. The disease may cause substantial quantitative and qualitative yield losses but much of the work in Ethiopia on this pathosystem focuses on quantitative yield loss of durum wheat. This work was carried out at Debre Zeit Agriculture Resear...
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Development of Stem Volume Equation for Urban Trees of Abomey-Calavi in Southern Benin (West Africa)
Erick Senademi Sogbossi,
Julien Gaudence Djego
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, December 2021
Pages:
111-120
Received:
14 November 2021
Accepted:
10 December 2021
Published:
24 December 2021
Abstract: Information on growing stock is important for understanding health assessment, environmental analysis, carbon storage estimation, and economic analysis of urban forest. The stand volume estimation enables the calculation of ecosystemic services value and growth stock of urban forests. However, most of volume models fitted for multiple species in tropical forests may not be suitable for urban trees. This study was conducted to develop generic volume models for urban trees in Abomey-Calavi at the southern Benin. A total of 1608 trees belonging to 80 plant species were measured for their diameter at breast height (DBH), stem height (h) and stem volume using non-destructive sampling methods. Using a nonlinear procedure, six volume models were constructed. Cross validation and Fit statistics like standard error of estimate (SEE), relative absolute error (RAE), root mean square error (RMSE), fit index (FI), Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Willmott’s agreement index (dw) were used to evaluate the efficiency and stability of different models. The six generic volume models developed in this study included both diameter and height. These models exhibited an absence of multicollinearity, with normal and homoscedastic residuals. Furthermore, they show high efficiency (IF > 0.997) and reduce of prediction errors (RMSE: 0.05388–0.06629 m3; RAE: 0.05186–0.06952), which ensuring stability in the estimates. However, the Model II was the best for predicting the stem volume of urban tree according to evaluation statistics and rank analysis. The models developed can provide stem volumes prediction with accurate estimations. Though, stem heights should be systematically measured. These models can contribute to assess the productivity of urban forests in order to pursue their sustainable management and planning.
Abstract: Information on growing stock is important for understanding health assessment, environmental analysis, carbon storage estimation, and economic analysis of urban forest. The stand volume estimation enables the calculation of ecosystemic services value and growth stock of urban forests. However, most of volume models fitted for multiple species in tr...
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