Research Article | | Peer-Reviewed

New Theorems Solving Fifth Degree Polynomial Equation in Complete Forms by Proposing New Five Roots Composed of Radical Expressions

Received: 20 February 2024     Accepted: 6 March 2024     Published: 2 April 2024
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

This paper is presenting new theorems and formulas to solve fifth degree polynomial equation in general forms by proposing five formulary solutions that we can calculate nearly simultaneously. The proposed roots for fifth degree polynomial in this paper are composed of radical expressions distributed in a specific architecture that allows them to neutralize each other during multiplication by eliminating radicality and reducing degrees of terms. The proposed architecture for each solution of quantic polynomial is composed of at least six distributed terms, where each term is a multiplication of a pair of radical expressions, whereas multiplications among proposed terms is allowing the reduction of degrees in order to obtain a quartic form at maximum. Furthermore, the proposed architectures of radical roots in this paper are allowing also to solve polynomial equations with degrees higher than five by reducing their expressions. As a result, this paper is presenting two new theorems to solve quantic equation in general forms, where one theorem is eliminating the expression of fourth degree then reducing the whole fifth degree equation into a simplified form, whereas the other new theorem is solving the quantic equation without eliminating the expression of fourth degree. All proposed theorems in this paper are built on a scaling logic concretized by engineering the structure of solutions then calculating the precise formulas of roots for equations, which allow to calculate all roots nearly simultaneously and forward the used engineering methodology to solve polynomial equations with degrees higher than five.

Published in American Journal of Applied Mathematics (Volume 12, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajam.20241201.12
Page(s) 9-23
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Engineered Root Architectures, New Five Solutions, New Theorems, Roots Nearly Simultaneous Calculation, Solving Fifth Degree Polynomial

1. Introduction
Developing the expressions of formulary solutions to solve nth degree polynomial equations has been an enigmatic problem over hundreds of years to mathematicians, where many research attempts concluded to the impossibility of elaborating unified solution formulas for equations with degrees equal or higher than fifth degree by using radicals. However, finding breakthroughs to structure universal radical solutions is a living hope to solve quantic equations and above.
Solving quantic polynomial equations in general forms has been center of focus over centuries, because they presented a main problematic axe in many fields. Many adopted approaches to solve quantic equations majorly concluded to the impossibility of elaborating universal formulary expressions by using radicals as solutions, whereas others relied on treating resolvable quantic equations or reducing specific forms of fifth degree polynomials to other expressions with inferior degrees. However, developing new approaches where the scientific methodology is the principal goal, rather than aiming the discovery of specific expressions as solutions, may bring new results.
Even though solving quantic equations by using unified expressions is the center of focus in our research, developing new formulary solutions for fourth degree polynomial equations in general forms was always appealing to attention, because discovering new solution expressions for quartic equations might bring a breakthrough to express universal solutions for fifth degree polynomials by using radical expressions.
This article presents specific results of a large research in mathematic science by proposing five new formulary solutions for any fifth-degree polynomial equation in general form with real coefficients. The developed formulary solutions for fifth degree polynomials are based on new formulary expressions as solutions for fourth degree equations, which are also proposed in this paper within a new theorem.
This paper attacks the problem of solving polynomial equations of nth degree, where n=4 and n=5, with a detailed manner basing on extendable logic, which enables to structure new theorems by scaling from solving quartic equations upward solving quantic equations by using radicals.
Lodovico Ferrari discovered a principal solution for quartic polynomial equations in the sixteen-century (1540), but since his discovery required having a breakthrough to solve cubic equations, which was not published yet by Gerolamo Cardano, Lodovico Ferrari could not publish his elaborated solution for fourth degree polynomials immediately. In the book Ars Magna , which was published by Ferrari’s mentor (Gerolamo Cardano), the discovered quartic solution by Lodovico Ferrari was published along with the cubic solution.
The proposed cubic solution by Cardano for third degree polynomials under the form x3+px+q=0 helps Ferrari’s quartic solution to solve fourth degree polynomial equations by reducing them to the second degree. However, the elaborated solution by Ferrari does not directly help to, properly; define the four roots of any fourth degree polynomial simultaneously. The proposed method by Cardano for cubic equations was also the base to solve particular forms of nth degree polynomials; such as by giving radical expressions under the form na+b+na-b for n=2,3,4, …, etc. .
There are also other proposed roots and elaborated methods to solve quartic equations such as Galois’s method , Lagrange’s method , algebraic geometry , Descartes’s method and Euler’s solution .
Through the history of mathematics, the proposed solution by Cardano for cubic equations was always essential as base ground for further research about solving polynomial equations of fourth degree and above , such as trying to prove that quantic equations do not accept quadratic expressions as potential solutions, which is further discussed in . Nevertheless, in the results of this paper, the proposed five solutions for fifth degree polynomial equations are structured by using the proposed four roots for quartic equations in Theorem 1, where we include the expressions of quadratic roots as subparts of each solution.
There are also other recent researches dedicated to solve fourth degree polynomials where the used methods are based on reducing the expressions of equations , whereas other researches are relying on using algorithms and numerical analysis to find the roots of polynomial equations with degrees higher than four .
In the published paper by Tschirnhaus , he proposed an innovative method to solve polynomial equation Pn(x) of nth degree by transforming it into a reduced expression Qn(y) with fewer terms by extending the idea of Descartes; in which a polynomial of nth degree is reducible by removing its term in degree (n-1). The projection of this method on quantic equations is more detailed in .
There are other papers treating resolvable quantic polynomials basing on radical expressions , where the description of specific characteristics which determine whether a fifth-degree polynomial may accept roots with radical expressions or not .
The advantage of this paper is proposing five formulary solutions for any form of fifth degree polynomial equations with real coefficients, and thereby having the possibility to calculate the five roots of any quantic equation nearly simultaneously. The developed solutions for fifth degree polynomial equations in this paper are based on new solutions for fourth degree polynomials in general forms, where we propose four formulary expressions as roots for any quartic equation.
As a result, this paper is presenting two new theorems to solve fifth degree polynomial equations in general forms where the possibility of calculating all five roots nearly simultaneously. The first new theorem is solving quantic equation after eliminating the quartic term, whereas the second theorem is solving the quantic equation directly without eliminating the quartic term.
The two new theorems in this paper are based on an engineered methodology to structure radical solutions for polynomial equations of nth degree. We developed this structuring methodology to solve quartic equations , then we forwarded the methodology in this paper by expanding the engineered structures of roots to solve fifth degree polynomial equations in complete forms.
Because the presented content in this paper is original, and there are many new proposed mathematical expressions and new formulas related in a scaling manner basing on extendable logic; every expressed formula will be proved mathematically and used to build the rest of content, and we will go through them by logical analysis and deduction basing on structured development.
This paper is structured as follow: section 2 where we propose new solutions for fourth degree polynomial equation in general form, section 3 where we propose new five formulary solutions for fifth degree polynomial equation in general form, and section 4 for conclusion.
2. New Four Solutions for Fourth Degree Polynomial Equation in General Form
This section presents new unified formulary solutions for fourth degree polynomial equations in general form (Eq. 1) along with their proof. The used logic and expressions in the proof of this section is essential to prove the proposed theorems in section 3.

2.1. Introduction on First Proposed Theorem

In this subsection, we propose a new theorem to resolve fourth degree polynomial equations that may be presented as shown in (Eq. 1).
The expressions of proposed solutions are dependent on the value of 8b3a3 -32cba2 +64da.
We are proposing four solutions for  8b3a3 -32cba2 +64da<0, four solutions for  8b3a3 -32cba2 +64da>0 and four solutions for 8b3a3 -32cba2 +64da=0.
The proposed solutions for  8b3a3 -32cba2 +64da<0,  8b3a3 -32cba2 +64da>0 and for 8b3a3 -32cba2 +64da=0 are expressed by using y0,1 in (Eq. 17), P in (Eq. 6) and Q in (Eq. 6).
The proof of this theorem is presented in an independent subsection, because it integrates long mathematical expressions.

2.2. Theorem 1

A fourth degree polynomial equation under the expressed form in (Eq. 1), where coefficients belong to the group of numbers R and 0, has four solutions.
ax4+bx3+cx2+dx+e=0 with a0     (1)
If  8b3a3 -32cba2 +64da<0, and by using the expressions of y0,1 in (Eq. 17), P in (Eq. 6) and Q in (Eq. 6):
1. Solution 1: S1,1 in expression (Eq. 35);
2. Solution 2: S1,2 in expression (Eq. 36);
3. Solution 3: S1,3 in expression (Eq. 37);
4. Solution 4: S1,4 in expression (Eq. 38).
If  8b3a3 -32cba2 +64da>0, and by using the expressions of y0,1 in (Eq. 17), P in (Eq. 6) and Q in (Eq. 6):
1. Solution 1: S2,1 in expression (Eq. 39);
2. Solution 2: S2,2 in expression (Eq. 40);
3. Solution 3: S2,3 in expression (Eq. 41);
4. Solution 4: S2,4 in expression (Eq. 42).
If  8b3a3 -32cba2 +64da=0, and by using the expressions of y0,1 in (Eq. 28), P in (Eq. 6) and Q in (Eq. 6):
1. Solution 1: S3,1 in expression (Eq. 43);
2. Solution 2: S3,2 in expression (Eq. 44);
3. Solution 3: S3,3 in expression (Eq. 45);
4. Solution 4: S3,4 in expression (Eq. 46).

2.3. Proof of Theorem 1

By dividing the polynomial (Eq. 1) on the coefficient a, we have the next form:
x4+bax3+cax2 +dax +ea=0 with a0   (2)
We suppose that x is expressed as shown in (Eq. 3):
x=-ba+y4 (3)
We replace x with supposed expression in (Eq. 3) to reduce the form of presented polynomial in (Eq. 2). Thereby, we have the presented expression in (Eq. 4).
y4 +y2 -6ba2+16ca+y8ba3-32cba2+64da-3ba4+16cb2a3-64dba2+256ea=0    (4)
To simplify the expression of polynomial equation in (Eq. 4), we replace the expressions of used coefficients as shown in (Eq. 5) where the values of those coefficients are defined in (Eq. 6).
y4+Py2+Qy+R=0       (5)
P=-6ba2+16ca; Q=8ba3-32cba2+64da; R=-3ba4+16cb2a3-64dba2+256ea    (6)
To solve the shown polynomial equation in (Eq. 5), we propose new expressions for the variable y; expressions (Eq. 7) and (Eq. 8):
for Q0: y=y0 +y1+y2   (7)
for Q0: y=-y0 -y1-y2       (8)
We propose the expressions (Eq. 9) and (Eq. 10) for y1 and y2 successively, in condition of y00. These expressions of y1 and y2 are based on quadratic solutions.
y1=-P2+y02+P2+y022-Q264y0      (9)
y2=-P2+y02-P2+y022-Q264y0        (10)
To reduce the expression of equation (Eq. 5) and find a way to solve it, we propose the following expressions for the coefficients P and Q:
-2[y02+y12+y22 ]=P (11)
For Q0: -8y0y1y2=Q  (12)
For Q0: 8y0y1y2=Q (13)
In the following calculation, we replace the variable y with the expression (Eq. 7) where we suppose Q<0, and we replace P and Q with their shown expressions in (Eq. 11) and (Eq. 12):
y4 +Py2 +Qy+R=-y04 +y14+y24+2y02y12+y02y22+y12y22 +R
=-y02 + y12+y222+4y02y12+y02y22+y12y22 +R
= 4- y0 P2+ y0 +Q264y0 + R-P24=0
-y02 +y12+y222+4y02y12+y02y22+y12y22 +R=0 y03+P2y02+P2-4R16y0 -Q264=0 (14)
To solve the resulted expression in (Eq. 14), we use Cardan’s solution for third degree polynomial equations.
For w3+cw+d=0: w= -d2+d22+c333 +-d2-d22+c333        (15)
For y3+by2+cy+d=0, we use the form y=-b+w3, and we suppose D=27d+2b3-9cb and C=9c-3b2 to express the cubic solution as follow:
y=-b3 +13-D2 +D22+C333+13-D2-D22+C333          (16)
By using the expression (Eq. 16), the solutions of third degree polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 14) are y0,1 in (Eq. 17), y0,2 in (Eq. 18) and y0,3 in (Eq. 19), where P;=P2, R;=-27Q2-2P3+72PR64 and Q;=-3P2+36R16.
y0,1=-P;3 +13-R;2 +R;22+Q;33 3+13-R;2-R;22+Q;33 3       (17)
In condition of y0,10, y0,2 and y0,3 are as follow:
y0,2=-P2+y0,12+P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1       (18)
y0,3=-P2+y0,12-P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1       (19)
We deduce that when y0 takes the value y0,1, the value of y0,2 is equal to the shown value of y1 in (Eq. 9), and the value of y0,3 is equal to the shown value of y2 in (Eq. 10).
There are three other possible expressions for y which respect the proposition -8y0y1y2=Q when Q 0, and they give the same results of calculations toward having the shown third degree polynomial in (Eq. 14). Thereby, they give the same values for roots y0,1, y0,2 and y0,3. These three expressions are y=-y0 -y1+y2, y=-y0 +y1-y2 and y=y0 -y1-y2.
By using the shown expressions in (Eq. 6) and (Eq. 17), the solutions of presented fourth degree polynomial equation in (Eq. 5) when 8ba3-32cba2+64da<0 are as shown in (Eq. 20), (Eq. 21), (Eq. 22) and (Eq. 23).
Solution 1: s1,1=y0,1+-P2+y0,12+P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1 +-P2+y0,12-P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1       (20)
Solution 2: s1,2=-y0,1--P2+y0,12+P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1 +-P2+y0,12-P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1       (21)
Solution 3: s1,3=-y0,1+-P2+y0,12+P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1--P2+y0,12-P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1       (22)
Solution 4: s1,4=y0,1--P2+y0,12+P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1--P2+y0,12-P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1       (23)
There are three other possible expressions for y which respect the proposition 8y0y1y2=Q when Q 0, and they give the same third degree polynomial shown in (Eq. 14) after calculations. These three expressions are y=-y0 +y1+y2, y=y0 -y1+y2 and y=y0 +y1-y2.
By using the shown expressions in (Eq. 6) and (Eq. 17), the solutions of presented fourth degree polynomial equation in (Eq. 5) when 8ba3 -32cba2+64da>0 are as shown in (Eq. 24), (Eq. 25), (Eq. 26) and (Eq. 27).
Solution 1: s2,1=-y0,1--P2+y0,12+P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1--P2+y0,12-P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1      (24)
Solution 2: s2,2=-y0,1+-P2+y0,12+P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1 +-P2+y0,12-P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1     (25)
Solution 3: s2,3=y0,1--P2+y0,12+P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1 +-P2+y0,12-P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1  (26)
Solution 4: s2,4=y0,1+-P2+y0,12+P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1--P2+y0,12-P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1  (27)
Concerning 8ba3 -32cba2+64da=0:
The expression of y0,1 is as shown in (Eq. 28) where P;=P2, R;=-2P3+72PR64 and Q;=-3P2+36R16, whereas y0,2 and y0,3 are as shown in (Eq. 29) and (Eq. 30).
y0,1=-P;3 +13-R;2 +R;22+Q;333+13-R;2-R;22+Q;333          (28)
y0,2=-P2+y0,12+P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1=0 or y0,2=-P2+y0,1          (29)
y0,3=-P2+y0,12-P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1=-P2+y0,1or y0,3=0   (30)
Because of having either of the expressions y0,2=0 or (y0,3=0), and having the intersection between the forms (Eq. 7) and (Eq. 8) for Q=0 (y=y0 +y1+y2 for Q ≤ 0 and y=-y0-y1-y2 for Q0), there are four solutions for the polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 5) and they are as shown in (Eq. 31), (Eq. 32), (Eq. 33) and (Eq. 34).
Solution 1: s3,1=y0,1+-P2+y0,1    (31)
Solution 2: s3,2=-y0,1--P2+y0,1    (32)
Solution 3: s3,3=-y0,1+-P2+y0,1    (33)
Solution 4: s3,4=y0,1--P2+y0,1    (34)
When we give the value y0,1 in (Eq. 17) to y0, the values of y0,2 in (Eq. 18) and y0,3 in (Eq. 19) are equal to the shown values of y1 in (Eq. 9) and y3 in (Eq. 10) respectively. Thereby, even when we replace the value of y0,1 in the expressions of proposed solutions by the values of y0,2 or y0,3, the results are only redundancies of proposed solutions, because the value of P in the precedent expressions and in the proposed solutions is as follow:
P2=-y02+y12+y22=-y0,12+y0,22+y0,32.
In order to solve the polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 2), we use the expression x=-ba+y4 where y is the unknown variable in polynomial equation (Eq. 5). By using expressions (Eq. 6) and (Eq. 17) for 8ba3-32cba2+64da<0, the solutions for equation (Eq. 1) are as shown in (Eq. 35), (Eq. 36), (Eq. 37) and (Eq. 38).
Solution 1: S1,1=-b4a+14y0,1+14-P2+y0,12+P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1 +14-P2+y0,12-P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1    (35)
Solution 2: S1,2=-b4a-14y0,1-14-P2+y0,12+P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1 +14-P2+y0,12-P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1    (36)
Solution 3: S1,3=-b4a-14y0,1+14-P2+y0,12+P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1 -14-P2+y0,12-P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1    (37)
Solution 4: S1,4=-b4a+14y0,1-14-P2+y0,12+P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1 -14-P2+y0,12-P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1    (38)
By using the expression x=-ba+y4 while relying on shown expressions in (Eq. 6) and (Eq. 17) for 8ba3-32cba2+64da>0, the proposed solutions for equation (Eq. 1) are as shown in (Eq. 39), (Eq. 40), (Eq. 41) and (Eq. 42).
Solution 1: S2,1=-b4a-14y0,1-14-P2+y0,12+P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1 -14-P2+y0,12-P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1    (39)
Solution 2: S2,2=-b4a-14y0,1+14-P2+y0,12+P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1+14-P2+y0,12-P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1    (40)
Solution 3: S2,3=-b4a+14y0,1-14-P2+y0,12+P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1+14-P2+y0,12-P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1    (41)
Solution 4: S2,4=-b4a+14y0,1+14-P2+y0,12+P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1-14-P2+y0,12-P2+y0,122-Q264y0,1    (42)
By using the expression x=-ba+y4 while relying on expressions (Eq. 6) and (Eq. 28) for 8ba3-32cba2+64da=0, the proposed solutions for equation (Eq. 1) are as shown in (Eq. 43), (Eq. 44), (Eq. 45) and (Eq. 46).
Solution 1: S3,1=-b4a+14y0,1+14-P2+y0,1      (43)
Solution 2: S3,2=-b4a-14y0,1-14-P2+y0,1  (44)
Solution 3: S3,3=-b4a-14y0,1+14-P2+y0,1   (45)
Solution 4: S3,4=-b4a+14y0,1-14-P2+y0,1   (46)
3. New Five Formulary Solutions for Quantic Polynomial Equation in General Form
In this section, we propose five new formulary solutions for fifth degree polynomial equation in general form shown in (Eq. 47), where we rely on our proposed solutions for fourth degree polynomial equations to develop the structure of proposed solutions for quantic equation. We rely on used logic in precedent theorem (Theorem 1) by projection on quantic equations to prove the expressions of developed roots for fifth degree polynomials.

3.1. Introduction on Second Proposed Theorem

In this subsection, we present our second proposed theorem to introduce new five formulary solutions for fifth degree polynomial equation in general form shown in (Eq. 47). First, we divide the polynomial (Eq. 47) on A and then we replace w with -BA+x5 to reduce the polynomial expression to the simplified form shown in (Eq. 48) where coefficients are expressed as shown in (Eq. 49), (Eq. 50), (Eq. 51) and (Eq. 52).
Aw5+Bw4+Cw3+Dw2+Ew+F=0 with A 0 (47)
x5+cx3+dx2+ex+f=0  (48)
c=-10B2A2+25CA    (49)
d=20B3A3-75CBA2+125DA   (50)
e=-15B4A4+75CB2A3-250DBA2+625EA       (51)
f=4B5A5-25CB3A4+125DB2A3-625EBA2+3125FA   (52)
z4+Γ3z3+Γ2z2+Γ1z+Γ0=0 (53)

3.2. Theorem 2

After reducing the form of fifth degree polynomial shown in (Eq. 47) to the presented form in (Eq. 48) where coefficients are expressed in (Eq. 49), (Eq. 50), (Eq. 51) and (Eq. 52); the fifth degree polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 48), where coefficients belong to the group of numbers ℝ, can be reduced to a fourth degree polynomial equation, which may be expressed as shown in (Eq. 53). The reduction from quantic polynomial to quartic polynomial is conducted by supposing =x0x1+x0x2+x0x3+x1x2+x1x3+x2x3, whereas supposing z=(x0+x1+x2+x3) is the solution for fourth degree polynomial equation in (Eq. 53) by using Theorem 1 and relying on the expression x3= -Γ34. The variable Γ3 is the solution for the polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 54), whereas the coefficients of this equation are shown in (Eq. 55), (Eq. 56) and (Eq. 57). The coefficients Γ2, Γ1 and Γ0 of quartic equation (Eq. 53) are determined by using calculated values of Γ3 and using the shown expressions in (Eq. 58), (Eq. 59) and (Eq. 60). As a result, we have eight calculated values as potential solutions for fifth degree polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 48), where many of them are only redundancies of others, because there are only five official solutions to determine.
The eight solutions to calculate for quantic equation (Eq. 48) are as shown in the groups (Eq. 89) and (Eq. 90). The proposed five values as official solutions for fifth degree polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 48) are as presented in (Eq. 91), (Eq. 92), (Eq. 93), (Eq. 94) and (Eq. 95). The proposed five values as official solutions for fifth degree polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 47) are as presented in (Eq. 96), (Eq. 97), (Eq. 98), (Eq. 99) and (Eq. 100).
λ2Γ34 +λ1Γ32 +λ0=0   (54)
λ2=1024(e-c24)16d;   (55)
λ1=512c-4016d2e-c24;  (56)
λ0= -12816d2e-c242[f -cd2];  (57)
Γ2=16d22Γ32e-c24   (58)
Γ1=-14Γ33 +316d216e-c24Γ3  (59)
Γ0=-116Γ34 -16d232e-c24+f-cd216d22Γ32e-c242+16d416Γ34e-c242 (60)

3.3. Proof of Second Proposed Theorem

Considering the quantic equation shown in (Eq. 48), we propose the expression (Eq. 61) in order to reduce the form of quantic equation to a fourth degree polynomial equation. We also propose the expression (Eq. 62), which presents the solution form of quartic equation by extending the used logic and presented solutions in Theorem 1.
x=x0x1+x0x2+x0x3+x1x2+x1x3+x2x3 (61)
z=x0 + x1+x2+ x3  (62)
We replace x with its proposed value in (Eq. 61), in order to end by calculations to the reduced form shown in (Eq. 53).
In the shown expressions in (Eq. 63), we rely on the use of xi, xj and xk where xi,xj,xk {x0,x1,x2,x3} and i j k.
α1=i=0i=3xi2; α2=i jxi2 xj2; α3=i j kxixjxk; α4=x0x1x2x3     (63)
x=z2-α12          (64)
x2=α2+ 2α3z+6α4          (65)
x3=z3 α3 +12z2 α2+6α4- zα1α3 -12α2+6α4α1 (66)
x5=2z4 α32 +2z3 α2+6α4α3 +12z2α2+6α42-4α32α1- 2zα3α1α2+6α4-12α1α2+6α42   (67)
γ4 z4+γ3z3+γ2z2+γ1z+γ0=0  (68)
We use the expressions of {α1, α2, α3, α4} in (Eq. 63), x in (Eq. 64), x2 in (Eq. 65), x3 in (Eq. 66) and x5 in (Eq. 67), to have the fourth degree polynomial shown in (Eq. 68) where the values of coefficients are as follow:
γ4=2α32 
γ3=2α2+6α4α3+cα3
γ2=12[α2+6α42-4α32α1 ]+12c[α2+6α4]+e2
γ1=-2α3α1[α2+6α4] - cα1α3+2dα3
γ0=-12 α1α2+6α42 -12cα2+6α4α1 +d[α2+6α4] -eα12 + f
We divide the polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 68) on γ4 to simplify its expression. As a result, we have the shown expression in (Eq. 53) where the values of coefficients are as follow:
Γ3=α2+6α4+c2α3  α2=α3Γ3 -c2- 6α4
Γ2=Γ324-α1 +e-c244α32
Γ1=-Γ3α1+dα3
Γ0=-14α1Γ32 +dα3Γ3-c22α32 +f-eα12+c2α182α32
From precedent section (section 2), we ended with solutions expressed as y=y0+y1+y2 for fourth degree polynomial equation in simple form shown in (Eq. 5), whereas the solution for fourth degree polynomial equation in complete form is expressed as z=-b4a+14y0+14y1+14y2.
We replace z with -Γ3+y4, in order to reduce the form of quartic equation from expression (Eq. 53) to expression (Eq. 69), where the values of coefficients are as shown in (Eq. 70).
y4+Py2+Qy+R=0  (69)
P=-6Γ32+16Γ2; Q=8Γ33-32Γ2 Γ3+64Γ1; R=-3Γ34+16Γ2 Γ32-64Γ1 Γ3 + 256Γ0  (70)
Concerning the fourth degree polynomial equation in (Eq. 53), where z is as shown in (Eq. 62), the principal proposed expressions for the solutions are z=-Γ34+14y0+14y1+14y2 when Q 0 and z=-Γ34-14y0-14y1-14y2 when Q 0; where x3=-Γ34, x0=±14y0, x1 =±14y1 and x2=±14y2. These two principal expressions are sufficient to conduct the calculations of proof, and then generalize the results by using the other expressed forms of solutions in Theorem 1.
We replace Γ2, Γ1 and Γ0 with their values in function of {Γ3,α1,α3}, in order to have the expressions of P in (Eq. 71), Q in (Eq. 72) and R in (Eq. 73).
P=-2Γ32 -16α1 +4e-c24α32  (71)
Q=-32Γ3α1-8Γ3e-c24α32 +64dα3 (72)
R=Γ34 -16Γ32α1 +4 Γ32 e-c24α32 +64dΓ3α3+256f-eα12 -cd2 +c2α182α32 (73)
By using the shown expressions in (Eq. 11), (Eq. 12), (Eq. 13) and (Eq. 14) from the proof of first proposed theorem (Theorem 1), the values of P, Q and R will be as shown in (eq74), (Eq. 75) and (Eq. 76) successively.
P=-2[4x02+4x12+4x22]  P=-32[α1-Γ3216] (74)
Q=-8(4x0)(4x1)(4x2)  Q=-84x04x14x24x34x3=2048α4Γ3  (75)
R=4x02+4x12+4x222 -44x024x12+4x024x22+4x124x22
 R=256α1-Γ32162-1024α2-Γ3216α1-Γ3216 (76)
We have a group of four variables {α1, α2, α3, α4}, whereas we have a group of only three equations to solve {P, Q, R} where all of them are dependent on the value of Γ3. Thereby, the next step is about using the appropriate logic of analysis and calculation to find the value of Γ3 while taking advantage of the fact that having a group of four variables enables us to solve four equations.
In order to reduce the expression of R in (Eq. 73), and find a way to determine the value of Γ3, we suppose that 4e-c24α32Γ32+64dΓ3α3=0 where Γ3α30. As a result, we have the shown expression in (Eq. 77).
Γ3α3=-16de-c24    (77)
From precedent calculations of dividing the polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 68) on γ4 to simplify its expression, along with using the expression of Γ3, we have α2=(α3Γ3 -c2- 6α4).
We use the expression (Eq. 77) and we replace α2 with (α3Γ3 -c2- 6α4), in order to pass from expression (Eq. 76) to expression (Eq. 78).
R=-3Γ34 + 32Γ32α1 -1024 -Γ3216de-c24 -c2 -6α4 +256α12 (78)
We have the resulted equation in (Eq. 79) by using the expressions of P in (Eq. 71) and (Eq. 74).
-4Γ32 +16α1 +4e-c24α32=0 (79)
α1=Γ34 -16d2e-c244Γ32   (80)
We have the presented polynomial equation in (Eq. 81) by using the expressions of R in (Eq. 73) and (Eq. 78).
-4Γ34 + 48Γ32α1 -1024-Γ3216d e-c24-c2-6α4 -256f-eα12 -cd2 +c2α18 2α32+256α12=0   (81)
We replace α1 with its value in (Eq. 80) and we use the deduced value of α4 from (Eq. 75) and (Eq. 82), in order to pass from the expression of polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 81) to the polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 83) where the coefficients are structured only by using c, d, e and f.
α4=x1x2x3x4 2048α4=-32Γ32α1-8Γ32e-c24α32+64Γ3dα3   (82)
λ2 Γ323+λ1Γ322+λ0(Γ32)=0 (83)
The values of coefficients for polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 83) are as shown in (Eq. 55), (Eq. 56) and (Eq. 57).
Since we supposed that (4Γ32e-c24α32 +64dΓ3α3)=0, where we adopted the shown value in (Eq. 77) for Γ3α3, we eliminate the root zero as solution for polynomial equation (Eq. 83) and we use the quadratic solution to solve the polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 54), because all coefficients are expressed only in function of c, d, e and f. As a result, we have four possible values for Γ3 as solutions for polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 54).
We suppose that GΓ3 is the group of solutions for shown equation in (Eq. 54), where these solutions are expressed as Γ3,i and -Γ3,i with 1 i 2. The group of solutions GΓ3 is determined by relying on quadratic roots.
GΓ3=Γ3,1,Γ3,2,-Γ3,1, -Γ3,2 (84)
Supposing that P;=λ1λ2 and Q;=λ0λ2, whereas using the expressions (Eq. 55), (Eq. 56) and (Eq. 57); the solutions Γ3,1 and Γ3,2 for shown equation in (Eq. 54) are as follow:
Γ3,12=-P;2+P;22-4Q;
Γ3,22=-P;2-P;22-4Q;
After determining the values of Γ3 by using quadratic solutions, the following step consists of solving the polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 69).
The coefficients P in (Eq. 71) and R in (Eq. 73) are dependent on Γ32 and α1, whereas α1 in (Eq. 80) is dependent on Γ32 and the coefficient Q shown in (Eq. 72) is dependent on Γ3 and α1. Therefore, we are going to use only Γ3,1 and Γ3,2 to calculate the potential values of z, because -Γ3,1, -Γ3,2 are going only to inverse the sign of coefficient Q and thereby inversing the signs of potential values of z as solutions for polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 53), which will not influence the potential values of x as solutions for fifth degree polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 48) because x=12(z2-α1).
We use the first proposed theorem (Theorem 1) to calculate the four solutions for fourth degree polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 69) after calculating the coefficients P, Q and R for each value of Γ3 from the group Γ3,1, Γ3,2. Thereby, we have eight values to calculate as potential solutions for the polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 69).
After using first proposed theorem to solve the equation (Eq. 69) for each value of Γ3 from the group {Γ3,1, Γ3,2}, we have two groups of potential solutions for polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 69), where each group is dependent on different value of Γ3. We express these groups of solutions as follow: KΓ3,1, KΓ3,2.
KΓ3,1=SΓ3,1,1,SΓ3,1,2, SΓ3,1,3,SΓ3,1,4    (85)
KΓ3,2=SΓ3,2,1,SΓ3,2,2, SΓ3,2,3,SΓ3,2,4    (86)
Concerning the fourth degree polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 53), we have two groups of solutions where each group is dependent on different value of Γ3; as shown in (Eq. 87) and (Eq. 88). The values of SΓ3,i,j, where 1 i 2 and 1 j 4, are from the expressed solutions in the groups (Eq. 85) and (Eq. 86).
MΓ3,1=-14Γ3,1+14SΓ3,1,1, -14Γ3,1+14SΓ3,1,2,-14Γ3,1+14SΓ3,1,3,-14Γ3,1+14SΓ3,1,4  (87)
MΓ3,2=-14Γ3,2+14SΓ3,2,1, -14Γ3,2+14SΓ3,2,2,-14Γ3,2+14SΓ3,2,3,-14Γ3,2+14SΓ3,2,4 (88)
We suppose that S;Γ3,i,j=(-14Γ3,i+14 SΓ3,i,j) where 1 i 2 and 1 j 4, in order to simplify the expressed values in (Eq. 87) and (Eq. 88). Thereby, we have two groups of values as potential solutions for fifth degree polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 48). These two groups are as shown in (Eq. 89) and (Eq. 90) where α1,Γ3,i=Γ3,i4 -16d2/(e-c2/4)4Γ3,i2. The expression of α1,Γ3,i is an extending of the shown expression of α1 in (Eq. 80) by changing the value of Γ3, where Γ3,i belong to the group Γ3,1, Γ3,2.
NΓ3,1=12S;Γ3,1,12 -α1,Γ3,1,12S;Γ3,1,22 -α1,Γ3,1,12S;Γ3,1,32 -α1,Γ3,1,12S;Γ3,1,42 -α1,Γ3,1  (89)
NΓ3,2=12S;Γ3,2,12 -α1,Γ3,2,12S;Γ3,2,22 -α1,Γ3,2,12S;Γ3,2,32 -α1,Γ3,2,12S;Γ3,2,42 -α1,Γ3,2 (90)
We have eight values as potential solutions for the fifth degree polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 48). However, many of them are only redundancies of others and there are only five official solutions to determine. The variables Γ3,1,Γ3,2 are the responsible of solution redundancies from one group to other.
In order to avoid the complications of calculating the eight values from the groups NΓ3,1 and NΓ3,2, and then determining the five solutions for quantic equation shown in (Eq. 48), we propose the five expressed values in (Eq. 91), (Eq. 92), (Eq. 93), (Eq. 94) and (Eq. 95) as the five official solutions for fifth degree polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 48).
The first four proposed values as solutions for fifth degree polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 48) are from the group NΓ3,1, whereas the fifth value is expressed by deduction. The useless redundancies of solutions are from one group to other; therefore, we choose the first four solutions from the same group NΓ3,1.
In our five proposed solutions, we use the values S;Γ3,1,j=-14Γ3,1+14SΓ3,1,j where 1 j 4 and SΓ3,1,j from KΓ3,1. The variable α1,Γ3,1 is expressed as α1,Γ3,1=Γ3,14 -16d2e-c24/4Γ3,12, whereas Γ3,1 is from the group GΓ3 shown in (Eq. 84), which contains the solutions for polynomial equation (Eq. 54). The values of S;Γ3,1,j, where 1 j 4, are the solutions for quartic equation (Eq. 53) and they are determined by using Theorem 1.
s1=12[S;Γ3,1,12 -α1,Γ3,1]  (91)
s2=12[S;Γ3,1,22 -α1,Γ3,1] (92)
s3=12[S;Γ3,1,32 -α1,Γ3,1]  (93)
s4=12[S;Γ3,1,42 -α1,Γ3,1]  (94)
s5=fs1s2s3s4   (95)
The proposed five solutions for fifth degree polynomial equation in complete form shown in (Eq. 47) are as expressed in (Eq. 96), (Eq. 97), (Eq. 98), (Eq. 99) and (Eq. 100).
Solution 1: S1=-B5A+110S;Γ3,1,12 -α1,Γ3,1  (96)
Solution 2: S2=-B5A+110S;Γ3,1,22 -α1,Γ3,1  (97)
Solution 3: S3=-B5A+110S;Γ3,1,32 -α1,Γ3,1  (98)
Solution 4: S4=-B5A+110S;Γ3,1,42 -α1,Γ3,1  (99)
Solution 5: S5=FAS1S2S3S4   (100)

3.4. Introduction on Third Proposed Theorem

In this subsection, we present a third theorem to propose new five formulary solutions for fifth degree polynomial equation in general form shown in (Eq. 101), where coefficients belong to the group of numbers ℝ, without simplifying the polynomial by eliminating the fourth degree part. This third proposed theorem is based on the same logic and calculations of Theorem 2. However, it is distinguished by not using the expression x=-b+y5 which we used in Theorem 2 to eliminate the fourth degree part of quantic polynomial.
The shown equation in (Eq. 101) is resulted by dividing the polynomial Ax5+Bx4+Cx3+Dx2+Ex+F on A whereas A0.
x5+bx4+cx3+dx2+ex+f=0     (101)
b=BA;c=CA;d=DA;e=EA;f=FA.

3.5. Theorem 3

The fifth degree polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 101) is reducible to the quartic equation shown in (Eq. 102), where coefficients belong to the group of numbers ℝ without the need to eliminate the fourth degree part. The reduction from fifth degree to fourth degree is conducted by supposing x=x0x1+x0x2+x0x3+x1x2+x1x3+x2x3, whereas supposing z=(x0 + x1+x2+ x3) is the solution for fourth degree polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 102) by using Theorem 1. The variable Υ3 is the solution for the polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 106) by using the expression of quadratic solution, whereas x3=-Υ34. The coefficients of shown polynomial in (Eq. 106) are as expressed in (Eq. 107), (Eq. 108) and (Eq. 109). The value of Υ3 is equal to Υ3,1, which is presented in (Eq. 120). The coefficients Υ2, Υ1 and Υ0 are determined by using calculated value of Υ3 in (Eq. 120) and using the shown expressions in (Eq. 103), (Eq. 104) and (Eq. 105). The five proposed solutions for polynomial equation (Eq. 101) are as shown in (Eq. 121), (Eq. 122), (Eq. 123), (Eq. 124) and (Eq. 125).
z4+Υ3z3+Υ2z2+Υ1z+Υ0=0   (102)
Υ2=16d-bc22Υ32e-c24+4b   (103)
Υ1=-14Υ33 +316d-bc216e-c24Υ3+4bΥ3    (104)
Υ0=-116Υ34+bΥ32 -16d-bc232e-c24+f-cd2+bc2416d-bc22Υ32e-c242+b16d-bc22Υ32e-c24+16d-bc416Υ34e-c242   (105)
β2Υ34 +β1Υ32 +β0=0   (106)
β2=1024e-c2416d-bc   (107)
β1=512c-4016d-bc2e-c24+1024b2  (108)
β0= -12816d-bc2e-c242[f -cd2+bc24]+128b16d-bc2e-c24  (109)

3.6. Proof of Theorem 3

Considering the fifth degree polynomial equation shown in (Eq. 101), we use the expression (Eq. 61) as solution without eliminating the fourth degree part by the supposition x=-b+y5. By using the expression (Eq. 61), we reduce the fifth degree polynomial (Eq. 101) to the quartic polynomial shown in (Eq. 102).
x4=4z2 α32 +4α3z[α2+6α4]+ α2+6α42   (110)
υ4z4+υ3z3+υ2z2+υ1z +υ0=0  (111)
We rely on the expressions of α1, α2, α3, α4 in (Eq. 63), x in (Eq. 64), x2 in (Eq. 65), x3 in (Eq. 66), x4 in (Eq. 110) and x5 in (Eq. 67), to express the fourth degree polynomial shown in (Eq. 111) where the values of coefficients are as follow:
υ4=2α32 
υ3=2α2+6α4α3+cα3
υ2=12[α2+6α42-4α32α1]+4bα32+12c[α2+6α4]+e2
υ1=-2α3α1[α2+6α4] +4bα3[α2+6α4]- cα1α3+2dα3
υ0=-12 α1α2+6α42 +bα2+6α42-12cα2+6α4α1 +d[α2+6α4] -eα12 + f
We have the shown fourth degree polynomial in (Eq. 102) after dividing the polynomial (Eq. 111) on υ4. The coefficients of shown polynomial in (Eq. 102) are as follow:
Υ3=α2+6α4+c2α3 
Υ2=Υ324-α1 +2b+e-c244α32 
Υ1=-Υ3α1+2bα3Υ3-c2α3+dα3 
Υ0=-14α1Υ32 +bα3Υ3-c222α32 +dα3Υ3-c22α32 +f-eα12+ c2α18 2α32
We have the fourth degree polynomial y4+My2+Ny+O=0 by replacing z with -Υ3+y4 in the polynomial (Eq. 102). The coefficients M, N and O are as expressed in (Eq. 112), (Eq. 113) and (Eq. 114).
M=-2Υ32 -16α1+32b+4e-c24α32   (112)
N=-32Υ3α1+64bΥ3-8Υ3e-c24α32+64d-bcα3 (113)
O=Υ34 -16Υ32α1 +32bΥ32+4Υ32e-c24α32+64d-bcΥ3α3+256f-eα12 -cd2 +bc24+c2α182α32   (114)
In order to reduce the expression of O in (Eq. 114), and find a way to determine the value of Υ3, we suppose that 4e-c24α32 Υ32+64d-bcΥ3α3=0 whereas Υ3α3 0. As a result, we have the shown expression in (Eq. 115).
Υ3α3=-16d-bce-c24  (115)
We rely on the same used logic and processes of calculation in the proof of Theorem 2, in order to continue the proof of third proposed theorem. Thereby, the variables α1, α2 and α4 are as expressed in (Eq. 116), (Eq. 117) and (Eq. 118) respectively, whereas the resulted polynomial equation to determine the value of Υ3 is as shown in (Eq. 119).
α1=Υ34 -8bΥ32-16d-bc2e-c244Υ32  (116)
α2=α3Υ3 -c2- 6α4  (117)
2048α4=-32Υ32α1+64bΥ32-8Υ32e-c24α32+64Υ3(d-bc)α3    (118)
-4Υ34 + 48α1-32bΓ32 -1024α2 -256 f-eα12 -cd2 +bc24+c2α182α32+256α12=0  (119)
We use the shown value of Υ3α3 in (Eq. 115) and we replace α1, α2 and α4 with their shown expressions in (Eq. 116), (Eq. 117) and (Eq. 118), in order to pass from equation (Eq. 119) to polynomial expression β2Υ323+β1Υ322+β0(Υ32)=0 where coefficients are as presented in (Eq. 107), (Eq. 108) and (Eq. 109).
Relying on the proof of Theorem 2, we calculate only the expression Υ3,1 shown in (Eq. 120) as a root for expressed equation in (Eq. 106), and then we determine the roots of quartic equation shown in (eq102).
To determine the roots of shown equation in (Eq. 102), we start by calculating the values of α1, α4 and α2 by replacing the variable Υ3 with the value of Υ3,1, then we calculate the values of M, N and O, and we finish by using Theorem 1.
Supposing that M;=β1β2 and N;=β0β2, whereas using the expressions (Eq. 107), (Eq. 108) and (Eq. 109); the solution Υ3,1 for expressed polynomial equation in (Eq. 106) is as follow:
Γ3,1=-M;2+M;22-4N;   (120)
As we mentioned in the proof of Theorem 2, the use of other roots of polynomial (Eq. 106) in the quartic polynomial y4 +My2+Ny+O=0 to calculate the values of M, N and O will generate redundancies of roots for the quantic equation shown in (Eq. 101).
We determine the group KΥ3,1;, which contains the four roots for quartic equation y4+My2+Ny+O=0, by using Theorem 1.
K;{Υ3,1}=SΥ3,1,1,SΥ3,1,2, SΥ3,1,3,SΥ3,1,4
We present the group of roots for quartic equation shown in (Eq. 102) as MΥ3,1;, which is determined by relying on the group KΥ3,1;.
MΥ3,1;=-14Υ3,1+14SΥ3,1,1, -14Υ3,1+14SΥ3,1,2,-14 Υ3,1+14SΥ3,1,3,-14Υ3,1+14SΥ3,1,4
We present each root for quartic equation shown in (Eq. 102) as ξΥ3,1,i =-14Υ3,1 +14SΥ3,1,i, whereas SΥ3,1,i is from the group KΥ3,1;.
The proposed five solutions for quantic equation shown in (Eq. 101) are as expressed in (Eq. 121), (Eq. 122), (Eq. 123), (Eq. 124) and (Eq. 125). The expressions ξΥ3,1,1, ξΥ3,1,2, ξΥ3,1,3 and ξΥ3,1,4 present the calculated roots for quartic equation (Eq. 102) by using Theorem 1. Υ3,1 is calculated by using the shown expression in (Eq. 120). We use the expression (Eq. 116) to calculate the value of α1,Υ3,1; which has the following value:
α1,Υ3,1=Υ3,14 -8bΥ3,12-16d-bc2e-c244Υ3,12
Solution 1: S1=12ξΥ3,1,12 -α1,Υ3,1 (121)
Solution 2: S2=12ξΥ3,1,22 -α1,Υ3,1  (122)
Solution 3: S3=12ξΥ3,1,32 -α1,Υ3,1  (123)
Solution 4: S4=12ξΥ3,1,42 -α1,Υ3,1  (124)
Solution 5: S5=fS1S2S3S4 (125)
4. Conclusion
In the first presented theorem, we propose new four formulary solutions for any quartic polynomial equation in general form, which enable us to develop the formulary structures of five roots for any fifth degree polynomial equation in general form.
The proposed expressions as solutions in first theorem enable to calculate the four roots of any quartic polynomial equation nearly simultaneously, whereas the proposed solutions in second theorem enable to calculate the five roots of any fifth degree polynomial equation nearly simultaneously. The third proposed theorem is based on the same logic and calculations of Theorem 2 whereas proposing five roots for quantic equation; however, it is distinguished by not eliminating the fourth-degree part of fifth degree polynomial by avoiding the use of the expression x=-b+y5.
The second and third proposed theorems are based on reducing any fifth degree polynomial to a fourth degree polynomial, and then using Theorem 1 to solve the resulted quartic equation.
The principal criteria of presented theorems is proposing new radical solutions for quartic equations and quantic equations to enable the calculation of all roots of these equations nearly simultaneously, whereas using the expressions of quadratic roots and cubic roots as subparts of each proposed solution.
Author Contributions
Yassine Larbaoui is the sole author. The author read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest.
References
[1] Cardano, G. 1545. Artis Magnae, Sive de Regulis Algebraicis Liber Unus. English transl.: The Great Art, or The Rules of Algebra. Translated and edited by Witmer, T. R. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. (1968).
[2] Dumit, D. S. Foote, R. M. 2004. Abstract algebra. John Wiley, 606-616.
[3] Osler, T. J. 2001. Cardan polynomials and the reduction of radicals, Mathematics Magazine, 47(1): 26-32.
[4] Janson, S. 2010. Roots of polynomials of degrees 3 and 4.
[5] Lagrange, J. L. 1869. Réflexions sur la résolution algébrique des équations, in: ouvres de Lagrange. Vol. 3, 205-421. J. A. Serret ed & Gauthier-Villars.
[6] Faucette, W. M. 1996. A geometric interpretation of the solution of the general quartic polynomial. Amer. Math. Monthly 103: 51-57.
[7] René, D. 2012. The Geometry of Rene Descartes with a facsimile of the 1st edition, Courier Corporation.
[8] Euler, L. 1738. De formis radicum aequationum cuiusque ordinis coniectatio. English transl.: A conjecture on the forms of the roots of equations. Translated by Bell, J. Cornell University, NY, USA, 2008.
[9] Bewersdor, J. 2004. Algebra fur Einsteiger, Friedr. Vieweg Sohn Verlag. English transl.: Galois Theory for Beginners. A Historical Perspective. Translated by Kramer, D. American Mathematical Society (AMS), Providence, R. I., USA, 2006.
[10] Helfgott, H. Helfgott, M. A modern vision of the work of cardano and ferrari on quartics. Convergence (MAA).
[11] Rosen, M. 1995. Niels hendrik abel and equations of the fiffth degree. American Mathematical Monthly 102(6): 495-505.
[12] Garling, D. J. H. 1968. Galois Theory. Cambridge Univ. Press, Mass., USA.
[13] Grillet, P. 2007. Abstract Algebra. 2nd ed. Springer, New York, USA.
[14] van der Waerden, B. L. 1996. Algebra, Vol. 1, 3rd ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin. English transl.: Algebra. Translated by Schulenberg J. R. and Blum, F. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1991.
[15] Shmakov, S. L. 2011. A universal method of solving quartic equations, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 71(2): 251-259.
[16] Fathi, A. and Sharifan, N. 2013. A classic new method to solve quartic equations, Applied and Computational Mathematics 2(2): 24-27.
[17] Tehrani, F. T. 2020. Solution to polynomial equations, a new approach. Applied Mathematics 11(2): 53-66.
[18] Nahon, Y. J. 2018. Method for solving polynomial equations. Journal of Applied & Computational Mathematics 7(3): 2-12.
[19] Tschirnhaus, E. A. 2003. Method for removing all intermediate terms from a given equation. THIS BULLETIN, 37(1): 1-3. Original: Methodus auferendi omnes terminos intermedios ex data equatione, Acta Eruditorium 2, 204-207(1683).
[20] Adamchik, V. S. Jeffrey, D. J. 2003. Polynomial transformations of tschirnhaus, bring and jerrard. ACM SIGSAM Bulletin 37(3): 90-94.
[21] Lazard, D. Solving quintics in radicals. In: Olav Arnfinn Laudal, Ragni Piene, The Legacy of Niels Henrik Abel. 1869, 207-225. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
[22] Dummit, D. S. 1991. Solving solvable quintics. Mathematics of Computation 57(1): 387-401.
[23] Larbaoui, Y. New Theorems and Formulas to Solve Fourth Degree Polynomial Equation in General Forms by Calculating the Four Roots Nearly Simultaneously. American Journal of Applied Mathematics. vol. 11(6): 95-105.
[24] Pesic, P. Abel’s Proof: An Essay on the Sources and Meaning of Mathematical Unsolvability, MIT Press, 2004.
[25] Wantzel, P. L. 1845. Démonstration de l'impossibilité de résoudre toutes les équations algébriques avec des radicaux, J. Math. Pures Appl., 1re série, vol. 4, 57-65.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Larbaoui, Y. (2024). New Theorems Solving Fifth Degree Polynomial Equation in Complete Forms by Proposing New Five Roots Composed of Radical Expressions. American Journal of Applied Mathematics, 12(1), 9-23. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajam.20241201.12

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Larbaoui, Y. New Theorems Solving Fifth Degree Polynomial Equation in Complete Forms by Proposing New Five Roots Composed of Radical Expressions. Am. J. Appl. Math. 2024, 12(1), 9-23. doi: 10.11648/j.ajam.20241201.12

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Larbaoui Y. New Theorems Solving Fifth Degree Polynomial Equation in Complete Forms by Proposing New Five Roots Composed of Radical Expressions. Am J Appl Math. 2024;12(1):9-23. doi: 10.11648/j.ajam.20241201.12

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ajam.20241201.12,
      author = {Yassine Larbaoui},
      title = {New Theorems Solving Fifth Degree Polynomial Equation in Complete Forms by Proposing New Five Roots Composed of Radical Expressions},
      journal = {American Journal of Applied Mathematics},
      volume = {12},
      number = {1},
      pages = {9-23},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajam.20241201.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajam.20241201.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajam.20241201.12},
      abstract = {This paper is presenting new theorems and formulas to solve fifth degree polynomial equation in general forms by proposing five formulary solutions that we can calculate nearly simultaneously. The proposed roots for fifth degree polynomial in this paper are composed of radical expressions distributed in a specific architecture that allows them to neutralize each other during multiplication by eliminating radicality and reducing degrees of terms. The proposed architecture for each solution of quantic polynomial is composed of at least six distributed terms, where each term is a multiplication of a pair of radical expressions, whereas multiplications among proposed terms is allowing the reduction of degrees in order to obtain a quartic form at maximum. Furthermore, the proposed architectures of radical roots in this paper are allowing also to solve polynomial equations with degrees higher than five by reducing their expressions. As a result, this paper is presenting two new theorems to solve quantic equation in general forms, where one theorem is eliminating the expression of fourth degree then reducing the whole fifth degree equation into a simplified form, whereas the other new theorem is solving the quantic equation without eliminating the expression of fourth degree. All proposed theorems in this paper are built on a scaling logic concretized by engineering the structure of solutions then calculating the precise formulas of roots for equations, which allow to calculate all roots nearly simultaneously and forward the used engineering methodology to solve polynomial equations with degrees higher than five.},
     year = {2024}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - New Theorems Solving Fifth Degree Polynomial Equation in Complete Forms by Proposing New Five Roots Composed of Radical Expressions
    AU  - Yassine Larbaoui
    Y1  - 2024/04/02
    PY  - 2024
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajam.20241201.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajam.20241201.12
    T2  - American Journal of Applied Mathematics
    JF  - American Journal of Applied Mathematics
    JO  - American Journal of Applied Mathematics
    SP  - 9
    EP  - 23
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-006X
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajam.20241201.12
    AB  - This paper is presenting new theorems and formulas to solve fifth degree polynomial equation in general forms by proposing five formulary solutions that we can calculate nearly simultaneously. The proposed roots for fifth degree polynomial in this paper are composed of radical expressions distributed in a specific architecture that allows them to neutralize each other during multiplication by eliminating radicality and reducing degrees of terms. The proposed architecture for each solution of quantic polynomial is composed of at least six distributed terms, where each term is a multiplication of a pair of radical expressions, whereas multiplications among proposed terms is allowing the reduction of degrees in order to obtain a quartic form at maximum. Furthermore, the proposed architectures of radical roots in this paper are allowing also to solve polynomial equations with degrees higher than five by reducing their expressions. As a result, this paper is presenting two new theorems to solve quantic equation in general forms, where one theorem is eliminating the expression of fourth degree then reducing the whole fifth degree equation into a simplified form, whereas the other new theorem is solving the quantic equation without eliminating the expression of fourth degree. All proposed theorems in this paper are built on a scaling logic concretized by engineering the structure of solutions then calculating the precise formulas of roots for equations, which allow to calculate all roots nearly simultaneously and forward the used engineering methodology to solve polynomial equations with degrees higher than five.
    VL  - 12
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information