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On the Classification of Certain Unitary Division Algebras

Received: 15 September 2025     Accepted: 28 September 2025     Published: 22 October 2025
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Abstract

Nonassociative division algebras play a significant role in Physics and Communications. The finite nonassociative division algebras have a vast range of applications on coding theory, combinatorics and graph theory. This paper deals with a class of finite structures known as division algebras. For a long time division algebras have been studied from a geometric point of view, since they coordinatize certain types of projective planes as an important part of finite geometric incidence. But recent results relating division algebras and coding theory (and also the study of Generalized Galois Rings) have stimulated the study of these rings from a strictly algebraic point of view. This paper follows the second path. Let A be a unital division algebra of order of q4, q is an odd prime power greater than 3. We assume that A admits an elementary abelian automorphism group E acting freely on A, i.e A≌𝔽q[E]. The purpose of this paper is to classify this class of division algebras. In addition, we compute a bound for q and deduce relations among certain structure constants for the quartics associated with A. These relations determine A completely. To achieve these objectives an algebraic geometric approach which is mainly based on the prominent results namely Hasse-Weil theorem and Chevalley-Wraring theorem and the work of Menichetti on n-dimensional algebras over fields of cyclic extensions of degree n.

Published in Applied and Computational Mathematics (Volume 14, Issue 5)
DOI 10.11648/j.acm.20251405.12
Page(s) 264-271
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Unital Division Algebaras, Hasse-Weil, Quartic Forms, Chevalley-Warning

References
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[2] Al-Ali Bani-Ata, M.: Semifields as free modules, Quarterly Journal of Mathematics, 62(1) (2011), 1-6.
[3] Al-Ali Bani-Ata, M. Alnouty, R.: On semifields of order q4, with center 𝔽q, admitting a Klein 4 -group of automorphisms, Studia Scientarium Mathematicarium Hungarica, 51(1) (2014), 121-132.
[4] Al-Ali Bani-Ata, M. Al Rashed, M.: On certain finite dimensional algebras over finite fields, Beiträge zur Algebra und Geometrie 58 (2017), 195-200.
[5] Al-Ali Bani-Ata, M.: Exhaustive construction of four-dimensional unital division algebras over finite fields with Kleinian automorphism groups, Beiträge zur Algebraund Geometrie, 60 (2019), 111-122.
[6] Al-Ali Bani-Ata, M. Neumann, Rawashdeh, A. Hering, C.: On the existence of semifields of prime power order admitting free antomorphism groups. Journal of Geometry, 86(1-2) (2007), 1-5.
[7] Al-Ali Bani-Ata M. Aldhafeeri, S. Belgacem, F. Laila, M.: On four-dimensional unital division algebras over finite fields. Algebras and representation theory. 18(1) (2015), 215-220.
[8] Artin, E.: Galois theory. Notre Dame, Indiana (1959).
[9] Bach, E.: Weil bounds for singular curves, Applicable algebra in Engineering, Communication and Computing, 7 (1996), 289-298.
[10] Dieterich, E.: Zur Klassification 4-dimensional reeller Divisions algebren. Math. Nachr. 194 (1998), 13-22.
[11] Dieterich, E.: Classification, automorphism groups and categorical structure of the two-dimensional real division algebras. J. Algebra Appl. 4 (2005). 517-538.
[12] Dieterich, E. Öhman, J.: On the classification of 4-dimensional quadratic division algebras over square-ordered fields. J. London Math. Soc. 65 (2002). 285-302.
[13] Dieterich, E.: On four -dimensional unital division algebras over fields of characteristic not 2, arXiv: (1908).068 11v1[Maath.RA], (19 Aug 2019).
[14] Ebert, G. L. Marino, G. Polverino, O. Trombetti, R.: Semifields in class F4(a), The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics 16 (2009), #R53.
[15] Hirschfeld, J. W. P. Korchmaros, G. and Torres, F.: The number of points on an algebraic curve over finite field. London Math.Soc. Lecture Notes Series 316, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2007), 175-200.
[16] Hirschfeld, J. W. P. Korchmaros, F. Torres, F.: Algebraic curves over a finite field, Princeton University Press, 2008.
[17] Hering, C.: Fibrations in free modules, IX Latin American school of Mathematics: Algebra (Spanish) (Santiago de Chile, 1988), Notas Soc. Mat. Chile 10(1) (1991), 151-163.
[18] Korchmaros, G.: Problems and results in PG(2,q), Electronic Notes in Discrete Mathematics, 40 (2013), 181-187.
[19] Lang, S. Weil, A.: Number of points of variaties in finite fields, Amer. J. Math. 76 (1954) 819-827.
[20] Menichetti, G.: n-dimensional algebras over a field with a cyclic extension of degree n, Geometria Dedicata 63(1996), 69-94.
[21] Schaeffer, H. J, personal communication, Institute of Mathematics, Tuebingen University, Germany, (August 2019).
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    Aldhafeeri, S., Alajmi, K., Bani-Ata, M. A. (2025). On the Classification of Certain Unitary Division Algebras. Applied and Computational Mathematics, 14(5), 264-271. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.acm.20251405.12

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    Aldhafeeri, S.; Alajmi, K.; Bani-Ata, M. A. On the Classification of Certain Unitary Division Algebras. Appl. Comput. Math. 2025, 14(5), 264-271. doi: 10.11648/j.acm.20251405.12

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    AMA Style

    Aldhafeeri S, Alajmi K, Bani-Ata MA. On the Classification of Certain Unitary Division Algebras. Appl Comput Math. 2025;14(5):264-271. doi: 10.11648/j.acm.20251405.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.acm.20251405.12,
      author = {Shuaa Aldhafeeri and Khaled Alajmi and Mashhour Al-Ali Bani-Ata},
      title = {On the Classification of Certain Unitary Division Algebras
    },
      journal = {Applied and Computational Mathematics},
      volume = {14},
      number = {5},
      pages = {264-271},
      doi = {10.11648/j.acm.20251405.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.acm.20251405.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.acm.20251405.12},
      abstract = {Nonassociative division algebras play a significant role in Physics and Communications. The finite nonassociative division algebras have a vast range of applications on coding theory, combinatorics and graph theory. This paper deals with a class of finite structures known as division algebras. For a long time division algebras have been studied from a geometric point of view, since they coordinatize certain types of projective planes as an important part of finite geometric incidence. But recent results relating division algebras and coding theory (and also the study of Generalized Galois Rings) have stimulated the study of these rings from a strictly algebraic point of view. This paper follows the second path. Let A be a unital division algebra of order of q4, q is an odd prime power greater than 3. We assume that A admits an elementary abelian automorphism group E acting freely on A, i.e A≌𝔽q[E]. The purpose of this paper is to classify this class of division algebras. In addition, we compute a bound for q and deduce relations among certain structure constants for the quartics associated with A. These relations determine A completely. To achieve these objectives an algebraic geometric approach which is mainly based on the prominent results namely Hasse-Weil theorem and Chevalley-Wraring theorem and the work of Menichetti on n-dimensional algebras over fields of cyclic extensions of degree n.},
     year = {2025}
    }
    

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    AB  - Nonassociative division algebras play a significant role in Physics and Communications. The finite nonassociative division algebras have a vast range of applications on coding theory, combinatorics and graph theory. This paper deals with a class of finite structures known as division algebras. For a long time division algebras have been studied from a geometric point of view, since they coordinatize certain types of projective planes as an important part of finite geometric incidence. But recent results relating division algebras and coding theory (and also the study of Generalized Galois Rings) have stimulated the study of these rings from a strictly algebraic point of view. This paper follows the second path. Let A be a unital division algebra of order of q4, q is an odd prime power greater than 3. We assume that A admits an elementary abelian automorphism group E acting freely on A, i.e A≌𝔽q[E]. The purpose of this paper is to classify this class of division algebras. In addition, we compute a bound for q and deduce relations among certain structure constants for the quartics associated with A. These relations determine A completely. To achieve these objectives an algebraic geometric approach which is mainly based on the prominent results namely Hasse-Weil theorem and Chevalley-Wraring theorem and the work of Menichetti on n-dimensional algebras over fields of cyclic extensions of degree n.
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