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Finding the Best Performing Pre-Trained CNN Model for Image Classification: Using a Class Activation Map to Spot Abnormal Parts in Diabetic Retinopathy Image
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 4, August 2021
Pages:
176-181
Received:
22 June 2021
Accepted:
5 July 2021
Published:
10 July 2021
Abstract: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common eye disease that people get from diabetes. About 33.7% of the people with diabetes have DR. With our datas, which are pictures of the eyeball with and without DR, we tried different convolutional neural network (CNN) models to get the best accuracy score. We tested our datas with a default CNN model, and 5 different pre-trained models: MobileNet, VGG16, VGG19, Inception V3, and Inception ResNet V2. The default CNN model didn’t perform very well, getting only 10.4%. The pre-trained model also didn’t perform as good as expected, so we decided to use GRU with the models, which increases the score. For the higher accuracy, we added bidirectional GRU to train the whole parameters in the model. The 5 different pre-trained models scored an average of 74.2% accuracy score, and Inception ResNet V2 with bidirectional GRU included scored the highest accuracy, achieving 83.57%. For additional study, we used a class activation map to spot the abnormal parts of the eyeball with DR, and we could spot abnormal veins and bleeding on the eyeball. However, our research has limitations on that we did not use the segmentation methods, which is more advanced technique compared to classification, such as U-net, Fully Convolutional Network (FCN), Deep Lab V3, and Feature Pyramid Network. Furthermore, even though our model classified 5 different classes, the fact that the highest accuracy score was lower than 90% is also a limitation. For further study, we would prepare a masking method for applying segmentation methods to our dataset.
Abstract: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common eye disease that people get from diabetes. About 33.7% of the people with diabetes have DR. With our datas, which are pictures of the eyeball with and without DR, we tried different convolutional neural network (CNN) models to get the best accuracy score. We tested our datas with a default CNN model, and 5 diff...
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Cluster and Principal Component Analysis of Semi-Dwarf Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] Recombinant Inbred Lines with Emphasis to Lodging
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 4, August 2021
Pages:
182-189
Received:
10 August 2021
Accepted:
21 August 2021
Published:
27 August 2021
Abstract: Tef is the main cereal crop widely produced and consumed in Ethiopia and preferred by millions of local smallholder farmers. It also gained recognition as a food crop in other parts of the world very recently due to its gluten-free grains and its nutritive value. Lodging is the major factor which greatly reduces both yields and quality of tef grain as well as the straw. The current study was conducted to group the lines as their similarities and assess the magnitude of genetic distances among them; then identify the contribution of individual traits for total variations. A total of 49 lines were evaluated for 16 traits using simple lattice design at Holetta and Debre Zeit in 2017 main rainy season. All the traits evaluated over the locations showed highly significant differences among the lines except fertile tiller per plant, while the lines x location interaction effect was highly significant for most of the traits evaluated. Cluster analysis grouped the lines into four clusters based on their similarity. The highest inter-cluster distance noted between clusters two and four while the lowest was between clusters one and four. Principal component analysis showed that about 77.6% of the gross variance among lines explained by five Principal components with eigenvalues greater than unity. This study revealed that four recombinant inbred lines had higher yield than local and standard checks. RIL# 14 showed highest grain yield, low lodging index and other desirable traits than all lines, which could base and strengthen future tef breeding if incorporated as plant material; especially for lodging problem.
Abstract: Tef is the main cereal crop widely produced and consumed in Ethiopia and preferred by millions of local smallholder farmers. It also gained recognition as a food crop in other parts of the world very recently due to its gluten-free grains and its nutritive value. Lodging is the major factor which greatly reduces both yields and quality of tef grain...
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Emerging Haemosporidian Infections in Village Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Yobe State, Nigeria
Jallailudeen Rabana Lawal,
Umar Isa Ibrahim,
Abdullahi Abubakar Biu,
Kasim Muhammed
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 4, August 2021
Pages:
190-196
Received:
21 June 2021
Accepted:
12 July 2021
Published:
27 August 2021
Abstract: In some parts of Nigeria, studies have revealed avian haemosporidian infections in village chickens, some of which are considered emerging parasitic infections because chickens are unnatural hosts. Infections may have occurred as a result of accidental cross-infection via infected haemophagus arthropod vectors. This study was carried out to determine the emerging avian haemosporidian infections in Village chickens in Yobe State, Nigeria using microscopy. Blood samples were collected from 2100 Village chickens in 7 Local Government Areas of Yobe State. Microscopy revealed an overall prevalence of 13.8% (290/2100) for avian haemosporidians comprising of Plasmodium with 13.9% (198/2100) and Haemoproteus 2.4% (55/2100) as single infections. Mixed infection of Plasmodium and Haemoproteus had a prevalence of 1.8% (37/1820). Male (9.9%) had a higher prevalence of avian haemosporidian infections than female chickens (4.0%). Adults (10.4%) had a higher prevalence than growers chickens (3.4%), and prevalence was higher in the rainy (9.3%) than the dry (4.5%) season of the study period. Detection of Haemoproteus specie in chickens in Yobe State is considered an emergent infection because chickens are not natural host to the parasite. It is therefore recommended that Village chicken producers should be educated on the risk factors and impacts of avian haemosporidian on bird productivity through frequent agricultural extension services. More research is needed to assess the frequency of avian haemosporidian infections in other poultry species in Nigeria, in order to better understand the disease's epidemiology and develop effective management and prevention strategies.
Abstract: In some parts of Nigeria, studies have revealed avian haemosporidian infections in village chickens, some of which are considered emerging parasitic infections because chickens are unnatural hosts. Infections may have occurred as a result of accidental cross-infection via infected haemophagus arthropod vectors. This study was carried out to determi...
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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Pasteurella multocida in Village Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
Jallailudeen Rabana Lawal,
Amina Ibrahim,
Muazu Ayuba,
Umar Isa Ibrahim
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 4, August 2021
Pages:
197-208
Received:
23 June 2021
Accepted:
10 July 2021
Published:
27 August 2021
Abstract: Pasteurella multocida is a highly contagious bacterial pathogen that causes cholera in chickens and water fowls. From September 2019 to February 2021, 600 samples, consisting of tracheal and cloacal swabs (300 samples each), were obtained from 300 seemingly healthy village chickens from households and live bird markets to evaluate the prevalence of P. multocida, test for its antibiotic susceptibility profile and multiple drug resistance patterns. Trachea and cloacal swabs collected were cultured on sheep blood agar and MacConkey agar, isolation and identification was based on morphological characteristics. Prevalence was higher in chickens sampled from live birds’ markets (27.0%) than those from households (16.3%), and higher in hens (13.3%) than in cocks (8.7%). Pure culture colonies were characterized using biochemical test and isolates identified by biochemical characterization were further subjected to Microbact GNB 24E test. Twenty three pure isolates of P. multocida were recovered, eighteen found in the trachea, and five in the cloaca, with an overall prevalence of 21.7%. Disk diffusion approach was used to assess in vitro susceptibility of isolates to 18 different antimicrobial agents. Isolates demonstrated multidrug-resistant to 15 of the antimicrobial compounds used. Antibiogram showed isolates to be extremely susceptible to ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, and neomycin, and total resistant to erythromycin, amoxicillin/clavulinate, cefuroxime, ampicillin, enrofloxacin, tylosin, and furasol. Isolation of Pasteurella multocida from healthy village chickens, indicates they are carriers of the pathogen and that the bacterium has multidrug resistance. To control fowl cholera, it is also recommended that field veterinarians conduct sensitivity tests prior to administering antibiotics.
Abstract: Pasteurella multocida is a highly contagious bacterial pathogen that causes cholera in chickens and water fowls. From September 2019 to February 2021, 600 samples, consisting of tracheal and cloacal swabs (300 samples each), were obtained from 300 seemingly healthy village chickens from households and live bird markets to evaluate the prevalence of...
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A Novel Fast and Efficient Approach to Purify the Thrombin-like Enzyme from Two Bothrops-genus Snake Venoms
Mauricio Aurelio Gomes Heleno,
Edda Evnet Newball-Noriega,
Salomón Huancahuire-Vega,
Rui Seabra Ferreira Júnior,
Benedito Barraviera
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 4, August 2021
Pages:
209-218
Received:
24 June 2021
Accepted:
20 July 2021
Published:
31 August 2021
Abstract: Snake venoms are important sources of complex substances with a variety of pharmacological activities. Among them serine proteinases (SVSPs) have important effects on the hemostatic system influencing the hemodynamic of human or animal blood. Bothrops genus-snake venoms are rich in the thrombin-like enzyme, a type of SVSPs, with great interest to produce medicine. Therefore, the aim of this work was to describe a rapid, only two-step chromatographic-procedure developed to perform a faster purification of SVSPs from Bothrops alternatus and Bothrops moojeni venoms. As a result, two groups of serine proteinases respectively BaIII-4 - 8 and BmIII-2 - 5, were isolated and their molecular masses estimated by mass spectrometry and SDS-PAGE under denaturing conditions. The SVTLEs isolated from B. alternatus (BaIII-3 - 8) and B. moojeni (BmIII-2 - 5) fractions displayed apparent molecular mass around 30-40 kDa which closely relates to SVTLEs from other Bothrops species, as well their amino acid partial sequence triptych ions. Analysis of the alignment of the amino acid residue sequences of the N-terminal of the isolated proteins revealed a high level of identity with other SVTLEs. These enzymes coagulated plasma and showed fibrinogenolytic activity in blood. These SVTLEs isolated can be considered α-fibrinogenase mainly due to the fact that they hydrolyze the Aα chain fibrinogen. B. moojeni SVTLE showed greater activity than those from B. alternatus isolated. This new purification alternative approach developed was faster and more economical than the traditional process currently used. Faster purification and improved extraction yield can provide new insights into these enzymes including the use as a candidate molecule in the production of new drugs.
Abstract: Snake venoms are important sources of complex substances with a variety of pharmacological activities. Among them serine proteinases (SVSPs) have important effects on the hemostatic system influencing the hemodynamic of human or animal blood. Bothrops genus-snake venoms are rich in the thrombin-like enzyme, a type of SVSPs, with great interest to p...
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The Challenges of Delta Variant of Coronavirus and Indian Vaccinations Can Envision the Coronavirus and Its Effects
Jitendra Malviya,
Arvind Parmar,
Lokesh Parmar,
Roshni Khan,
Rituja Roy,
Sushmita Kanade,
Prince Giri,
Balram Rathore
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 4, August 2021
Pages:
219-229
Received:
6 June 2021
Accepted:
7 August 2021
Published:
31 August 2021
Abstract: Since the outbreak of the novel corona virus disease COVID-19, precipitated by way of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, this sickness has unfolded hastily round the globe. Considering the practicable risk of a pandemic, scientists and medical doctors have been racing to apprehend this new virus and the pathophysiology of this disorder to discover feasible therapy regimens and find out fantastic therapeutic sellers and vaccines. To guide the cutting-edge lookup and development, CAS has produced a extraordinary record to furnish an overview of posted scientific statistics with an emphasis on patents in the CAS content material collection. It highlights antiviral techniques involving small molecules and biologics concentrated on complicated molecular interactions concerned in corona virus contamination and replication. The drug-repurposing effort documented herein focuses principally on dealers recognized to be superb in opposition to different RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. The current secondary data have been chosen for the study while text 16 research articles to focus the study. The review is focus on that the challenges of coronaviruses and the new strains in Indian population due to constantly virus has changed through mutation appeared and disappeared too the more diverse and spread easily and resistant to treatments or vaccines. The vaccination in India is slow rate due to unavailability of the raw materials; the two Indian vaccine development companies have not able to provided vaccines as per the requirement. Unawareness has also been a biggest problem to the pandemic situation in the second wave of the coronavirus with new variants. The present study is deals with the challenges of new variants of coronavirus; the conditions of health system; Crisis of medicine, oxygen cylinder, failure of management increase more cases and finally the vaccination process; management and availability.
Abstract: Since the outbreak of the novel corona virus disease COVID-19, precipitated by way of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, this sickness has unfolded hastily round the globe. Considering the practicable risk of a pandemic, scientists and medical doctors have been racing to apprehend this new virus and the pathophysiology of this disorder to discover feasible ther...
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