Effects of Nitrate and Sulfate Attacks on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Concrete by Replacing Virgin Aggregates with Recycled Aggregate Concrete Cluster

Assefa Tekla Bedada

doi:doi:10.11648/j.es.20220703.12

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Effects of Nitrate and Sulfate Attacks on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Concrete by Replacing Virgin Aggregates with Recycled Aggregate Concrete Cluster

Assefa Tekla Bedada

Published in Engineering Science (Volume 7, Issue 3)

Received: 1 August 2022 Accepted: 18 August 2022 Published: 5 September 2022

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Abstract

Concrete recycling yields a considerable amount of steel and aggregates. Lack of information on recycling and reuse of recycled aggregate concrete cluster combined with construction and demolition waste in Ethiopia. The main aim of the research is to investigate the effects of ammonium nitrate and magnesium sulfate on the mechanical and physical properties of concrete made from stone crushed aggregate by the possible extent of the inclusion of recycled aggregate concrete clusters. The mechanical and physical properties investigated are compressive strength, water absorption, and unit weight. Investigations are carried out on C-30 grade concrete mix design having a water-to-cement ratio of 0.435 and slump of 25~100mm at replacement levels of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% crushed stone aggregate by recycled aggregate concrete cluster. Test specimens were prepared by placing the concrete-based material into 0.15*0.15*0.15m molds. The concrete specimens were immersed in ammonium nitrate and magnesium sulfate solutions with 5% (50g/L) concentrations. After 28 days of curing of specimens in distilled water, some of the specimens were immersed in ammonium nitrate and some of them were immersed in magnesium sulfate solutions until 56 days before testing. Test results showed that the compressive strength decreased when the concrete specimens were treated with ammonium nitrate solutions and as the replacement levels of RACC increased and reduction in compressive strength increased clearly. It is also found that the water absorption of concrete specimens increases while the unit weight of specimens decreases when the specimens are exposed to ammonium nitrate solutions. For specimens immersed in magnesium sulfate solutions, a decrease in compressive strength is found through the conducted experiments as well as the loss in strength increases as the replacement levels increase. The results also showed that water absorption and unit weight of specimens were largely clear, still, for magnesium sulfate, there was an increase in water absorption and a decrease in unit weight as replacement levels increase. It concluded that it was established that recycled aggregate concrete clusters can replace crushed stone aggregate by twenty percent. Thus, Further study is suggested to find the most economical way to compensate for the lost fifteen to twenty percent compressive strengths.

Published in	Engineering Science (Volume 7, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.es.20220703.12
Page(s)	46-53
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Crushed Stone Aggregate, Recycled Aggregate Concrete, Performance of Concrete, Regression

References

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[2]	D. Miriello, M. Lezzerini, A. Bloise, and C. Apollaro, “Replicating the chemical composition of the binder for restoration of historic mortars as an optimization problem Replicating the chemical composition of the binder for restoration of historic mortars as an optimization problem,” no. February 2015, 2013, doi: 10.12989/cac.2013.12.4.553.
[3]	R. Rumbayan and A. Ticoalu, “A study into flexural, compressive and tensile strength of coir-concrete as sustainable building material,” vol. 11, pp. 1–5, 2019.
[4]	M. Jedidi, “Chemical Causes of Concrete Degradation,” no. February, 2018.
[5]	F. Althoey, O. Zaid, C. Palencia, and E. Ali, “Impact of sulfate activation of rice husk ash on the performance of high strength steel fiber reinforced recycled aggregate concrete Impact of sulfate activation of rice husk ash on the performance of high strength steel fiber reinforced recycled aggregat,” J. Build. Eng., vol. 54, no. May, p. 104610, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104610.
[6]	H. Min and Z. Song, “Investigation on the Sulfuric Acid Corrosion Mechanism for Concrete in Soaking Environment,” Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 2018, 2018, doi: 10.1155/2018/3258123.
[7]	Y. R. Tank, J. P. Parmar, D. H. Gadhiya, and J. S. Goyani, “Experimental Study of Compressive Strength of Recycled Aggregate Concrete,” vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1485–1490, 2014.
[8]	D. Williams, E. Dele, and O. P. Oreofe, “Evaluating the Properties of Concrete Produced with Burnt Clay as Coarse Aggregate,” vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 11–24, 2017.
[9]	F. Falade et al., “Influence Of Superplasticizer And Varying Aggregate Size on The Drying Shrinkage And Compressive Strength Of Laterised Concrete,” Vol. 36, No. 3, Pp. 734–739, 2017.
[10]	H. Mohammadhosseini, R. Alyousef, S. P. Ngian, and M. M. Tahir, “Performance evaluation of sustainable concrete comprising waste polypropylene food tray fibers and palm oil fuel ash exposed to sulfate and acid attacks,” Crystals, vol. 11, no. 8, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.3390/cryst11080966.
[11]	V. Srivastava, “Stone Dust and Recycled Aggregate in Concrete – Effect on Compressive Strength,” vol. 3, no. 20, pp. 3–5, 2015.
[12]	D. Darwin, “Effects Of Aggregate Type, Size, And Content On Concrete Strength And Fracture Energy Rozalija Kozul,” No. 43, 1997.
[13]	S. H. Adnan et al., “Compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete with various percentage of recycled aggregate,” no. December, 2007.
[14]	A. C. I. Committee, “318-19: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary”.
[15]	T. Size and B. Statements, “Standard Test Method for Bulk Density (‘ Unit Weight ’) and Voids in Aggregate 1,” vol. 97, no. Reapproved, pp. 3–6, 2003.

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APA Style

Assefa Tekla Bedada. (2022). Effects of Nitrate and Sulfate Attacks on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Concrete by Replacing Virgin Aggregates with Recycled Aggregate Concrete Cluster. Engineering Science, 7(3), 46-53. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20220703.12

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ACS Style

Assefa Tekla Bedada. Effects of Nitrate and Sulfate Attacks on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Concrete by Replacing Virgin Aggregates with Recycled Aggregate Concrete Cluster. Eng. Sci. 2022, 7(3), 46-53. doi: 10.11648/j.es.20220703.12

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AMA Style

Assefa Tekla Bedada. Effects of Nitrate and Sulfate Attacks on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Concrete by Replacing Virgin Aggregates with Recycled Aggregate Concrete Cluster. Eng Sci. 2022;7(3):46-53. doi: 10.11648/j.es.20220703.12

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@article{10.11648/j.es.20220703.12,
  author = {Assefa Tekla Bedada},
  title = {Effects of Nitrate and Sulfate Attacks on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Concrete by Replacing Virgin Aggregates with Recycled Aggregate Concrete Cluster},
  journal = {Engineering Science},
  volume = {7},
  number = {3},
  pages = {46-53},
  doi = {10.11648/j.es.20220703.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20220703.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.es.20220703.12},
  abstract = {Concrete recycling yields a considerable amount of steel and aggregates. Lack of information on recycling and reuse of recycled aggregate concrete cluster combined with construction and demolition waste in Ethiopia. The main aim of the research is to investigate the effects of ammonium nitrate and magnesium sulfate on the mechanical and physical properties of concrete made from stone crushed aggregate by the possible extent of the inclusion of recycled aggregate concrete clusters. The mechanical and physical properties investigated are compressive strength, water absorption, and unit weight. Investigations are carried out on C-30 grade concrete mix design having a water-to-cement ratio of 0.435 and slump of 25~100mm at replacement levels of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% crushed stone aggregate by recycled aggregate concrete cluster. Test specimens were prepared by placing the concrete-based material into 0.15*0.15*0.15m molds. The concrete specimens were immersed in ammonium nitrate and magnesium sulfate solutions with 5% (50g/L) concentrations. After 28 days of curing of specimens in distilled water, some of the specimens were immersed in ammonium nitrate and some of them were immersed in magnesium sulfate solutions until 56 days before testing. Test results showed that the compressive strength decreased when the concrete specimens were treated with ammonium nitrate solutions and as the replacement levels of RACC increased and reduction in compressive strength increased clearly. It is also found that the water absorption of concrete specimens increases while the unit weight of specimens decreases when the specimens are exposed to ammonium nitrate solutions. For specimens immersed in magnesium sulfate solutions, a decrease in compressive strength is found through the conducted experiments as well as the loss in strength increases as the replacement levels increase. The results also showed that water absorption and unit weight of specimens were largely clear, still, for magnesium sulfate, there was an increase in water absorption and a decrease in unit weight as replacement levels increase. It concluded that it was established that recycled aggregate concrete clusters can replace crushed stone aggregate by twenty percent. Thus, Further study is suggested to find the most economical way to compensate for the lost fifteen to twenty percent compressive strengths.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effects of Nitrate and Sulfate Attacks on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Concrete by Replacing Virgin Aggregates with Recycled Aggregate Concrete Cluster
AU  - Assefa Tekla Bedada
Y1  - 2022/09/05
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20220703.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.es.20220703.12
T2  - Engineering Science
JF  - Engineering Science
JO  - Engineering Science
SP  - 46
EP  - 53
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-9279
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20220703.12
AB  - Concrete recycling yields a considerable amount of steel and aggregates. Lack of information on recycling and reuse of recycled aggregate concrete cluster combined with construction and demolition waste in Ethiopia. The main aim of the research is to investigate the effects of ammonium nitrate and magnesium sulfate on the mechanical and physical properties of concrete made from stone crushed aggregate by the possible extent of the inclusion of recycled aggregate concrete clusters. The mechanical and physical properties investigated are compressive strength, water absorption, and unit weight. Investigations are carried out on C-30 grade concrete mix design having a water-to-cement ratio of 0.435 and slump of 25~100mm at replacement levels of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% crushed stone aggregate by recycled aggregate concrete cluster. Test specimens were prepared by placing the concrete-based material into 0.15*0.15*0.15m molds. The concrete specimens were immersed in ammonium nitrate and magnesium sulfate solutions with 5% (50g/L) concentrations. After 28 days of curing of specimens in distilled water, some of the specimens were immersed in ammonium nitrate and some of them were immersed in magnesium sulfate solutions until 56 days before testing. Test results showed that the compressive strength decreased when the concrete specimens were treated with ammonium nitrate solutions and as the replacement levels of RACC increased and reduction in compressive strength increased clearly. It is also found that the water absorption of concrete specimens increases while the unit weight of specimens decreases when the specimens are exposed to ammonium nitrate solutions. For specimens immersed in magnesium sulfate solutions, a decrease in compressive strength is found through the conducted experiments as well as the loss in strength increases as the replacement levels increase. The results also showed that water absorption and unit weight of specimens were largely clear, still, for magnesium sulfate, there was an increase in water absorption and a decrease in unit weight as replacement levels increase. It concluded that it was established that recycled aggregate concrete clusters can replace crushed stone aggregate by twenty percent. Thus, Further study is suggested to find the most economical way to compensate for the lost fifteen to twenty percent compressive strengths.
VL  - 7
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Assefa Tekla Bedada

Department of Construction Technology and Management, College of Engineering, Assosa University, Assosa Town, Ethiopia

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APA Style

Assefa Tekla Bedada. (2022). Effects of Nitrate and Sulfate Attacks on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Concrete by Replacing Virgin Aggregates with Recycled Aggregate Concrete Cluster. Engineering Science, 7(3), 46-53. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20220703.12

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ACS Style

Assefa Tekla Bedada. Effects of Nitrate and Sulfate Attacks on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Concrete by Replacing Virgin Aggregates with Recycled Aggregate Concrete Cluster. Eng. Sci. 2022, 7(3), 46-53. doi: 10.11648/j.es.20220703.12

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AMA Style

Assefa Tekla Bedada. Effects of Nitrate and Sulfate Attacks on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Concrete by Replacing Virgin Aggregates with Recycled Aggregate Concrete Cluster. Eng Sci. 2022;7(3):46-53. doi: 10.11648/j.es.20220703.12

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@article{10.11648/j.es.20220703.12,
  author = {Assefa Tekla Bedada},
  title = {Effects of Nitrate and Sulfate Attacks on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Concrete by Replacing Virgin Aggregates with Recycled Aggregate Concrete Cluster},
  journal = {Engineering Science},
  volume = {7},
  number = {3},
  pages = {46-53},
  doi = {10.11648/j.es.20220703.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20220703.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.es.20220703.12},
  abstract = {Concrete recycling yields a considerable amount of steel and aggregates. Lack of information on recycling and reuse of recycled aggregate concrete cluster combined with construction and demolition waste in Ethiopia. The main aim of the research is to investigate the effects of ammonium nitrate and magnesium sulfate on the mechanical and physical properties of concrete made from stone crushed aggregate by the possible extent of the inclusion of recycled aggregate concrete clusters. The mechanical and physical properties investigated are compressive strength, water absorption, and unit weight. Investigations are carried out on C-30 grade concrete mix design having a water-to-cement ratio of 0.435 and slump of 25~100mm at replacement levels of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% crushed stone aggregate by recycled aggregate concrete cluster. Test specimens were prepared by placing the concrete-based material into 0.15*0.15*0.15m molds. The concrete specimens were immersed in ammonium nitrate and magnesium sulfate solutions with 5% (50g/L) concentrations. After 28 days of curing of specimens in distilled water, some of the specimens were immersed in ammonium nitrate and some of them were immersed in magnesium sulfate solutions until 56 days before testing. Test results showed that the compressive strength decreased when the concrete specimens were treated with ammonium nitrate solutions and as the replacement levels of RACC increased and reduction in compressive strength increased clearly. It is also found that the water absorption of concrete specimens increases while the unit weight of specimens decreases when the specimens are exposed to ammonium nitrate solutions. For specimens immersed in magnesium sulfate solutions, a decrease in compressive strength is found through the conducted experiments as well as the loss in strength increases as the replacement levels increase. The results also showed that water absorption and unit weight of specimens were largely clear, still, for magnesium sulfate, there was an increase in water absorption and a decrease in unit weight as replacement levels increase. It concluded that it was established that recycled aggregate concrete clusters can replace crushed stone aggregate by twenty percent. Thus, Further study is suggested to find the most economical way to compensate for the lost fifteen to twenty percent compressive strengths.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effects of Nitrate and Sulfate Attacks on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Concrete by Replacing Virgin Aggregates with Recycled Aggregate Concrete Cluster
AU  - Assefa Tekla Bedada
Y1  - 2022/09/05
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20220703.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.es.20220703.12
T2  - Engineering Science
JF  - Engineering Science
JO  - Engineering Science
SP  - 46
EP  - 53
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-9279
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20220703.12
AB  - Concrete recycling yields a considerable amount of steel and aggregates. Lack of information on recycling and reuse of recycled aggregate concrete cluster combined with construction and demolition waste in Ethiopia. The main aim of the research is to investigate the effects of ammonium nitrate and magnesium sulfate on the mechanical and physical properties of concrete made from stone crushed aggregate by the possible extent of the inclusion of recycled aggregate concrete clusters. The mechanical and physical properties investigated are compressive strength, water absorption, and unit weight. Investigations are carried out on C-30 grade concrete mix design having a water-to-cement ratio of 0.435 and slump of 25~100mm at replacement levels of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% crushed stone aggregate by recycled aggregate concrete cluster. Test specimens were prepared by placing the concrete-based material into 0.15*0.15*0.15m molds. The concrete specimens were immersed in ammonium nitrate and magnesium sulfate solutions with 5% (50g/L) concentrations. After 28 days of curing of specimens in distilled water, some of the specimens were immersed in ammonium nitrate and some of them were immersed in magnesium sulfate solutions until 56 days before testing. Test results showed that the compressive strength decreased when the concrete specimens were treated with ammonium nitrate solutions and as the replacement levels of RACC increased and reduction in compressive strength increased clearly. It is also found that the water absorption of concrete specimens increases while the unit weight of specimens decreases when the specimens are exposed to ammonium nitrate solutions. For specimens immersed in magnesium sulfate solutions, a decrease in compressive strength is found through the conducted experiments as well as the loss in strength increases as the replacement levels increase. The results also showed that water absorption and unit weight of specimens were largely clear, still, for magnesium sulfate, there was an increase in water absorption and a decrease in unit weight as replacement levels increase. It concluded that it was established that recycled aggregate concrete clusters can replace crushed stone aggregate by twenty percent. Thus, Further study is suggested to find the most economical way to compensate for the lost fifteen to twenty percent compressive strengths.
VL  - 7
IS  - 3
ER  -

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