Anthropogenicity, Potential Contamination Index (Cp) and Geo-Accumulation Index (I-geo) Analysis of Sediments of Kaani River, Ogoni Axis, Rivers State, South-South, Nigeria

Anate Sumaila Ganiyu; Abule Esther Chinyere

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajep.20251402.16

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Anthropogenicity, Potential Contamination Index (Cp) and Geo-Accumulation Index (I-geo) Analysis of Sediments of Kaani River, Ogoni Axis, Rivers State, South-South, Nigeria

Anate Sumaila Ganiyu^*

, Abule Esther Chinyere

Published in American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 14, Issue 2)

Received: 24 March 2025 Accepted: 31 March 2025 Published: 28 April 2025

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Abstract

Modifications in the natural state of the environment brought about by human activity have resulted in pollution or contamination at various degrees. Because of their toxicity and tendency to accumulate, heavy metals are extremely important to the environment. It is critical that their quantities in the marine ecosystem of our surroundings be monitored. Anthropogenicity, possible contamination, and geo-accumulation index were assessed using sediment samples taken from four (4) distinct geographic locations along the Kaani River in the Ogoni axis of Rivers State, Nigeria, in accordance with international standards. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric technique (AAS) was used to determine the heavy metal content of the sediments. The sequence of the heavy metal concentrations, according to the analysis's findings, was Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Cd > Pb > As. According to the recorded data, Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd > Pb > Cr > As > Mn > Fe was the order of anthropogenic influence or addition of the heavy metals under investigation to the sediments. According to the percentage values, Zn had the largest anthropogenic input in the Kaani River sediments, followed by Ni and Cu. Fe > Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd > Pb > Cr > As > Mn is the order in which the potential contamination index analysis is presented. Sediment heavy metals from Maa di binnise Igbara waterside (station 1), Mann Stream (station 2), Woman Stream (station 3), and Nwii ke ma kor stream (station 4) were found to be extremely contaminated with Zn, slightly contaminated with Cu and Cd (at some stations), and uncontaminated with Fe, Mn, Pb, and As according to Geo-accumulation index values. Even at low concentrations, these observations unequivocally point to an imbalanced state in the ecosystem. In order to restore the aquatic ecosystem's integrity and sufficiently safeguard the quality of its sediment, a controlled effort must be made to limit the detrimental effects of these trace elements.

Published in	American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 14, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajep.20251402.16
Page(s)	86-95
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Ecosystem, Potential, Sediments, Heavy Metals, Contamination

References

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APA Style

Ganiyu, A. S., Chinyere, A. E. (2025). Anthropogenicity, Potential Contamination Index (Cp) and Geo-Accumulation Index (I-geo) Analysis of Sediments of Kaani River, Ogoni Axis, Rivers State, South-South, Nigeria. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 14(2), 86-95. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20251402.16

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ACS Style

Ganiyu, A. S.; Chinyere, A. E. Anthropogenicity, Potential Contamination Index (Cp) and Geo-Accumulation Index (I-geo) Analysis of Sediments of Kaani River, Ogoni Axis, Rivers State, South-South, Nigeria. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2025, 14(2), 86-95. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20251402.16

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AMA Style

Ganiyu AS, Chinyere AE. Anthropogenicity, Potential Contamination Index (Cp) and Geo-Accumulation Index (I-geo) Analysis of Sediments of Kaani River, Ogoni Axis, Rivers State, South-South, Nigeria. Am J Environ Prot. 2025;14(2):86-95. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20251402.16

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@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20251402.16,
  author = {Anate Sumaila Ganiyu and Abule Esther Chinyere},
  title = {Anthropogenicity, Potential Contamination Index (Cp) and Geo-Accumulation Index (I-geo) Analysis of Sediments of Kaani River, Ogoni Axis, Rivers State, South-South, Nigeria
},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {14},
  number = {2},
  pages = {86-95},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20251402.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20251402.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20251402.16},
  abstract = {Modifications in the natural state of the environment brought about by human activity have resulted in pollution or contamination at various degrees. Because of their toxicity and tendency to accumulate, heavy metals are extremely important to the environment. It is critical that their quantities in the marine ecosystem of our surroundings be monitored. Anthropogenicity, possible contamination, and geo-accumulation index were assessed using sediment samples taken from four (4) distinct geographic locations along the Kaani River in the Ogoni axis of Rivers State, Nigeria, in accordance with international standards. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric technique (AAS) was used to determine the heavy metal content of the sediments. The sequence of the heavy metal concentrations, according to the analysis's findings, was Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Cd > Pb > As. According to the recorded data, Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd > Pb > Cr > As > Mn > Fe was the order of anthropogenic influence or addition of the heavy metals under investigation to the sediments. According to the percentage values, Zn had the largest anthropogenic input in the Kaani River sediments, followed by Ni and Cu. Fe > Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd > Pb > Cr > As > Mn is the order in which the potential contamination index analysis is presented. Sediment heavy metals from Maa di binnise Igbara waterside (station 1), Mann Stream (station 2), Woman Stream (station 3), and Nwii ke ma kor stream (station 4) were found to be extremely contaminated with Zn, slightly contaminated with Cu and Cd (at some stations), and uncontaminated with Fe, Mn, Pb, and As according to Geo-accumulation index values. Even at low concentrations, these observations unequivocally point to an imbalanced state in the ecosystem. In order to restore the aquatic ecosystem's integrity and sufficiently safeguard the quality of its sediment, a controlled effort must be made to limit the detrimental effects of these trace elements.
},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Anthropogenicity, Potential Contamination Index (Cp) and Geo-Accumulation Index (I-geo) Analysis of Sediments of Kaani River, Ogoni Axis, Rivers State, South-South, Nigeria

AU  - Anate Sumaila Ganiyu
AU  - Abule Esther Chinyere
Y1  - 2025/04/28
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20251402.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20251402.16
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
SP  - 86
EP  - 95
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5699
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20251402.16
AB  - Modifications in the natural state of the environment brought about by human activity have resulted in pollution or contamination at various degrees. Because of their toxicity and tendency to accumulate, heavy metals are extremely important to the environment. It is critical that their quantities in the marine ecosystem of our surroundings be monitored. Anthropogenicity, possible contamination, and geo-accumulation index were assessed using sediment samples taken from four (4) distinct geographic locations along the Kaani River in the Ogoni axis of Rivers State, Nigeria, in accordance with international standards. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric technique (AAS) was used to determine the heavy metal content of the sediments. The sequence of the heavy metal concentrations, according to the analysis's findings, was Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Cd > Pb > As. According to the recorded data, Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd > Pb > Cr > As > Mn > Fe was the order of anthropogenic influence or addition of the heavy metals under investigation to the sediments. According to the percentage values, Zn had the largest anthropogenic input in the Kaani River sediments, followed by Ni and Cu. Fe > Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd > Pb > Cr > As > Mn is the order in which the potential contamination index analysis is presented. Sediment heavy metals from Maa di binnise Igbara waterside (station 1), Mann Stream (station 2), Woman Stream (station 3), and Nwii ke ma kor stream (station 4) were found to be extremely contaminated with Zn, slightly contaminated with Cu and Cd (at some stations), and uncontaminated with Fe, Mn, Pb, and As according to Geo-accumulation index values. Even at low concentrations, these observations unequivocally point to an imbalanced state in the ecosystem. In order to restore the aquatic ecosystem's integrity and sufficiently safeguard the quality of its sediment, a controlled effort must be made to limit the detrimental effects of these trace elements.

VL  - 14
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Anate Sumaila Ganiyu

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0001-6235-8708
Abule Esther Chinyere

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7233-3590

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APA Style

Ganiyu, A. S., Chinyere, A. E. (2025). Anthropogenicity, Potential Contamination Index (Cp) and Geo-Accumulation Index (I-geo) Analysis of Sediments of Kaani River, Ogoni Axis, Rivers State, South-South, Nigeria. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 14(2), 86-95. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20251402.16

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ACS Style

Ganiyu, A. S.; Chinyere, A. E. Anthropogenicity, Potential Contamination Index (Cp) and Geo-Accumulation Index (I-geo) Analysis of Sediments of Kaani River, Ogoni Axis, Rivers State, South-South, Nigeria. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2025, 14(2), 86-95. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20251402.16

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AMA Style

Ganiyu AS, Chinyere AE. Anthropogenicity, Potential Contamination Index (Cp) and Geo-Accumulation Index (I-geo) Analysis of Sediments of Kaani River, Ogoni Axis, Rivers State, South-South, Nigeria. Am J Environ Prot. 2025;14(2):86-95. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20251402.16

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20251402.16,
  author = {Anate Sumaila Ganiyu and Abule Esther Chinyere},
  title = {Anthropogenicity, Potential Contamination Index (Cp) and Geo-Accumulation Index (I-geo) Analysis of Sediments of Kaani River, Ogoni Axis, Rivers State, South-South, Nigeria
},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {14},
  number = {2},
  pages = {86-95},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20251402.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20251402.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20251402.16},
  abstract = {Modifications in the natural state of the environment brought about by human activity have resulted in pollution or contamination at various degrees. Because of their toxicity and tendency to accumulate, heavy metals are extremely important to the environment. It is critical that their quantities in the marine ecosystem of our surroundings be monitored. Anthropogenicity, possible contamination, and geo-accumulation index were assessed using sediment samples taken from four (4) distinct geographic locations along the Kaani River in the Ogoni axis of Rivers State, Nigeria, in accordance with international standards. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric technique (AAS) was used to determine the heavy metal content of the sediments. The sequence of the heavy metal concentrations, according to the analysis's findings, was Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Cd > Pb > As. According to the recorded data, Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd > Pb > Cr > As > Mn > Fe was the order of anthropogenic influence or addition of the heavy metals under investigation to the sediments. According to the percentage values, Zn had the largest anthropogenic input in the Kaani River sediments, followed by Ni and Cu. Fe > Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd > Pb > Cr > As > Mn is the order in which the potential contamination index analysis is presented. Sediment heavy metals from Maa di binnise Igbara waterside (station 1), Mann Stream (station 2), Woman Stream (station 3), and Nwii ke ma kor stream (station 4) were found to be extremely contaminated with Zn, slightly contaminated with Cu and Cd (at some stations), and uncontaminated with Fe, Mn, Pb, and As according to Geo-accumulation index values. Even at low concentrations, these observations unequivocally point to an imbalanced state in the ecosystem. In order to restore the aquatic ecosystem's integrity and sufficiently safeguard the quality of its sediment, a controlled effort must be made to limit the detrimental effects of these trace elements.
},
 year = {2025}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Anthropogenicity, Potential Contamination Index (Cp) and Geo-Accumulation Index (I-geo) Analysis of Sediments of Kaani River, Ogoni Axis, Rivers State, South-South, Nigeria

AU  - Anate Sumaila Ganiyu
AU  - Abule Esther Chinyere
Y1  - 2025/04/28
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20251402.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20251402.16
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
SP  - 86
EP  - 95
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5699
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20251402.16
AB  - Modifications in the natural state of the environment brought about by human activity have resulted in pollution or contamination at various degrees. Because of their toxicity and tendency to accumulate, heavy metals are extremely important to the environment. It is critical that their quantities in the marine ecosystem of our surroundings be monitored. Anthropogenicity, possible contamination, and geo-accumulation index were assessed using sediment samples taken from four (4) distinct geographic locations along the Kaani River in the Ogoni axis of Rivers State, Nigeria, in accordance with international standards. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric technique (AAS) was used to determine the heavy metal content of the sediments. The sequence of the heavy metal concentrations, according to the analysis's findings, was Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Cd > Pb > As. According to the recorded data, Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd > Pb > Cr > As > Mn > Fe was the order of anthropogenic influence or addition of the heavy metals under investigation to the sediments. According to the percentage values, Zn had the largest anthropogenic input in the Kaani River sediments, followed by Ni and Cu. Fe > Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd > Pb > Cr > As > Mn is the order in which the potential contamination index analysis is presented. Sediment heavy metals from Maa di binnise Igbara waterside (station 1), Mann Stream (station 2), Woman Stream (station 3), and Nwii ke ma kor stream (station 4) were found to be extremely contaminated with Zn, slightly contaminated with Cu and Cd (at some stations), and uncontaminated with Fe, Mn, Pb, and As according to Geo-accumulation index values. Even at low concentrations, these observations unequivocally point to an imbalanced state in the ecosystem. In order to restore the aquatic ecosystem's integrity and sufficiently safeguard the quality of its sediment, a controlled effort must be made to limit the detrimental effects of these trace elements.

VL  - 14
IS  - 2
ER  -

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