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Research Article | | Peer-Reviewed

Battery-Integrated LED TV with Smart Power Management for Panel Protection and Voltage Stabilization

Md Rayhan Tanvir*
Published in American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems (Volume 14, Issue 5)
Received: 22 August 2025     Accepted: 10 September 2025     Published: 26 September 2025
Views:       Downloads:
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Abstract

LED TVs provide crystal-clear image quality and are energy-efficient, but are not free from voltage fluctuations, voltage spikes and power losses that can cause great damage to these TVs, especially in the areas where the power supply is not stabilized. These power problems can result in image quality degradation, flicker or permanent damage to the LED panel. In this paper, a novel power architecture is proposed where a rechargeable lithium-ion battery and an intelligent power management system are built within the LED TV frame. Unlike previous works, which either need infrastructure for solar power, or access to an external UPS unit, or partial battery EMI shielding, this is the first embedded system that offers sub-millisecond switching, adaptive brightness control and full battery management inside the television chassis. The system contains an AC-DC charger, bi-directional DC-DC converters, a microcontroller unit (MCU), a high-speed switchover circuit (HSSC) composed of MOSFETs and a reliable Battery Management System (BMS). Features include adaptive load management, undervoltage protection and soft start to reduce inrush current. Simulation results by using LTSpice and Proteus confirm that the system can achieve the switchover latency of less than 1 ms, keep the panel voltage within the range of ±0.5% during voltage sags and surges, and prolong the backup operation time of up to 2 hours for a 32″ LED panel. This integrated solution removes the requirement to use separate UPS systems, increases reliability and also enables future integration with renewable sources like rooftop solar. The architecture fits with the trends that have been emerging towards low voltage DC, smart grid standard and embedded energy resilience of consumer electronics appliances.

Published in American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems (Volume 14, Issue 5)
DOI 10.11648/j.epes.20251405.11
Page(s) 88-101
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group
Previous article
Keywords

Battery-Integrated LED Television, Smart Power Management, Battery Management System, Low-Voltage DC (LVDC) Architecture, Voltage Stabilization, Fast Switchover Circuit, DC-DC Converter

1. Introduction
The use of the current generation of LED televisions is almost ubiquitous in the home and commercial display market, because of the brightness of the images, the thinness of the displays, and the efficiency of the energy usage. Nevertheless, their stability is highly sensitive to the stability of the power source. Grid anomalies, including voltage dips, sags, swells, and interruptions, are recognized to be the cause of maloperation of LED panels, resulting in flicker, screen dimming, or permanent damage to the internal circuit
[1, 2]
. These issues are exacerbated in areas with dilapidated structures and regular load shedding.
Conventional mitigation methods are commonly proposed: external voltage stabilizers or UPS systems. However, these introduce cost, increase physical size and are not well coordinated with the TV’s internal power logic
[3, 4]
. Furthermore, the switching transients and losses caused by mechanical relays or by double-conversion schemes in commercially available UPS can expose the LED panel to transients.
In this paper, we propose a battery-embedded LED television with an integrated smart power management system to address these constraints. The solution uses a 12-V lithium-ion battery pack with a BMS, bi-directional DC-DC converters, and an MCU which controls the real-time control logic including charge, discharge, and load protections. There’s also fast switching circuitry that lets the power flow uninterrupted to the panel, and smart control algorithms manage the energy routing and thermal thresholds. This design allows TVs to operate smoothly through power fluctuations as well as to support being off-grid, self-powered consumer electronics.
Moreover, the architecture also permits modular battery pack upgradation, eco-mode operation, with provision to incorporate renewable sources of energy such as solar photovoltaic (PV) panels. These control features can be used for efficient and reliable energy management of the future smart TVs
[5-7]
by exploiting the LVDC concept and the intelligent embedded control. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that integrates battery and switchover logic inside the LED TV chassis with an aim to achieve sub-ms switching with adaptive control.
2. Literature Review
2.1. Power Quality Problems in LED TVs
The quality and service life of LED display systems is seriously compromised by the instability of the grid. According to
[1]
real-time power electronics (filters, controllers) are mandatory to mitigate (sags, swells and transient) disturbances. These variations have an adverse impact on LED drivers, which may result in flicker, reduced brightness, or hibernation of the system. Problems related to power quality have been seen to be responsible for over 45% of the failure cases in LED panels
[2]
.
The existing solutions e.g., autotransformer-based voltage stabilizers or offline UPS systems provide partial protection, however, with high latency and low efficiency
[3, 4]
. Additionally, these external systems are generally quite large in size and are not smartly coordinated with the internal power consumption of the device.
2.2. Battery Integration and LVDC Systems
Integrating batteries in electronic devices to support backup and stabilization are new trend due to the development of battery technologies as well as the increasing application of DC-based systems
[5, 6]
. Battery-based systems have the ability to envisage short-term fluctuations and can do the standalone operation when integrated with intelligent controls and modular design
[8, 9]
.
Farakhor et al.
[10]
presented a modular reconfigurable battery energy system with the possibility of flexible use in embedded applications. Similarly, Han et al.
[8]
demonstrated the use of battery-included energy-harvesting systems to support ultra-low-power electronics. These concepts can be applied to the TV context, where relatively moderate power requirements and space limitations are required for compact, energy-effective solutions.
2.3. Safety of the Battery Management Systems (BMS)
A proper BMS is essential to ensure that the battery is in good health and that it will remain in that state for a long time. Main functions consist of cell balancing, temperature cutoff and over/under-voltage protection
[10, 11]
. Automotive BMS systems have added intelligence to the estimation with state-of-health (SoH) tracking and coulomb counting, concepts that can be re-scaled to consumer electronics
[12]
. Pal et al.
[10]
and Rahmani et al.
[11]
showed that well-designed BMS schemes improve both reliability and operational performance.
2.4. Power Conversion and Switchover Methods
To achieve logical transition between mains and battery power sources requires rapid, efficient power path control. Ideal diode configurations based on MOSFET devices (with response times in the microsecond range) are known to outperform relay-based switches under-voltage transients
[13]
. The passivity-based control reported in
[14]
can successfully be used to stabilize DC-DC converters with constant power loads such as LED panels.
Also, the smoothing capacitors and ripple-suppression circuits are also very important. For example, Hamidah et al.
[15]
showed that the use of aluminum electrolytic capacitors can overcome voltage fluctuation during power switches.
2.5. Energy-Efficient Behavior and Smart Control
Energy-intelligent embedded Smart TVs can further enhance power consumption. Adaptive control mechanisms like: load-shedding, backlight dimming, predictive switchover, enhance battery life by cutting down on run-time and battery stress
[16, 17]
. Integrating MCUs can control the state of the grid, battery, and panel load to intelligently regulate the energy flow and improve system robustness and effectiveness
[18, 19]
.
2.6. Integration of Renewable and Sustainability
New studies promote the incorporation of renewable energy resources, including grid-connected rooftop solar, in domestic appliances. Sabry et al.
[3]
and Al-Taie et al.
[19]
considered hybrid power systems with grid and solar generation sources. Such future upgrades could be easily supported by the proposed TV architecture by incorporating dual-input DC compatibility and smart charging controllers.
2.7. Identified Gaps
Although there have been studies considering BMS
[10-12]
, ideal diode switching
[13]
, and embedded energy systems
[8, 9]
, few works consider all of them as applications for the consumer LED TV. There is also a deficiency of fully integrated systems having rapid switchover and brightness optimization for runtime extension. This paper presents, for the first time, a compact, integrated energy resilience architecture for an LED TV, which includes real-time MCU-based control, seamless battery switching (<1 ms) and embedded load adaptation, thereby bridging an important gap in intelligent consumer electronics.
3. System Architecture and Design Approach
3.1. Functional Overview
The battery-integrated LED TV system is designed based on a dual-source power path structure to enable non-stop voltage supply upon grid perturbation. The core components include:
1) AC-DC SMPS Charger: It converts 90-265V AC mains to 12.6V DC for charging the battery as well as operating the system.
2) Li-ion Battery Pack (3S): Nominal voltage of 11.1-12.6V and capacity range (2200-8800mAh).
3) Battery Management System (BMS): This monitors and protects against overcharge, deep discharge, overcurrent and temperature changes
[10, 11]
.
4) Bi-directional DC-DC conversion: It is capable of battery charging and boost/buck voltage regulation for panel and logic circuits
[20]
.
5) High Speed Switch Over Circuit: It implements MOSFET-based ideal diode logic to switch between power sources in milliseconds
[13]
.
6) MCU: MCU implements intelligent power management algorithms for monitoring the grid status and regulating the load behavior
[18, 19]
.
The complete architecture is provided in Figure 1 (conceptual block diagram).
Figure 1. Conceptual block diagram of the proposed system.
The AC grid and the battery both supply power to a common regulated DC bus. The bus provides the LED backlight driver, the logic board, and other associated circuits. Real-time monitoring of the voltage, current, temperature and SOC is performed by sensors and the MCU control switch logic.
3.2. Smart Control States
The system works in four different power modes:
1) Normal Conditions: Grid-connected. The panel is powered and the battery is charged by the SMPS via a constant-current/constant-voltage (CC/CV) scheme
[1]
. The charging is dynamically controlled considering battery SOC as well as thermal conditions
[12]
.
2) Grid Fail (Backup Mode): When grid voltage falls under the threshold level (e.g., 180VAC), and the MCU initiates a fast switchover to the battery power. The DC-DC converter increases the battery voltage to 24V for the LED backlight and 12V for system logic. Transition latency is still less than 1 ms, which provides flicker-free panel operation
[13]
.
3) Low Battery Protection: During a charge or discharge, if the battery voltage (<10.5V) and SOC (<10%) are lower than the load and discharge cut-off requirements, the system will shut down smoothly, or turn to eco-mode (dimming mode) to protect the battery from damage and to protect the duration of the battery
[12]
.
4) Overvoltage or Surge Protection: Transient voltage spikes (TVS) diodes and snubber circuits suppress transient voltage spikes. The BMS will disconnect the battery if overvoltage or overheating happens
[15, 18]
.
All control states are designed as a finite state machine in the MCU firmware. Both safety margins and hysteresis can be implemented with the threshold level for avoiding false triggers by line noise.
3.3. Adaptive Load Management
The MCU adaptively regulates display parameters for maximum battery life in power outages. Adopting the adaptive brightness for smart lighting systems
[16]
, the LED intensity of the backlight is decreased and unnecessary subsystems could be disabled during backup. Furthermore, MCU records usage patterns and switching events in order to forecast the battery drain and optimize the switchover behavior along the line of smart energy management schemes
[17]
.
3.4. Thermal Mode and Protection
Thermal performance (in particular the 60°C BMS and control unit throttling threshold) was estimated using analytical estimations based on datasheet thermal profiles and empirical thermal resistance values, rather than full transient heat-flow simulation. Thermal effect was emulated in Proteus by modifying virtual thermistor values in accordance with NTC curves. The thermal cutoff and throttling are implemented in accordance with the references
[10, 11]
and a full-system thermal model (e.g., in ANSYS or SolidWorks CFD) is left for future prototype validation. In order to support real-world thermal safety, we will investigate using vapor chambers or thermally conductive enclosures, as suggested in
[9]
, in future hardware iterations.
3.5. Integration for Renewables and DC Compatibility
Although this is not the main objective of this work, the system architecture may include the optional use of renewable sources. A solar charge controller can be attached to the DC input bus and the TV can function on partial or fully off-grid operation. This corresponds to the characteristics of the low-voltage DC environment and smart home energy scheduling
[4, 19]
.
Table 1. System Specification of Prototype Battery-Integrated LED TV.

Parameter

Value

Input Voltage Range (AC)

90-265 V

Output Voltage (Panel)

24 V ± 0.5%

Battery Capacity (Prototype)

8800 mAh (3S Li-ion)

Backup Runtime

~2 hours @ 50 W

Switchover Time

<1 ms

Converter Efficiency

93-95%

MCU

STM32F103
4. Circuit Design, Modeling and Selection of Components
4.1. Battery Pack with Battery Management Systems (BMS)
The power will be supplied from a 3-cell (3S) Lithium-Ion battery pack generating a nominal 11.1V (12.6V maximum). For a 32″ LED TV (around 50 W), a target of 2 hours backup time will require around 10Ah rated pack, accounting for system efficiency. Using the equation:
Cbatt =PTV×Tbackup Vbatt ×ηsys (1)
With a ηsys≈0.9, we obtain a necessary capacity of around 5.6-10Ah, depending on target runtime and screen size. This is consistent with the sizing and architecture approach of reconfigurable batteries for embedded and vehicular platforms
[20, 21]
.
The BMS is embedded in a multi-cell protection IC that can:
1) Cell balancing
2) Overvoltage and undervoltage cut off
3) Overtemperature and overcurrent protection
4) Control through UART, or I²C
[10, 11]
Temperature sensing is performed by NTC thermistors located inside the battery pack. For safety considerations, the MCU and the BMS make decisions collaboratively in time of switchover, shutdown, and charging throttling
[12]
.
Fault Detection and Redundancy Technique
Hardware interlock and watchdog timers are part of the power-switching logic to guarantee operational safety in the case of MCU failure. The BMS has its own standalone monitor for the overtemperature and overcurrent levels and may isolate the battery without MCU interference
[10-12]
. There are also zener clamps and failsafe gate control for shoot-through prevention in case the controller faults
[18]
. Interlocking protection is an important aspect of consumer devices and is consistent with the fail-safe approach employed in automotive-grade BMS solutions. The chosen 3S Li-ion pack is safeguarded by a BMS, and other hardware fuses or PTCs are suggested as hardware-level fault isolation in the absence of a BMS or MCU for failure
[11]
.
4.2. AC-DC SMPS
Flyback topology is selected for galvanic isolation and integrated design. The AC-DC converter features:
1) Wide range of input voltage (90-265V AC)
2) 12.6V output capability at 2.5 amps (constant-current/constant-voltage (CC-CV) mode)
3) MOVs and TVS diodes for Surge suppression
[1]
4) Output filter for compliance to ripple and EMI requirements
With this design, the panel and battery can be simultaneously used without causing the panel to heat up. Filter capacitors (selected with low Equivalent Series Resistance ESR) are to reduce ripple and enhance dynamic load response
[15]
.
EMI filters in the form of common-mode chokes, π-filters and shielding casings are included in the SMPS and the DC-DC converter. The design reduces loop areas at high frequencies, and all of the switching nodes are routed over internal planes. The design satisfies Class B CISPR limits for consumer electronics. Reduction of high-frequency switching noise can also be realized by using aluminum electrolytic capacitors with low ESR
[15, 18]
. Although the EMI suppression techniques have been confirmed by simulation and PCB design rules, full observation of CISPR and conducted/radiated emission standards is a future work and requires experimental validation.
4.3. High-Speed Switching Circuit
The switchover circuit is based on back-to-back MOSFETs as an ideal diode. This system which is shown in
[13]
provides:
1) Smooth switchover to battery and AC power
2) Reverse current blocking
3) No or negligible conduction loss
4) Less than 1ms of switchover time
The MCU is interfaced with the gate driver (e.g., IR2110), which makes the source decision by reading the voltage from the ADC in real-time.
4.4. Bi-directional DC-DC Converter
The basic DC-DC converter offers both the step-up and step-down operation to control the voltage for:
1) LED backlight (24V DC constant current)
2) System logic (12V, 5V rails)
For load regulation, the converter works in continuous conduction mode (CCM). The attenuation factor for the output voltage is controlled by a PWM-based PI controller:
Vout =D⋅Vin (Buck Mode),Vout =Vin 1-D(Boost Mode)(2)
Where D is the duty cycle. Feedback control is used with passivity-based techniques
[14]
to guarantee rapid voltage recovery when the load is altered and oscillation damping.
A converter that satisfies these conditions is the XL6009 module or LM3478 controller, which can achieve > 90% efficiency at 50W load
[2]
.
4.5. Soft Start and Load Protection
A soft start ramps up the output voltage after switch-over which is useful to prevent inrush currents and start-up stress. A load-dump detection circuitry is present to temporarily block the current delivery during fault events in the DC-DC converter as regulated using a programmable soft-start timer
[11, 18]
. At the DC output stage, aluminum electrolytic capacitors are also added for absorbing transients and to keep <1% voltage ripple under dynamic load conditions as described in
[15]
.
Table 2. Characteristics and Performances of the key components.

Component

Model / IC

Description

Microcontroller (MCU)

STM32F103C8T6

32-bit ARM Cortex-M3 MCU, low-power, used for control logic

Gate Driver

IR2110

High-speed half-bridge driver for MOSFET control

DC-DC Controller

XL6009 / LM3478

Boost/Buck converters for 24 V and 12 V rails

Switchover MOSFET

IRF540N

N-Channel MOSFET, used for ideal diode switching

Battery Pack

3S Li-ion (e.g., 18650 cells)

11.1-12.6 V, ~8800 mAh total

BMS IC

DW01 + FS8205A

Commonly used 3S protection combo: DW01 (controller) with FS8205A (dual MOSFET)

[10
, 11]

Thermistor

NTC 10k

For temperature sensing of battery pack

TVS Diode

SMBJ24A

For surge protection during voltage spikes
The main modules of the proposed LED TV architecture are summarized in Table 2. The choice was made on the basis of trade-offs among efficiency, availability, and reliability. For MCU, we used the STM32F103 which makes the real-time control and the IR2110 for fast and reliable switching. DW01 + FS8205A can achieve 3S protection, and the size is not much larger than a fingerprint. Component selection was done in such a way that it would be feasible to integrate it into consumer casings and yet offer safety, power quality, and safe thermal operation.
5. Experiments and Results
5.1. Experimental Setup
The operating performance of the proposed design was simulated by the LTSpice XVII and Proteus 8.15. LTSpice XVII is used for analog circuit simulation, while Proteus 8.15 is used for digital logic and MCU control simulation. The following are the main elements of this model:
1) Buck (step-down)/Boost (step-up) DC-DC converters
2) Injecting AC disturbances (sags and swells)
3) MOSFET switch control circuit
4) Interactions of BMS with voltage thresholds
Overview of Simulation Scenarios -
5.1.1. Voltage Sag Scenario
1) Input voltage dropped from 230V down to 160V over 50ms
2) Switching Latency: 0.9 msec
3) Output voltage deviation: ±0.2V
4) No panel flicker or reset
System response to a voltage sag event: Figure 2 shows a voltage sag event when there is a sudden degradation of input voltage (230V to 160V) AC in the time of 40-90 ms. The MCU detects the abnormality and then the source switchover is realized at 41 ms (the green line) in the Figure 2. The output from the LED panel (in blue) does sag momentarily, down to 23.8V, but settles quickly back within ± 0.2V, which is within the safety operating band of ± 0.5%. The overall switchover transient duration is less than 1 ms, which verifies the performance of MOSFET-based ideal diode switching and soft-starting design. This fast response avoids any apparent flicker or system reset, which improves the robustness of the TV against grid instability.
Figure 2. Performance during a simulated input voltage sag from 230V to 160V (The system keeps the output voltage stable with switchover latency inferior to 1ms and output voltage deviation less than 0.2V).
5.1.2. Voltage Surge Scenario
1) 290V surge for 40 ms
2) TVS diodes clamp the spike
3) No overshoot at panel terminals
[1, 15]
The response of the system to a simulated transient input voltage is shown in Figure 3, where the grid voltage suddenly increases from 230V to 290V for a period of 40ms. Due to built-in TVS diodes and snubber networks, the output voltage has been successfully protected and stayed closely regulated at around 24.1V with no overshooting or instability at the panel terminals. This represents effective clamping of the HV spike and is protective of the downstream circuits. The results validate the robustness of the system coping with instantaneous surge events that do not interfere with the control performances and safety.
Figure 3. Output voltage regulation in the presence of an input swell from 230V to 290V, the output is clamped around 24.1V which is a successful transient suppression.
5.1.3. Battery Discharge Characteristics
1) Load: Constant 50W
2) Voltage drops: From 12.6 volts to 10.5 volts in 115 minutes
3) BMS cut-off at a safe limit
[10, 11]
The discharge curve of the 3S lithium-ion battery pack to the 32″ LED panel is illustrated in the following Figure 4. The voltage steadily fell from 12.6V to the BMS-integrated lower limit of 10.5V over a 115-minute period. This profile also approves the system for providing almost two hours of running time during grid blackouts. Adaptive load management prevents linear discharge and premature power cut-off for long-lasting performance and battery life.
Figure 4. Discharge curve of the battery at a constant load of 50 W. The system holds more than a 10.5V BMS threshold for about 115 minutes.
5.1.4. Switchover and Soft-Start Current Response
1) Mains to battery transfer time: < 1ms
2) Soft-start clamped inrush current for input capacitors preventing the LED current overshoot
[18]
Figure 5 shows the response of the system with respect to the switchover event, for output voltage and LED current. The microcontroller switch stops conducting at 1ms, and there's a slight under-shoot to 23.7V that is close to settling at 0.5ms, so we wouldn't expect (and we don't see) visual artifacts on the screen. Because of the soft-start function of the designed DC-DC converter, the LED current is slowly rising, which effectively suppresses the inrush current and overvoltage of power devices. That seamless transfer is what makes everything work and look as it should after powering on and off.
Figure 5. Response of the output voltage and the LED current to a switchover event.
5.2. Energy Optimization and Efficiency
1) Standby mode power consumption was also reduced because of the non-existence of idle consumption of external UPS.
2) Adaptive brightness control during the battery mode contributed to a 10-15% improvement in battery lifetime
[16, 17]
.
3) Under the conditions of ambient temperature over 50°C, the battery charge was controlled by the MCU to prevent accelerated degradation
[12]
.
Figure 6. Comparison of battery runtime under constant load with and without adaptive brightness control. Adaptive brightness increasing usage time to over 11%, before switching off at 10.5V limit.
The battery voltage discharge characteristics are shown in Figure 6 for normal operation and adaptive brightness control. At full brightness, the 32″ LED panel consumes about 2.1A at 24V (50W), but in eco mode, the MCU scales back the PWM duty cycle of the backlight to 60%, so the current draw falls to 1.5A (~36W)—an instantaneous 28% saving. This modulation strategy is in line with existing current-controlled LED driver topologies
[2]
, and provides a noticeable gain in energy efficiency. More specifically, the standard version makes the BMS cutoff (10.5V) at around 115 minutes, and the eco-mode version provides 128 minutes of run time. This also results in 11% extended operation time under the backup mode, complementing adaptive control policies in
[16, 17]
, and showing the feasibility of smart embedded load management in power-volatile situations.
6. Discussion and Comparison
6.1. Performance Evaluation
The system of battery-integrated LED TV shows significant technical benefits compared to a traditional one with either an external UPS or voltage stabilizer. In particular, the system achieved the following:
1) Switchover time is less than 1ms, no visible screen flickering or artifacts.
2) ±0.5% voltage regulation to protect the LED backlight and panel drivers from voltage stress.
3) Up to 2 hours runtime on an 8800mAh battery, with the possibility for prolonging with energy-aware control.
This supports the correspondence to passivity-based stability conditions for constant power systems by Kwasinski and Krein
[14]
and also to actual ripple-suppression techniques
[15]
.
Losses Analysis and Justification
The internal power loss distribution shown in Figure 7 was estimated based on simulation data, datasheet values and empirical design, and for 50Wof LED TV load, while the overall system efficiency was assumed to be 92%. The AC-DC conversion stage, based on the flyback topology, had a typical efficiency of 87-89% (with an estimated loss of 6W - an equivalent to 42% of the total system losses
[1, 15]
). The loss of the DC-DC converter (buck-boost, 93-95% efficient, e.g., XL6009/LM3478 module) was approximately 2.4 W, which accounted for approximately 27% of the total loss
[2]
. Battery charge and discharge losses, from internal resistance and from coulombic energy losses, were estimated to be around 1.8W or 13%, based on a measured datasheet round trip efficiency of ~96%
[10, 12]
. The remaining 18% was losses from standby and overhead losses associated with microcontroller activity (100-500 mW), gate driver switching, and passive snubber and protection circuit losses due to gate driving
[13, 18]
. These numbers are consistent with power dissipation data from low-voltage DC system literature and support the system's capability for efficient, embedded energy management in consumer electronics.
Figure 7. Distribution of internal power loss in the key components of the proposed LED TV system. AC-DC conversion is the main contributor to total losses, then DC-DC stages, switching loss, and battery charge/discharge path.
6.2. Comparison with the External UPS
A comparison between the present simulation and reported literature results is shown quantitatively in Table 3.
Table 3. System-level comparison.

Metric

Proposed Integrated System

UPS + Standard TV Setup

Advantage

Data Source

Switchover Time

<1 ms

2-6 ms

[3
, 4]

5× faster

Simulated

Voltage Stability

±0.5%

±5% during transfer

[3
, 21]

10× better regulation

Simulated + Literature

Conversion Efficiency

93-95%

~85-90%

[2]

+5-8% efficiency

Simulated

Standby Loss

~1 W

~3-5 W

[4]

Lower idle consumption

Estimated from Simulation

Backup Runtime

~2 h (8800 mAh)

~1.5 h (similar capacity)

Extended by optimization

Simulated

Panel Flicker

None

Several per hour

[21]

100% flicker reduction

Simulated + Cited

Physical Footprint

Integrated in chassis

External UPS unit

More compact

Assumed

Smart Behavior

MCU-based adaptive control

None

Intelligent runtime control

Simulated + Design Logic
The approximate BOM (bill of materials) cost for the integrated solution is USD 18-25 higher than a standalone TV solution. The trade-off is that we no longer need a USD 40-60 external UPS though. Furthermore, the system is OEM-friendly due to space, aesthetics, and energy reduction. These benefits are especially important for customers in power-unstable areas where little power fluctuation can cause sensitive electronics to fail and interrupt watching television.
6.3. Embedded Intelligence and Energy-Aware Characteristics
The proposed architecture is capable of load-aware operation that is not available in the classical ones, such as:
1) Dynamic reduction of the brightness for battery power consumption
[16]
.
2) Monitoring of switchover frequency and duration for predictive maintenance.
3) On-screen notifications when SoH or SoC drops below the thresholds
[12]
.
4) AI runtime-extension and load-prediction logic as a part of further work
[17, 19]
.
These intelligent behaviors are consistent with those observed in the literature about smart energy management for homes
[17, 19]
.
6.4. Scalability and Customization of the Design
The modular design can expand the battery to support larger displays (e.g., 50-65″ TV) by simply scaling up the pack and BMS logic
[9]
. Thermally conductive housing and passive cooling are advisable for the high-power variants to stay sub-50°C battery operation for long runtime.
The possibility of further integration with solar photovoltaic inputs in the future is simple as a result of the system being naturally DC-based. Solar charge controllers alternatively can be directly connected to the battery input for partial or complete off-grid operation
[4, 19]
. This system is highly useful in developing countries where rural electrification may not be possible or is slow, or where the grid reliability is poor - including various parts of Bangladesh, India, Africa and Southeast Asia. Further, it provides a scalable solution for marine, automotive displays, and remote IoT signage where reliable power sources are mission-critical
[4, 7, 19]
.
6.5. Limitations
Although the simulation provides sub-millisecond switching and good voltage stability, it is still restricted to:
1) Battery lifetime limitations (~800-1000 cycles at moderate discharge).
2) Reliance on the embedded software for switching regulation.
3) The current design has some limited renewable integration (no MPPT has been deployed yet).
These will be considered in future work involving solid-state batteries
[22]
, AI-based load prediction
[17]
, and integrated PV charge controllers
[4]
.
6.6. Real-World Deployment and Regulatory Issues
For commercialization, many practical and regulatory issues need to be considered. EMI and conducted emissions need to meet the CISPR Class B, which is for “high-end consumer electronics such as TVs, stereos and home computers”
[3]
. The common-mode chokes and π-filters can be used to satisfy the limits already implemented in the proposed design back-to-back, as it has been done in
[15]
. Thermal safety and lifecycle considerations in the lithium-ion battery pack are essential, those are from battery management literature
[10, 11]
, and embedded protection circuits
[18]
should be further developed to comply with industrial safety standards such as IEC 62133. Also, flame-retardant (UL94-V0) enclosures are suggested to improve the fire safety of embedded batteries, especially in passive-cooling OEM systems. Integration within the TV chassis also has to be considered for space savings and passive thermal management, and battery SoC/SoH monitoring, as noted in smart BMS architectures and battery reliability papers
[10, 12, 18]
.
7. Conclusion
In this paper, a new, fully integrated power architecture for LED televisions, has been proposed which integrates a rechargeable lithium-ion battery, bidirectional DC-DC converters, microcontroller-based control unit, and a high-frequency MOSFET based switchover circuit inside the TV chassis. The system is designed to overcome the major power grid instability issues facing LED panel performance and user experience (e.g., voltage sags, surges, and outages).
The system was able to achieve the following results, through comprehensive simulations:
1) Seamless switching in 1 ms, easily achieved flicker-free transitions.
2) Strict output voltage regulation, ±0.5%, extending panel life.
3) Long run time~2h at normal 50W load.
4) Very high efficiency (93-95%), significantly better than conventional UPS systems.
5) Smart energy-aware actions such as adaptive brightness and load scheduling.
These findings justify the implementation of the proposed system as an inexpensive compact solution that is intended to replace external UPSs. Incorporating resilience into the architecture of the TV, the design reduces cable clutter, improves aesthetic integration, and offers intelligent control over the flow of energy depending on the real-time situation. Television OEMs may consider this proposed solution as an inherent robustness feature for voltage instability-prone markets.
8. Future Research Directions
Based on this groundwork, we recommend a number of directions for future research and product development:
1) AI-driven Load Prediction Algorithms: Use machine learning models to predict disturbances on the grid and adapt switchover or even pre-charge battery behavior accordingly
[17, 19]
.
2) Renewable Energy Integration: Deploy rooftop solar PV or DC microgrid compliant through MPPT charge controllers to support sustainability to operate as an off-grid television
[4, 19]
.
3) Scalable Modular Design: Extend the battery and power management system to larger TVs (up to 65″) and commercial signage applications with reconfigurable battery modules
[9]
.
4) Solid-State Compatibility: Investigate new types of cell chemistry (such as LiFePO4 or solid-state cells) to improve both thermal safety and cycle life
[22]
.
5) IoT-Based monitoring: Enable remote monitoring of battery health (SoH) and state of charge (SoC), fault diagnosis, and user-defined energy modes through wireless connectivity for smart home integration
[12, 19]
.
With this work, we pave the way towards durable, smart, and sustainable consumer electronics, in accordance with future trends in smart grids, energy autonomy, and embedded AI.
Abbreviations

AC

Alternating Current

ADC

Analog-to-Digital Converter

AI

Artificial Intelligence

ms

Milliseconds

BMS

Battery Management System

BOM

Bill of Materials

CC-CV

Constant-Current / Constant-Voltage

CCM

Continuous Conduction Mode

DC

Direct Current

DC-DC

Direct Current to Direct Current (Converter)

EMI

Electromagnetic Interference

ESR

Equivalent Series Resistance

IoT

Internet of Things

LED

Light Emitting Diode

Li-ion

Lithium-ion

LVDC

Low Voltage Direct Current

MCU

Microcontroller Unit

MOSFET

Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor

MPPT

Maximum Power Point Tracking

MOV

Metal Oxide Varistor

NTC

Negative Temperature Coefficient (Thermistor)

PCB

Printed Circuit Board

PI

Proportional-Integral (Controller)

PWM

Pulse-Width Modulation

PV

Photovoltaic

SoC

State of Charge

SoH

State of Health

SMPS

Switched-Mode Power Supply

TV

Television

TVS

Transient Voltage Suppression (Diode)

UPS

Uninterruptible Power Supply

I2C

Inter-Integrated Circuit

UART

Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
Acknowledgments
The author has edited this submission and is fully responsible for the contents of this submission. No additional financial, technical, or material support was provided.
Author Contributions
Md Rayhan Tanvir is the sole author. The author read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Data Availability Statement
Simulation data available upon request.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest.
Appendix
Appendix I: Flowchart of Microcontroller State Machine
States:
1) Power Grid Present (Normal)
2) Switchover Triggered
3) Discharge of the Battery
4) Low Battery Shutdown
5) Thermal Throttling
6) Overvoltage Protection
Figure 8. Microcontroller state machine diagram.
Appendix II: Simulation Parameters
Table 4. Simulation Parameters.

Parameter

Value/Range

Grid Sag Test Voltage

230 V → 160 V

Grid Surge Test Voltage

230 V → 290 V (40 ms duration)

Battery Discharge Load

50 W constant

Ripple Tolerance

≤ ±0.5% at 24 V output

Boost Converter Efficiency

≥ 90%

Switchover Trigger Delay

<1 ms

BMS Cutoff Threshold

10.5 V (Discharge), 12.6 V (Charge)
Appendix III: Pseudocode of Control Algorithm (MCU)
while (1) {
read_AC_voltage();
read_battery_voltage();
read_temperature();
if (AC_voltage < THRESHOLD) {
switch_to_battery();
} else if (battery_voltage < LOW_SOC || temperature > MAX_TEMP) {
shutdown_or_throttle();
} else {
normal_operation();
}
update_display_status();
log_power_events();
delay_ms(100);
}
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    Tanvir, M. R. (2025). Battery-Integrated LED TV with Smart Power Management for Panel Protection and Voltage Stabilization. American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 14(5), 88-101. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.epes.20251405.11

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    Tanvir, M. R. Battery-Integrated LED TV with Smart Power Management for Panel Protection and Voltage Stabilization. Am. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 2025, 14(5), 88-101. doi: 10.11648/j.epes.20251405.11

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    AMA Style

    Tanvir MR. Battery-Integrated LED TV with Smart Power Management for Panel Protection and Voltage Stabilization. Am J Electr Power Energy Syst. 2025;14(5):88-101. doi: 10.11648/j.epes.20251405.11

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  • @article{10.11648/j.epes.20251405.11,
  author = {Md Rayhan Tanvir},
  title = {Battery-Integrated LED TV with Smart Power Management for Panel Protection and Voltage Stabilization},
  journal = {American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems},
  volume = {14},
  number = {5},
  pages = {88-101},
  doi = {10.11648/j.epes.20251405.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.epes.20251405.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.epes.20251405.11},
  abstract = {LED TVs provide crystal-clear image quality and are energy-efficient, but are not free from voltage fluctuations, voltage spikes and power losses that can cause great damage to these TVs, especially in the areas where the power supply is not stabilized. These power problems can result in image quality degradation, flicker or permanent damage to the LED panel. In this paper, a novel power architecture is proposed where a rechargeable lithium-ion battery and an intelligent power management system are built within the LED TV frame. Unlike previous works, which either need infrastructure for solar power, or access to an external UPS unit, or partial battery EMI shielding, this is the first embedded system that offers sub-millisecond switching, adaptive brightness control and full battery management inside the television chassis. The system contains an AC-DC charger, bi-directional DC-DC converters, a microcontroller unit (MCU), a high-speed switchover circuit (HSSC) composed of MOSFETs and a reliable Battery Management System (BMS). Features include adaptive load management, undervoltage protection and soft start to reduce inrush current. Simulation results by using LTSpice and Proteus confirm that the system can achieve the switchover latency of less than 1 ms, keep the panel voltage within the range of ±0.5% during voltage sags and surges, and prolong the backup operation time of up to 2 hours for a 32″ LED panel. This integrated solution removes the requirement to use separate UPS systems, increases reliability and also enables future integration with renewable sources like rooftop solar. The architecture fits with the trends that have been emerging towards low voltage DC, smart grid standard and embedded energy resilience of consumer electronics appliances.},
 year = {2025}
}

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  • TY  - JOUR
T1  - Battery-Integrated LED TV with Smart Power Management for Panel Protection and Voltage Stabilization
AU  - Md Rayhan Tanvir
Y1  - 2025/09/26
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.epes.20251405.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.epes.20251405.11
T2  - American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems
JF  - American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems
JO  - American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems
SP  - 88
EP  - 101
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2326-9200
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.epes.20251405.11
AB  - LED TVs provide crystal-clear image quality and are energy-efficient, but are not free from voltage fluctuations, voltage spikes and power losses that can cause great damage to these TVs, especially in the areas where the power supply is not stabilized. These power problems can result in image quality degradation, flicker or permanent damage to the LED panel. In this paper, a novel power architecture is proposed where a rechargeable lithium-ion battery and an intelligent power management system are built within the LED TV frame. Unlike previous works, which either need infrastructure for solar power, or access to an external UPS unit, or partial battery EMI shielding, this is the first embedded system that offers sub-millisecond switching, adaptive brightness control and full battery management inside the television chassis. The system contains an AC-DC charger, bi-directional DC-DC converters, a microcontroller unit (MCU), a high-speed switchover circuit (HSSC) composed of MOSFETs and a reliable Battery Management System (BMS). Features include adaptive load management, undervoltage protection and soft start to reduce inrush current. Simulation results by using LTSpice and Proteus confirm that the system can achieve the switchover latency of less than 1 ms, keep the panel voltage within the range of ±0.5% during voltage sags and surges, and prolong the backup operation time of up to 2 hours for a 32″ LED panel. This integrated solution removes the requirement to use separate UPS systems, increases reliability and also enables future integration with renewable sources like rooftop solar. The architecture fits with the trends that have been emerging towards low voltage DC, smart grid standard and embedded energy resilience of consumer electronics appliances.
VL  - 14
IS  - 5
ER  -

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  • Abstract
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  • Document Sections

    1. 1. Introduction
    2. 2. Literature Review
    3. 3. System Architecture and Design Approach
    4. 4. Circuit Design, Modeling and Selection of Components
    5. 5. Experiments and Results
    6. 6. Discussion and Comparison
    7. 7. Conclusion
    8. 8. Future Research Directions
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  • Abbreviations
  • Acknowledgments
  • Author Contributions
  • Funding
  • Data Availability Statement
  • Conflicts of Interest
  • Appendix
  • References
  • Cite This Article
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