Purpose: Malaria and typhoid are among the frequently reported infections in Cameroon and are becoming a major public health concern. The genetic profile of Plasmodium falciparum and its involvement in disease severity has been reported in recent studies. In order to better understand the mechanism behind the pathology of a parasitic disease, it’s necessary to study and follow the genetic diversity within parasite population. Equally, to develop effective malaria control strategies and evaluate existing ones, it is important to determine the type of infection within a population. However, the genetic diversity of the parasite circulating in diagnosed cases of typho-malaria fever is yet unclear. We assessed the nature and extent of Plasmodium falciparum allelic diversity in the parasite population circulating in patients diagnosed with typho-malaria fever in two health facilities in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, thick/thin blood films from 178 febrile patients were examined using Microscopy for malaria diagnosis and acute sera were analysed using Widal agglutination test for typhoid fever diagnosis. The msp2 gene of Plasmodium falciparum was amplified using nested PCR and descriptive statistics was used to determine and compare the parasite population genetic diversity, allelic frequencies, and multiplicity of infection. Findings: Of the 178 febrile patients, 28.65% (51/178), 16.29% (29/178) and 13.48% (24/178) were positive for malaria, typhoid, and malaria/typhoid respectively. P. falciparum and S. typhi were the major causes of fever, with both pathogens more likely to co-exist. The geometric mean parasitaemia in typho-malaria group of patients was 33700 versus 7305.11 in patients infected only with malaria parasite (p value of <0.05) A total of 145 and 127 DNA fragments were obtained in diagnosed cases of malaria mono- and co-infections respectively, giving rise to 11 different allele subtypes. In patients with typho-malaria infection, a total of 6 different msp2 alleles were recorded with allele 621 base pairs (25.98%) as a major subtype. A genetic diversity of 22.22% was observed in co-infected patients with multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 3.4. Conclusion: The reported high MOI and diversity of strains of P. falciparum in typho-malaria patients is a call for concern to malaria control stakeholders in Cameroon. The overall high genetic diversity of the parasite suggests that malaria transmission within the study population is still high. This study calls for an intensification of the malaria control strategies in Cameroon.
| Published in | Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Volume 7, Issue 2) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.bmb.20220702.15 |
| Page(s) | 47-53 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Malaria, Typhoid Fever, Co-infection, Genetic Diversity, Multiplicity of Infection
| [1] | Etefia, E., and Ben, S. (2019) POVERTY AND DISEASE: ARE THEY THE MAJOR IMPEDIMENTS IN SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA? |
| [2] | Nsutebu, E. F., Martins, P., and Adiogo, D. (2003) Prevalence of typhoid fever in febrile patients with symptoms clinically compatible with typhoid fever in Cameroon, Tropical medicine & international health 8, 575-578. |
| [3] | Nair, S., Patel, V., Hickey, T., Maguire, C., Greig, D. R., Lee, W., Godbole, G., Grant, K., and Chattaway, M. A. (2019) Real-Time PCR Assay for Differentiation of Typhoidal and Nontyphoidal Salmonella, J Clin Microbiol 57. |
| [4] | Xin, S., Zhu, H., Tao, C., Zhang, B., Yao, L., Zhang, Y., Afayibo, D. J. A., Li, T., Tian, M., Qi, J., Ding, C., Yu, S., and Wang, S. (2021) Rapid Detection and Differentiating of the Predominant Salmonella Serovars in Chicken Farm by TaqMan Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay, Front Cell Infect Microbiol 11, 759965. |
| [5] | Achidi, E. A., Apinjoh, T. O., Anchang-Kimbi, J. K., Mugri, R. N., Ngwai, A. N., and Yafi, C. N. (2012) Severe and uncomplicated falciparum malaria in children from three regions and three ethnic groups in Cameroon: prospective study, Malar J 11, 1-12. |
| [6] | White, N. J. (2018) Anaemia and malaria, Malar J 17, 371. |
| [7] | Van den Steen, P. E., Deroost, K., Deckers, J., Van Herck, E., Struyf, S., and Opdenakker, G. (2013) Pathogenesis of malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome, Trends Parasitol 29, 346-358. |
| [8] | Mohan, A., Sharma, S. K., and Bollineni, S. (2008) Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome in malaria, J Vector Borne Dis 45, 179-193. |
| [9] | Bryceson, A., Fakunle, Y. M., Fleming, A. F., Crane, G., Hutt, M. S., de Cock, K. M., Greenwood, B. M., Marsden, P., and Rees, P. (1983) Malaria and splenomegaly, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 77, 879. |
| [10] | Maazoun, F., Deschamps, O., Barros-Kogel, E., Ngwem, E., Fauchet, N., Buffet, P., and Froissart, A. (2015) [Hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly], Rev Med Interne 36, 753-759. |
| [11] | Mashaal, H. A. (1986) Splenomegaly in malaria, Indian J Malariol 23, 1-18. |
| [12] | Katsoulis, O., Georgiadou, A., and Cunnington, A. J. (2021) Immunopathology of Acute Kidney Injury in Severe Malaria, Front Immunol 12, 651739. |
| [13] | Batte, A., Berrens, Z., Murphy, K., Mufumba, I., Sarangam, M. L., Hawkes, M. T., and Conroy, A. L. (2021) Malaria-Associated Acute Kidney Injury in African Children: Prevalence, Pathophysiology, Impact, and Management Challenges, Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 14, 235-253. |
| [14] | Brown, D. D., Solomon, S., Lerner, D., and Del Rio, M. (2020) Malaria and acute kidney injury, Pediatr Nephrol 35, 603-608. |
| [15] | Moyeh, M. N., Ali, I. M., Njimoh, D. L., Nji, A. M., Netongo, P. M., Evehe, M. S., Atogho-Tiedeu, B., Ghogomu, S. M., and Mbacham, W. F. (2019) Comparison of the Accuracy of Four Malaria Diagnostic Methods in a High Transmission Setting in Coastal Cameroon, In J Parasitol Res, p 1417967. |
| [16] | Oduro, A. R., Koram, K. A., Rogers, W., Atuguba, F., Ansah, P., Anyorigiya, T., Ansah, A., Anto, F., Mensah, N., and Hodgson, A. (2007) Severe falciparum malaria in young children of the Kassena-Nankana district of northern Ghana, Malar J 6, 1-7. |
| [17] | Sumari, D., Hosea, K. M., Mugasa, J. P., and Abdulla, S. (2010) Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum strains in children under Five Years of Age in Southeastern Tanzania, The Open Tropical Medicine Journal 3. |
| [18] | Wanji, S., Kengne-Ouafo, A. J., Eyong, E. E. J., Kimbi, H. K., Tendongfor, N., Ndamukong-Nyanga, J. L., Nana-Djeunga, H. C., Bourguinat, C., Sofeu-Feugaing, D. D., and Charvet, C. L. (2012) Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 block 2 in sites of contrasting altitudes and malaria endemicities in the Mount Cameroon region, Am J Trop Med Hyg 86, 764. |
| [19] | Kiwanuka, G. N. (2009) Genetic diversity in Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 and 2 coding genes and its implications in malaria epidemiology: a review of published studies from 1997-2007, Journal of vector borne diseases 46, 1. |
| [20] | Metoh, T. N., Chen, J.-H., Fon-Gah, P., Zhou, X., Moyou-Somo, R., and Zhou, X.-N. (2020) Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum and genetic profile in children affected by uncomplicated malaria in Cameroon, Malar J 19, 115. |
| [21] | Basco, L. K., Tahar, R., and Escalante, A. (2004) Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Cameroon. XVIII. Polymorphisms of the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface antigen-2 gene in isolates from symptomatic patients, Am J Trop Med Hyg 70, 238-244. |
| [22] | Touray, A. O., Mobegi, V. A., Wamunyokoli, F., and Herren, J. K. (2020) Diversity and Multiplicity of P. falciparum infections among asymptomatic school children in Mbita, Western Kenya, Scientific reports 10, 1-8. |
| [23] | Noorbakhsh, S., Rimaz, S., Rahbarimanesh, A., and Mamishi, S. (2003) Interpretation of the widal test in infected children, Iranian Journal of Public Health 32, 35-37. |
| [24] | Achonduh, O. A., Mbange, A. H. E., Barbara, A.-T., Mbulli, I. A., Achinko, D., Netongo, P. M., and Mbacham, W. F. (2013) Predominance of Plasmodium malariae-falciparum co-infection by molecular speciation in Bangolan, North West Region of Cameroon, Journal of Life Sciences 7, 599. |
| [25] | Getaneh, F., Zeleke, A. J., Lemma, W., and Tegegne, Y. (2020) Malaria Parasitemia in Febrile Patients Mono- and Coinfected with Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis Attending Sanja Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, J Parasitol Res 2020, 9891870. |
| [26] | Berg, A., Patel, S., Tellevik, M. G., Haanshuus, C. G., Dalen, I., Otterdal, K., Ueland, T., Moyo, S. J., Aukrust, P., and Langeland, N. (2020) Plasma parasitemia as assessed by quantitative PCR in relation to clinical disease severity in African adults with falciparum malaria with and without HIV co-infection, Infection 48, 367-373. |
| [27] | Kwenti, T. E. (2018) Malaria and HIV coinfection in sub-Saharan Africa: prevalence, impact, and treatment strategies, Res Rep Trop Med 9, 123-136. |
| [28] | Rani, G. F., Ashwin, H., Brown, N., Hitchcock, I. S., and Kaye, P. M. (2021) Hematological consequences of malaria in mice previously treated for visceral leishmaniasis, Wellcome Open Res 6, 83. |
| [29] | Hogan, B., Eibach, D., Krumkamp, R., Sarpong, N., Dekker, D., Kreuels, B., Maiga-Ascofaré, O., Gyau Boahen, K., Wiafe Akenten, C., Adu-Sarkodie, Y., Owusu-Dabo, E., and May, J. (2018) Malaria Coinfections in Febrile Pediatric Inpatients: A Hospital-Based Study From Ghana, Clin Infect Dis 66, 1838-1845. |
| [30] | Portugal, S., Drakesmith, H., and Mota, M. M. (2011) Superinfection in malaria: Plasmodium shows its iron will, EMBO Rep 12, 1233-1242. |
| [31] | Mbuh, F. A., Galadima, M., and Ogbadu, L. (2003) Rate of co-infection with malaria parasites and Salmonella Typhi in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria, Annals of African Medicine 2, 64-67. |
| [32] | Ammah, A., Nkuo-Akenji, T., Ndip, R., and Deas, J. (1999) An update on concurrent malaria and typhoid fever in Cameroon, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93, 127-129. |
| [33] | Ohanu, M., Mbah, A., Okonkwo, P., and Nwagbo, F. (2003) Interference by malaria in the diagnosis of typhoid using Widal test alone, West African journal of medicine 22, 250-252. |
| [34] | Keong, B. C. M., and Sulaiman, W. (2006) Typhoid and malaria co-infection–An interesting finding in the investigation of a tropical fever, The Malaysian journal of medical sciences: MJMS 13, 74. |
| [35] | Afoakwah, R., Acheampong, D., Boampong, J., Sarpong-Baidoo, M., Nwaefuna, E., and Tefe, P. (2011) Typhoid-Malaria co-infection in Ghana, Eur J Exp Biol 1, 1-6. |
| [36] | Ralinoro, F., Rakotomanga, T. A., Rakotosaona, R., Rakoto, D. A. D., Menard, D., Jeannoda, V., and Ratsimbasoa, A. (2021) Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum populations in three malaria transmission settings in Madagascar, Malar J 20, 1-11. |
| [37] | Basco, L. K., and Ringwald, P. (2001) Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Yaounde, Cameroon. VIII. Multiple Plasmodium falciparum infections in symptomatic patients, Am J Trop Med Hyg 65, 798-803. |
APA Style
Palmer Masumbe Netongo, MacDonald Bin Eric, Jean Paul Chedjou, Severin Donald Kamdem, Olivia Achonduh-Atijegbe, et al. (2022). Malaria and Typhoid Fever Co-infection Amongst Febrile Patients in Yaoundé, Cameroon: Implication in the Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 7(2), 47-53. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bmb.20220702.15
ACS Style
Palmer Masumbe Netongo; MacDonald Bin Eric; Jean Paul Chedjou; Severin Donald Kamdem; Olivia Achonduh-Atijegbe, et al. Malaria and Typhoid Fever Co-infection Amongst Febrile Patients in Yaoundé, Cameroon: Implication in the Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2022, 7(2), 47-53. doi: 10.11648/j.bmb.20220702.15
AMA Style
Palmer Masumbe Netongo, MacDonald Bin Eric, Jean Paul Chedjou, Severin Donald Kamdem, Olivia Achonduh-Atijegbe, et al. Malaria and Typhoid Fever Co-infection Amongst Febrile Patients in Yaoundé, Cameroon: Implication in the Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum. Biochem Mol Biol. 2022;7(2):47-53. doi: 10.11648/j.bmb.20220702.15
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.bmb.20220702.15,
author = {Palmer Masumbe Netongo and MacDonald Bin Eric and Jean Paul Chedjou and Severin Donald Kamdem and Olivia Achonduh-Atijegbe and Wilfred Fon Mbacham},
title = {Malaria and Typhoid Fever Co-infection Amongst Febrile Patients in Yaoundé, Cameroon: Implication in the Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum},
journal = {Biochemistry and Molecular Biology},
volume = {7},
number = {2},
pages = {47-53},
doi = {10.11648/j.bmb.20220702.15},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bmb.20220702.15},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.bmb.20220702.15},
abstract = {Purpose: Malaria and typhoid are among the frequently reported infections in Cameroon and are becoming a major public health concern. The genetic profile of Plasmodium falciparum and its involvement in disease severity has been reported in recent studies. In order to better understand the mechanism behind the pathology of a parasitic disease, it’s necessary to study and follow the genetic diversity within parasite population. Equally, to develop effective malaria control strategies and evaluate existing ones, it is important to determine the type of infection within a population. However, the genetic diversity of the parasite circulating in diagnosed cases of typho-malaria fever is yet unclear. We assessed the nature and extent of Plasmodium falciparum allelic diversity in the parasite population circulating in patients diagnosed with typho-malaria fever in two health facilities in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, thick/thin blood films from 178 febrile patients were examined using Microscopy for malaria diagnosis and acute sera were analysed using Widal agglutination test for typhoid fever diagnosis. The msp2 gene of Plasmodium falciparum was amplified using nested PCR and descriptive statistics was used to determine and compare the parasite population genetic diversity, allelic frequencies, and multiplicity of infection. Findings: Of the 178 febrile patients, 28.65% (51/178), 16.29% (29/178) and 13.48% (24/178) were positive for malaria, typhoid, and malaria/typhoid respectively. P. falciparum and S. typhi were the major causes of fever, with both pathogens more likely to co-exist. The geometric mean parasitaemia in typho-malaria group of patients was 33700 versus 7305.11 in patients infected only with malaria parasite (p value of ) A total of 145 and 127 DNA fragments were obtained in diagnosed cases of malaria mono- and co-infections respectively, giving rise to 11 different allele subtypes. In patients with typho-malaria infection, a total of 6 different msp2 alleles were recorded with allele 621 base pairs (25.98%) as a major subtype. A genetic diversity of 22.22% was observed in co-infected patients with multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 3.4. Conclusion: The reported high MOI and diversity of strains of P. falciparum in typho-malaria patients is a call for concern to malaria control stakeholders in Cameroon. The overall high genetic diversity of the parasite suggests that malaria transmission within the study population is still high. This study calls for an intensification of the malaria control strategies in Cameroon.},
year = {2022}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Malaria and Typhoid Fever Co-infection Amongst Febrile Patients in Yaoundé, Cameroon: Implication in the Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum AU - Palmer Masumbe Netongo AU - MacDonald Bin Eric AU - Jean Paul Chedjou AU - Severin Donald Kamdem AU - Olivia Achonduh-Atijegbe AU - Wilfred Fon Mbacham Y1 - 2022/06/29 PY - 2022 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bmb.20220702.15 DO - 10.11648/j.bmb.20220702.15 T2 - Biochemistry and Molecular Biology JF - Biochemistry and Molecular Biology JO - Biochemistry and Molecular Biology SP - 47 EP - 53 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2575-5048 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bmb.20220702.15 AB - Purpose: Malaria and typhoid are among the frequently reported infections in Cameroon and are becoming a major public health concern. The genetic profile of Plasmodium falciparum and its involvement in disease severity has been reported in recent studies. In order to better understand the mechanism behind the pathology of a parasitic disease, it’s necessary to study and follow the genetic diversity within parasite population. Equally, to develop effective malaria control strategies and evaluate existing ones, it is important to determine the type of infection within a population. However, the genetic diversity of the parasite circulating in diagnosed cases of typho-malaria fever is yet unclear. We assessed the nature and extent of Plasmodium falciparum allelic diversity in the parasite population circulating in patients diagnosed with typho-malaria fever in two health facilities in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, thick/thin blood films from 178 febrile patients were examined using Microscopy for malaria diagnosis and acute sera were analysed using Widal agglutination test for typhoid fever diagnosis. The msp2 gene of Plasmodium falciparum was amplified using nested PCR and descriptive statistics was used to determine and compare the parasite population genetic diversity, allelic frequencies, and multiplicity of infection. Findings: Of the 178 febrile patients, 28.65% (51/178), 16.29% (29/178) and 13.48% (24/178) were positive for malaria, typhoid, and malaria/typhoid respectively. P. falciparum and S. typhi were the major causes of fever, with both pathogens more likely to co-exist. The geometric mean parasitaemia in typho-malaria group of patients was 33700 versus 7305.11 in patients infected only with malaria parasite (p value of ) A total of 145 and 127 DNA fragments were obtained in diagnosed cases of malaria mono- and co-infections respectively, giving rise to 11 different allele subtypes. In patients with typho-malaria infection, a total of 6 different msp2 alleles were recorded with allele 621 base pairs (25.98%) as a major subtype. A genetic diversity of 22.22% was observed in co-infected patients with multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 3.4. Conclusion: The reported high MOI and diversity of strains of P. falciparum in typho-malaria patients is a call for concern to malaria control stakeholders in Cameroon. The overall high genetic diversity of the parasite suggests that malaria transmission within the study population is still high. This study calls for an intensification of the malaria control strategies in Cameroon. VL - 7 IS - 2 ER -
Information
Email: